Hispanopedia WikiBourgeois right is a Marxist term used to describe the ideological remnants of capitalism which remain in a socialist society. In Karl Marx's works, the concept is discussed primarily in A Critique of the Gotha Programme and also mentioned in Capital. According to Mao Zedong, examples of the ideology of bourgeois right include competing for ranks, seeking bonuses, and disparate wages between manual workers and mental workers.
History
Bourgeois right was a concept discussed by Marx which referred to the capitalist remnants in the socialist society.[1] It was represented as the sale of commodities in a market, and the distribution to work, which would produce inequalities because of the unequal distribution of skills and capacities in the work force.[1]
In Marx's work, the concept of bourgeois right (bürgerliche Recht) is primarily addressed in Critique of the Gotha Programme and is mentioned briefly in Capital.[2]:127 In Critique of the Gotha Programme, Marx introduced bourgeois right as part of his criticism of those like Ferdinand Lassalle who contended that after capitalism, remuneration would be given according to a fair distribution of the proceeds of labor.[2]:127
Responding to this idea, Marx described the transition from a capitalist society to a socialist society, the first stage of communism.[3] Marx wrote that workers would not receive, in the form of rights to consumption, their own contribution to the total social product because their contribution would necessarily be reduced by what is necessary for accumulation and to support those unable to labor.[2]:127 Marx contended that although the post-capitalist society could not be understood in terms of value and commodity production, it would still not yet reach the communist model of from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.[2]:127 Marx wrote a society having emerged from the cultural and ideological conditions of capitalism would still be "stamped with the birthmarks of the old society from whose whom it emerges."[2]:127 According to Marx, the mode of distribution in such a society is the "equal right" or "bourgeois right".[2]:127
Mao's discussion of the bourgeois right analyzed the limitations of the Soviet-derived model that had influenced the Chinese approach in the early 1950s, particularly how changing ownership through socialism does not eliminate problems of social relations under socialism.[2]:126 At the Beidaihe Conference (1958), he stated, "We must smash the ideology of bourgeois right, for example, the competing for position, the competing over ranks, seeking bonuses, the fact that mental laborers earn higher wages and manual workers lower wages, all of these are manifestations of bourgeois right."[2]:127 Mao stated later that year that people's communes could be an important mechanism for overcoming the ideology of bourgeois right, because "[t]he People's communes are carrying out a wage system and a supply system under which wages are paid to each individual, not to the family head. This makes women and young people happy, and it's a way of smashing the patriarchal system, and the ideology of bourgeois right."[2]:30
Tras la Conferencia de Beidaihe de 1958, el artículo de Zhang Chunqiao , «Destruir la ideología de la derecha burguesa», cobró gran relevancia tras su publicación en la revista Liberación y fue republicado a petición de Mao en el Diario del Pueblo en octubre de 1958. [ 2 ] : 128 Zhang elogió el enfoque igualitario del Ejército Rojo en la década de 1930, incluyendo sus relaciones mutuas comunistas no solo internas sino también con las masas. [ 2 ] : 128 Según Zhang, «Cuando los camaradas vivían bajo el sistema de aprovisionamiento, no envidiaban el trabajo asalariado, y a la gente le gustaba este tipo de expresión de una institución de vida basada en la igualdad. Sin embargo, pronto este tipo de sistema fue atacado por la ideología de la derecha burguesa. El núcleo de la ideología de la derecha burguesa es el sistema salarial». [ 2 ] : 129
El Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL) era considerado un mecanismo importante para el desarrollo del espíritu comunista, incluyendo la superación de la ideología de la derecha burguesa. [ 2 ] : 166 El editorial del Diario del Pueblo de principios de 1964, titulado "Todo el país debe estudiar al Ejército Popular de Liberación ", afirmaba que el EPL tenía una importancia nacional en la oposición a la derecha burguesa porque los soldados del EPL "están llenos de espíritu público y rechazan los intereses particulares, y se esfuerzan desinteresadamente por el bien público y se olvidan de sí mismos, trabajan exclusivamente para los demás en lugar de para sí mismos, e incluso dedican su juventud y sus vidas al socialismo". [ 2 ] : 166
En su propuesta de 1964 para abolir los rangos en el EPL, la Comisión Militar Central declaró que los rangos eran una expresión del derecho burgués y la jerarquía que conducían a actitudes individualistas, desigualdad y una sensación de desunión. [ 2 ] : 165 Los rangos fueron abolidos al año siguiente; permanecieron abolidos hasta que fueron reinstaurados en 1988. [ 4 ]
Referencias
- 1 2 Esherick, Joseph W. (1979) . "Sobre la "Restauración del Capitalismo": Mao y la teoría marxista". Modern China . 5 (1): 41– 77. doi : 10.1177/009770047900500102 . JSTOR 188978. S2CID 144907145 .
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Kindler , Benjamin ( 2025 ) . Writing to the Rhythm of Labor: Cultural Politics of the Chinese Revolution, 1942-1976 . Nueva York, NY: Columbia University Press . ISBN 978-0-231-21932-7.
- ↑ Zheng, Qian (2020), Historia ideológica del Partido Comunista de China , vol. 2, traducido por Li, Sun; Bryant, Shelly, Montreal (Quebec) Nueva Delhi: Royal Collins, pág. 90, ISBN 978-1-4878-0391-9
- ↑ "China anuncia reforma de los rangos militares" . jamestown.org . Consultado el 7 de julio de 2025 .
- Terminología marxista
