Articulo de referencia

Cablevisión

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Cablevision Systems Corporation fue una compañía estadounidense de televisión por cable con sistemas que prestaban servicio en las áreas que rodean la ciudad de Nueva York . Fue el quinto mayor proveedor de cable [ 2 ] y el noveno mayor proveedor de televisión en los Estados Unidos. [ 3 ] Durante toda su existencia y en sus últimos años, Cablevision prestó servicio exclusivamente a clientes residentes en Nueva York , Nueva Jersey , Connecticut y una pequeña parte de Pensilvania . Sin embargo, en un momento dado prestó servicio en hasta 19 estados. Cablevision también ofreció conexiones a Internet de alta velocidad ( Optimum Online ), cable digital ( Optimum TV / IO Digital Cable ) y servicio telefónico VoIP ( Optimum Voice ) (el octavo mayor proveedor de telefonía en los EE. UU.) [ 4 ] a través de su marca Optimum . Cablevision también ofreció un servicio de telefonía móvil solo con WiFi llamado Freewheel .

La compañía también operó Rainbow Media junto con Comcast , Cox Communications y Daniels & Associates desde finales de 1980 hasta mediados de 2011, cuando los activos de Rainbow Media se escindieron en una empresa de nueva creación conocida inicialmente como AMC Networks (ahora conocida como AMC Global Media ), cerrando Rainbow Media en el proceso.

El 21 de junio de 2016, Cablevision fue adquirida por el conglomerado europeo de telecomunicaciones Altice . Los antiguos servicios de Cablevision operan bajo Optimum Communications , que continúa operando las marcas Optimum Online, Optimum Voice y Optimum TV.

Historia

A mediados de la década de 1960, Charles Dolan construyó un sistema de cable llamado Sterling Manhattan Cable en el distrito de Manhattan y lanzó Home Box Office (HBO). [ 5 ] Terminó vendiendo tanto el sistema de cable como HBO a Time Life Inc. Usó el dinero para iniciar un nuevo sistema de cable en los suburbios de Long Island llamado CableVision. Cablevision, que había cambiado su nombre de CableVision, se expandió rápidamente construyendo en Long Island y adquiriendo sistemas de cable más pequeños de otros proveedores. [ 6 ] Cablevision también construyó sistemas en toda el área metropolitana de Nueva York: algunos de los otros distritos de la ciudad de Nueva York, Nueva Jersey, el condado de Westchester y Connecticut.

Tarjeta de acceso a Cablevision de la década de 1990.

En la década de 1980, Cablevision también se expandió a las áreas de Chicago , Boston y Cleveland . A mediados de la década de 1990, Cablevision ofrecía servicio a 2,9 millones de suscriptores en 19 estados. Mediante una serie de transacciones a finales de la década de 1990, Cablevision consolidó sus sistemas de cable en tres áreas principales: Nueva York, Cleveland y Boston. A pesar de reducir el número de áreas atendidas, lograron aumentar el número de suscriptores a 3,5 millones gracias a estas transacciones. Una transacción importante realizada en ese momento fue con Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI). Cablevision adquirió 10 sistemas de cable del área de Nueva York de TCI y, a cambio, TCI obtuvo el 33% de la propiedad de la empresa. En 1999, AT&T Corporation adquirió TCI, lo que le otorgó el tercio de la propiedad de Cablevision. [ 7 ] En 2000, Cablevision vendió sus sistemas restantes fuera del área de Nueva York en Boston , [ 8 ] Cleveland y Kalamazoo, Michigan a MediaOne , Adelphia y Charter Communications respectivamente. Como parte del acuerdo, Cablevision intercambió sus sistemas del área de Boston por los sistemas de MediaOne en el valle del Hudson. AT&T vendió su participación en Cablevision en 2001.

El 13 de junio de 2010, Cablevision anunció que adquiriría Bresnan Communications por 1370 millones de dólares. [ 9 ] Bresnan prestaba servicio a unos 308 000 suscriptores de cable en Colorado , Montana , Utah y Wyoming . Esta es la primera vez en una década que Cablevision posee sistemas fuera del área de Nueva York (aunque Bresnan, al igual que Cablevision, tenía su sede en los suburbios de la ciudad de Nueva York). En mayo de 2011, Cablevision cambió el nombre de los sistemas de Bresnan a Optimum West .

