Batalla de Changshao

La batalla de Changshao ( en chino :長勺之戰) fue un conflicto militar entre Qi y Lu , dos importantes principados de la península de Shandong durante el período de Primavera y Otoño de la dinastía Zhou . La batalla tuvo lugar en enero (calendario lunar) del 684 a. C. en Changshao. Lu se alzó con la victoria bajo el mando del general Cao Gui (曹劌). Esta batalla es descrita en detalle por Zuo Qiuming en su Comentario de Primavera y Otoño de Zuo (Zuozhuan) , pero no se menciona en el libro de Shi Ji de Sima Qian . Esta batalla se considera un ejemplo clásico de victoria mediante buenas estrategias militares, y el conocido chengyu —鼓作氣( yī gŭ zuò qì , lit. ' el primer tambor crea espíritu ' , explicado más adelante) se derivó de la valoración de la batalla realizada por Cao Gui, tal como se registra en el Zuozhuan .

El duque Xiang de Qi fue asesinado en el 686 a. C.; un mes después, su sucesor también fue asesinado. El hijo menor del duque Xiang, Xiaobai, ascendió al trono en la primavera del 685 a. C. como el duque Huan de Qi . El hermano mayor del duque Huan, Lord Jiu, creía ser el indicado para ocupar el trono, por lo que se alió con el duque Zhuang de Lu y emprendió una guerra contra el duque Huan. Sin embargo, el ejército del estado de Lu fue derrotado por Qi en la batalla de Qianshi , y el duque Zhuang de Lu estuvo a punto de morir en la batalla. Al darse cuenta de que el estado de Lu apoyaba a Lord Jiu, el duque Huan de Qi se enfureció y planeó atacar Lu en venganza.

In the spring of 684 BC, Duke Huan of Qi ordered his army to attack Lu. Cao Gui was appointed as the general of Lu to defend the state. Duke Zhuang of Lu was also present at the frontline along with Cao Gui.^[1] Cao Gui asked the army of Lu to stand still in the battle formation and fortifications and not to fight back until his order. The army of Qi charged twice but the army of Lu stayed in the fortifications and did not respond. When the Qi soldiers started their third charge, Cao Gui ordered the army of Lu to launch a counterattack. At this point, soldiers of Qi were tired and could hardly concentrate, so they were defeated.^[2] Duke Zhuang of Lu immediately ordered soldiers of Lu to chase the fleeing Qi army. Cao Gui accepted the order after making sure that there was no ambush. The Qi army was completely destroyed and expelled out of the border.^[3][4]

After the victory, when the Duke asked for an explanation of the success, Gui replied, "[the key to victory in] battle lies in the spirit [of courage and fortitude]: at the first drum beat (i.e., order to charge) [the Qi soldiers'] spirits were raised. On the second time, their spirits declined. Finally, on the third time, their spirits had been exhausted. Their spirits were exhausted while [those of] our [soldiers'] still brimmed. Consequently we defeated them."^[4]

The direct quote, "the first drum raises spirits" (一鼓作氣) has become a chengyu (classical four-character idiom) that expresses the idea that one should aim to complete a difficult task by giving one's best, sustained effort on a favorable occasion when one is most encouraged and confident of success, rather than to waver in one's effort and have to try again on a future occasion, at which time one might well have lost confidence or enthusiasm. Thus the meaning is similar to the English expression, "strike while the iron is hot."

• Spring and Autumn Commentary of Zuo, the chapter of Duke Zhuang of Lu

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