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Alerga bronceada de pincel

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Phaps elegans'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22690670A93283025 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690670A93283...

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El colibrí de alas bronceadas ( Phaps elegans ) es una especie de ave de la familia de las palomas, Columbidae . Es endémico de Australia y cuenta con dos subespecies biogeográficamente distintas.

Taxonomía

El colibrí de alas bronceadas es una de las aproximadamente 310 especies de la familia Columbidae [ 2 ] y se puede clasificar en dos subespecies distintas, P. elegans elegans y P. elegans occidentalis . [ 3 ] P. elegans fue descrito por primera vez por CJ Temminck en 1809. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

Descripción

La mariposa bronceada de cepillo es similar en tamaño y forma a la mariposa bronceada común ( Phaps chalcoptera), estrechamente relacionada, sin embargo es más corta y de aspecto más robusto. [ 4 ]

Estas aves son relativamente pequeñas y varían en tamaño de 25 a 33  cm. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] El dimorfismo sexual es evidente en estas aves. Ambos sexos son de color marrón oliva oscuro en la parte superior, castaño intenso en la nuca y el hombro, con partes inferiores de color gris azulado. [ 4 ] El ala bronceada de cepillo recibe su nombre por las barras iridiscentes de azul y verde que atraviesan la pluma secundaria interna de cada ala. [ 4 ]

Distribución y hábitat

El pájaro bronceado de cepillo es endémico de Australia, y se encuentra en el suroeste y sureste del continente, con poblaciones en Queensland, Nueva Gales del Sur, Victoria, Australia Meridional, Australia Occidental y también Tasmania. [ 4 ] La subespecie P. elegans occidentalis se presenta como una población geográficamente distinta, en el suroeste de Australia Occidental. [ 3 ] [ 6 ]

Esta especie prefiere los densos brezales costeros, los bosques esclerófilos húmedos o secos , los bosques y algunas zonas de mallee. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Los hábitats con densas capas de arbustos y follaje, incluidas especies nativas como Banksia , Acacia , Melaleuca o Leptospermum , permiten a estas aves cautelosas encontrar refugio. [ 2 ] [ 4 ]

Comportamiento

Alimentación

This bird feeds on seeds, berries and small insects; foraging primarily on the ground[6][7] Like most granivores, the brush bronzewing will swallow small pieces of grit and pebble to aid the grinding of seeds within the gizzard. Local movements are likely a response to food and habitat availability.[4] Unlike the common bronzewing, feeding doesn't occur in small flocks, usually with birds foraging singly or in pairs.[4][8] Also similarly to that species, the brush bronzewing drinks at dawn or dusk, approaching watering holes cautiously after landing a short distance away.[6]

Breeding

The Brush Bronzewing exhibits a breeding display similar to the common bronzewing, including a courtship display of bowing and a vocal advertisement of a low repeated 'hoop' or 'whoo' call.[4][6] Breeding occurs mainly between September - January, however incubation of eggs and hatchlings has been observed all year round. The young are semi-altricial and nidicolous, requiring warmth, nourishment and a high level of parental care.[4] The clutch usually consists of two eggs, which will be incubated for roughly 17 days and fledge after 16–20 days.[4][6] Adult pairs will resume breeding 3–4 weeks after fledglings become independent.

Due to the shy and cautious nature of these birds, they will flush from their nests abruptly when they perceive a potential threat. This may be the cause of their low nesting success (~10%), with one study finding that seven young hatched from 29 eggs across 15 nests, of which only three survived to fledge.[4]

Migration

The birds tend to reside within their local habitats, with no long distance banding recoveries being recorded and no large scale migrations apparent. In a study from 1967, one bird was recovered just 25 km from the initial banding site.[4][6] These birds are rarely seen in flocking formation, preferring to move singly, in pairs or small family groups; the largest recorded gathering was a group of eight birds.[4][6]

Threats and conservation

The brush bronzewing is listed as a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and considered by BirdLife Australia to have secure populations in all states it occurs in.[1][6]

Like many other ground-dwelling bird species, the bronze brushwing is threatened by introduced predators such as cats and foxes. Like several other species, it appears to have increased toxicity to non-native mammalian predators due to feeding on Gastrolobium plants, which may contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity in south-west Western Australia.[9]

References

  1. 12BirdLife International (2016). "Phaps elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22690670A93283025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690670A93283025.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. 123Larcombe, A. N.; Withers, P. C.; Maloney, S. K. (2003). "Thermoregulatory physiology of the Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes and the Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 173 (3): 215–222. doi:10.1007/s00360-002-0323-7. PMID 12743724. S2CID 6750633.
  3. 1234Simpson & Day (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Australia: Penguin Random House. p. 132.
  4. 123456789101112131415P. J. Higgins & S. J. J. F. Davies (1996). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (HANZAB) Vol 3. Snipe to Pigeons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  5. ↑Gasso Miracle, M. E. (2008). "The significance of Temminck's work on Biogeography: Early nineteenth century natural history in Leiden, the Netherlands". Journal of the History of Biology. 41 (4): 677–716. doi:10.1007/s10739-008-9158-8. PMID 19244845.
  6. 12345678BirdLife Australia. "Birds in Backyards". Brush Bronzewing. BirdLife Australia. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  7. ↑Frith, H. J. (1952). "Notes on the pigeons of the Richmond River NSW". Emu. 52 (2): 89–99. doi:10.1071/mu952089.
  8. ↑BirdLife Australia. "Common Bronzewing". Birds in Backyard. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  9. ↑Peacock, D. E.; Christensen, P. E. (2011). "Historical accounts of toxicity to introduced carnivores consuming Brush Bronzewing pigeons (Phaps elegans) and other vertebrate fauna in south-west Western Australia". Australian Zoologist. 35 (3): 826–842. doi:10.7882/az.2011.034.