El 8 de febrero de 2013, Cablevision llegó a un acuerdo para vender sus sistemas Optimum West a Charter Communications por 1.630 millones de dólares estadounidenses. [ 10 ]

El 23 de noviembre de 2013, Cablevision despidió a 400 empleados. [ 11 ]

On September 17, 2015, it was announced that Patrick Drahi's European telecom conglomerate Altice would acquire Cablevision for $17.7 billion, including debt, pending regulatory approval.[12][13] The deal was approved by the FCC on May 3, 2016[14] and after approval from various regional regulators such as New Jersey's Board of Public Utilities and the New York Public Service Commission, closed on June 21, 2016.[15] Under the terms of the deal, Altice paid $34.90 in cash for each share in Cablevision and a 22% premium to the company's stock price; Altice also assumed Cablevision's debt.[16] The former assets of Cablevision operate as Altice USA.

Role in the West Side Stadium debate

In 2004 and 2005, Cablevision provided funding for an advertising campaign against the proposed construction of a stadium on the West Side of Manhattan supported by the Mayor of New York City, Michael Bloomberg. The stadium would have principally served the New York Jets, and was an essential part of New York City's failed bid for the 2012 Olympics. Cablevision had offered a competitive bid that far exceeded the bid of the Jets for property owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, where the new stadium would have been located. The plans to build the stadium were abandoned in June 2005 when the New York State Assembly under the leadership of Speaker Sheldon Silver refused to provide state subsidies for the project.

Philanthropy

In 1998, Cablevision helped found The Lustgarten Foundation, which has become the largest private foundation dedicated solely to funding pancreatic cancerresearch in America.[17] The foundation was named after former Cablevision chairman Marc Lustgarten and has raised over $16 million. Cablevision currently underwrites the foundation, covering all administrative and fundraising costs, allowing 100% of all donations to go directly to research programs and grants to help cure pancreatic cancer, as well as sponsoring dozens of walks/runs across the country.[18] The foundation is a 4-star charity on Charity Navigator, ranking at this level for its organizational and financial transparency, low administrative costs, board, and growth.[19]

La compañía Madison Square Garden

En 1994, Paramount Communications (antes Gulf+Western ), propietaria del Madison Square Garden , fue adquirida por Viacom , que a su vez vendió las propiedades del MSG a Cablevision e ITT Corporation , cada una con el 50% de la propiedad. ITT vendería su participación a Cablevision tres años después.

El 9 de febrero de 2010, Cablevision escindió su filial Madison Square Garden, LP en una nueva compañía llamada The Madison Square Garden Company (MSG). Aunque era una compañía independiente, estaba dirigida por el director ejecutivo de Cablevision, James Dolan. Dolan siguió siendo una figura importante en ambas compañías hasta la venta de Cablevision en 2016 y continúa al frente de MSG. La compañía tiene tres divisiones: equipos deportivos profesionales, dos cadenas regionales de deportes y varios recintos de entretenimiento. [ 20 ]

MSG controla el Madison Square Garden, el estadio que lleva su nombre en la ciudad de Nueva York, y los equipos deportivos profesionales que juegan allí: los New York Knicks y los New York Rangers . La misma compañía también es propietaria del Hartford Wolf Pack , un equipo profesional de hockey de ligas menores con sede en Hartford, Connecticut, afiliado a los Rangers. [ 21 ]

MSG también posee los derechos de televisión de los Knicks, Rangers, New York Islanders , New Jersey Devils , Buffalo Sabres y New York Red Bulls a través de sus canales de cable MSG Network , MSG Plus (anteriormente FSN New York) y MSG Western New York . Cablevision tenía anteriormente los derechos de los New York Yankees , New Jersey Nets y New York Mets , quienes se fueron para crear sus propios canales. Cablevision también intentó comprar los Yankees, [ 22 ] Mets [ 23 ] y Boston Red Sox , [ 24 ] en parte, para controlar sus derechos de transmisión.

Otras propiedades que pertenecen a MSG incluyen el Beacon Theatre , [ 25 ] The Theatre at Madison Square Garden (anteriormente conocido como Felt Forum, Paramount y WaMu Theatre), y un contrato de arrendamiento a largo plazo para operar el Radio City Music Hall . [ 26 ]

Redes de cable

Redes AMC

On July 1, 2011, Cablevision spun off its subsidiary, formerly known as Rainbow Media LLC, into a new company named AMC Networks, now known today as AMC Global Media. It owns several national cable networks including AMC, IFC, Sundance Channel, and WE tv. Wedding Central, a cable channel that was launched as a spin-off of WE tv in 2009, was also run by Rainbow Media. However, upon AMC Networks achieving its independence of Cablevision, the channel was shut down due to low ratings.[27] Rainbow Media also controlled Fuse TV until 2010, when ownership was transferred to Cablevision's Madison Square Garden division, now operating independently as The Madison Square Garden Company (see above). The Rainbow Media subsidiary of Cablevision also operated a satellite television company called Voom, which was shut down on April 30, 2005, but lived on as a series of high-definition television channels named Voom HD Networks. They were available on Cablevision and iO digital cable until January 21, 2009. However, the 15 U.S. channels were eventually also shut down due to lack of distribution prior to the spinning off of Rainbow Media from Cablevision as the independent AMC Networks.[28]

SportsChannel

Cablevision also owned the former SportsChannel America from its beginning in 1976 until it was dissolved into Fox Sports Net in the late 1990s. In 2007 Cablevision sold its control of FSN Bay Area and FSN New England to Comcast for $570 million.[29] These were the last of their regional sports networks outside the New York area.

Other properties

Cablevision acquired the New York-area electronics chain The Wiz in 1998. The chain was closed in 2003. Since then the name was sold to P. C. Richard & Son and currently remains as a dormant subsidiary of the company only showing Wiz Deals on some P.C. Richard items.

From 1998 until April 29, 2013, Cablevision owned New York-area cinema chain Clearview Cinemas. It was sold to Bow Tie Cinemas of Connecticut.

On July 29, 2008, Cablevision acquired Newsday and amNewYork in a deal worth $650m.[30][31] The Dolan family maintained majority ownership of Newsday, with Altice USA having a 25% share until the properties were sold in 2023.[32]

Carriage disputes

MSG Network

From September 1988 through July 1989, Cablevision did not carry MSG Network (at the time owned by Gulf+Western, which later became Paramount Communications) over the question of whether MSG should be offered as a basic service or a premium service. This move also occurred as New York Yankees games on cable moved to MSG from Cablevision-owned SportsChannel.[33][34] The Cablevision position was that those who wished to pay for sports programming should shoulder the burden, not every consumer. This dispute ended with Cablevision offering MSG as a premium subscription service.

YES Network

Cablevision did not carry most of the games of the New York Yankees in 2002, because they would not accept the price asked during the inaugural season of YES Network. Again, at the root of the argument was who was to pay for sports programming. Cablevision wanted to offer YES as a premium service, like MSG and Fox Sports NY, where YES ownership wanted the channel on the 'Family Cable' tier. After a long standoff, a deal was made the following year. As a result, YES, along with MSG and Fox Sports NY, moved to the 'Family Cable' Tier.

NFL Network

Until 2012, Cablevision never carried the NFL Network, as the company stated that it would like to be able to carry NFL Sunday Ticket (which was, by contract, exclusive to DirecTV until the completion of the 2022 season[35]) before it carries NFL Network. This has been criticized by New Jersey legislators.[36] Recently however, Cablevision purchased Bresnan Communications, a company headquartered in Purchase, New York, but which did all of its business in the Rocky Mountain region. Because of this, the NFL Network is carried on the former Bresnan (now Optimum West) systems, but not on Optimum systems in Greater New York. Finally, on August 16, 2012, Cablevision announced that they have reached an agreement with the NFL to carry the network on all its systems effective August 17.[37]

Tennis Channel

Cablevision también transmitió Tennis Channel durante un breve período, desde octubre de 2009 hasta septiembre de 2011. Cablevision se unió a NCTC en agosto de 2009 solo para incluir Tennis Channel en su paquete deportivo premium, que tiene un costo adicional mensual. Al unirse a NCTC, Tennis Channel se vio obligado a ceder su señal a Cablevision. Una vez que el contrato de Tennis Channel con NCTC expiró el 3 de septiembre de 2011, Tennis Channel retiró su señal de todos los operadores de cable que no estaban dispuestos a negociar un nuevo acuerdo ni a ampliar su cobertura. Tennis Channel fue retirado de Verizon, pero regresó el 17 de enero de 2012. Hasta junio de 2012, Cablevision aún no había intentado recuperar Tennis Channel.

ESPN3 y WatchESPN

Cablevision nunca ofreció ESPN360.com, ahora llamado ESPN3.com, un servicio de banda ancha de ESPN. Además, Cablevision aún no ofrecía WatchESPN a sus clientes, una aplicación que permite ver los canales de ESPN fuera de casa. ESPN requiere que los usuarios indiquen su proveedor de cable para poder ver la programación, y Cablevision aún no había aceptado ofrecer WatchESPN.

El 4 de octubre de 2012, ESPN y Cablevision anunciaron un acuerdo integral de distribución y transmisión que incluía el acceso de los clientes de Cablevision a ESPN3 y WatchESPN, además de otras aplicaciones Watch que cubrían la familia de canales de Walt Disney Company. [ 38 ] El 19 de noviembre, Cablevision anunció que ESPN3 estaba disponible para los clientes de Optimum Online. [ 39 ] Un mes después, el 19 de diciembre, WatchESPN se lanzó para los clientes de Optimum TV. [ 40 ]

Verizon FiOS

Cablevision, como proveedor de contenido, también se vio envuelto en una disputa con Verizon por la transmisión de MSG Network y Fox Sports Net New York en sus sistemas de televisión FiOS . Verizon demandó a Cablevision, alegando que Cablevision, que aún era propietaria de MSG Network junto con todas las propiedades relacionadas con el Madison Square Garden en ese momento, no quería poner a disposición de un competidor emergente para sus sistemas de cable su valiosa cobertura deportiva local de los New York Rangers , New York Islanders y New Jersey Devils de la NHL y los New York Knicks y New Jersey Nets de la NBA. Se llegó a un acuerdo en noviembre de 2006 (poco después de que la NHL y la NBA comenzaran sus temporadas 2006-07) que permitió a FiOS transmitir estos canales. [ 41 ] Sin embargo, la programación de MSG se limitó a definición estándar en los sistemas FiOS hasta las temporadas 2011-12 de la NHL y la NBA, cuando una orden judicial obligó a Cablevision a proporcionar a Verizon las señales HD de su programación deportiva.

Additionally, Cablevision owned exclusive rights to the MSNBC news network in its service territory, preventing its carriage by FiOS in overlapping areas.[42] However, this exclusivity ended in February 2010.[43]

2010 carriage disputes

January 2010: Food Network and HGTV dispute

Because it was unable to reach a deal with Scripps Networks Interactive concerning retransmission fees, Scripps Networks Interactive revoked Cablevision's rights to carry the disputed channels, HGTV and the Food Network, on January 1, 2010.[44] Cablevision issued a statement saying, "We wish Scripps well and have no expectation of carrying their programming again, given the dramatic changes in their approach to working with distributors to reach television viewers."[45] While the channels were affected, Cablevision ran commercials advertising their point of view and set up an area on their website to send out messages to Scripps Networks to tell them to re-carry Food Network and Home & Garden Television.[46] Cablevision also looped a public service announcement on each affected channel and forced all of its customers' set-top boxes to channel 1999, which looped the same announcement. Cablevision and Scripps reached an agreement, and as of January 21, 2010, the two networks were back on Cablevision systems. The details of the agreement have not been disclosed.

March 2010: ABC contract dispute affecting WABC-TV and WPVI

On March 2, 2010, WABC-TV in New York along with Philadelphia sister station WPVI (carried in Mercer, Monmouth and Ocean counties) stated that they would pull their programming from Cablevision on March 7, 2010 (at midnight), unless a new payment structure is implemented for its network programming. Cablevision responded by citing WABC-TV and WPVI's free, over-the-air accessibility. Cablevision spokesman Charles Scheuler stated "It is not fair for ABC-Disney to hold Cablevision customers hostage by forcing them to pay what amounts to a new TV tax."[47]

The removal of both stations occurred on the weekend of the 82nd Academy Awards, which was scheduled to be one of ABC's largest yearly specials, and was projected to cause a devastating blow to advertisers for the Oscars and to Cablevision itself.

On Sunday, March 7, 2010, at 12:01 am ET, both WABC and WPVI were removed from Cablevision leaving a black screen in their place, confirming the rumors that if a deal with Cablevision and ABC was not reached by midnight, the network and other Disney-owned channels would go off the air.

Cablevision began looping a public service announcement on each affected channel and forcing all of its customers' set-top boxes to channel 1999, which was looping the same announcement, much like was done when Scripps Networks pulled their cable channels' programming. Besides providing certain details of the disagreement they stated that ABC shows could be watched online through TV websites such as Hulu.

Also that day, Cablevision announced through e-mail that their entire film catalog of on-demand movies would be available without charge until midnight that evening as an apology to their customers.[48]

At 8:50 pm that day, WABC and WPVI returned to Cablevision's programming, after a notification during the 82nd Academy Awards announced progression in "Work to complete our negotiations", and the return of ABC's programming during the negotiations.

October 2010: FOX and MyNetworkTV dispute affecting WNYW-TV, WWOR-TV and WTXF-TV

Cablevision's contract with News Corp to carry FOX (including MyNetwork TV) expired on October 15, 2010. The contract includes WNYW and WWOR-TV in New York and WTXF in Philadelphia. The contract also includes the cable networks National Geographic Wild, Fox Business, and Fox Deportes (formerly Fox Sports en Español). Programming affected by the dispute includes the coverage of the NFL on Fox, 2010 National League Championship Series, part of the 2010 World Series, and popular shows like American Idol and Glee.

On October 16, 2010, at 12:01 am, Fox pulled all of their networks involved in the dispute from Cablevision subscribers.[49] Because of Cablevision's dispute with Fox, Cablevision customers missed multiple new episodes of Fox network programming, multiple weeks of the NBA season, and the entire NLCS. Cablevision looped a public service announcement on each affected channel and forcing all of its customers' set-top boxes to channel 1999, which looped the same announcement, much like was done when Scripps Networks and ABC/Disney pulled their cable channels' programming. On October 27, 2010, the same day as Game 1 of the World Series, Cablevision offered a new one-year deal to FOX, which was rejected, continuing the blackout. Cablevision also repeatedly called on FOX to submit to binding arbitration, an offer which FOX repeatedly did not take Cablevision up on.[50]

The channels were restored during the evening of October 30, 2010, the same day as Game 3 of the World Series.[51] News Corp and Cablevision reached a deal "in principle" to restore the channels. News Corp did not disclose the terms of the deal, but Cablevision said it paid the higher fees Fox and News Corp wanted, "because it does not think its customers should any longer be denied the Fox programs they wish to see."[52]

Game Show Network

In February 2011, Cablevision moved the Game Show Network (GSN) from the basic tier to an add-on sports package. In October 2011, GSN filed a lawsuit claiming that the network was being discriminated against because Cablevision gave preference to other channels that they owned (AMC Networks) which did not move. In November 2016, a Federal Communications Commission administrative law judge that Cablevision had acted unlawfully and recommended that the FCC require Cablevision (now Altice) to carry the channel on their expanded basic tier and imposed a maximum fine of $400,000.

Tribune Company dispute

On August 17, 2012, without warning, Cablevision pulled stations from the Tribune Company.[53] The removed stations included WPIX (New York), which is carried on most Cablevision systems, WPHL (Philadelphia) on Central Jersey systems in Mercer, Monmouth and Ocean Counties, WCCT (Hartford, CT) on some Connecticut systems, and KWGN (Denver) on Optimum West systems in Colorado and Wyoming. WTIC-TV and WGN America were initially not included in this dispute, but on August 24, Tribune pulled WTIC in Connecticut and WGN from Cablevision's Connecticut and Optimum West systems. Like the dispute with Time Warner Cable and Hearst Television, these channels were replaced with other cable offerings.

In a statement, Cablevision said that "The bankrupt Tribune Co. and the hedge funds and banks that own it, including Oaktree Capital Management, Angelo Gordon & Co. and others, are trying to solve Tribune's financial problems on the backs of Cablevision customers. Tribune and their hedge fund owners are demanding tens of millions in new fees for WPIX and other stations they own. They should stop their anti-consumer demands and work productively to reach an agreement."[54]

Tribune, in its own statement, said that "Cablevision took this action despite our offer of an unconditional extension of the current carriage agreement with no change in terms while negotiations continued. To be clear, Tribune was willing to provide Cablevision subscribers access to the valuable programming on these stations while working toward a new agreement. Tribune never made any threat to withdraw these stations or any demand that Cablevision remove them. Tribune makes a substantial annual investment in local news, live sports and high-quality entertainment programming. Cablevision has never compensated Tribune for the retransmission of its local stations, which are among the most highly watched channels on Cablevision's lineups. What we have proposed amounts to less than a penny a day per subscriber, well below what Cablevision pays to providers of less well-watched channels".[55]

The dispute between the two companies ended on October 26, 2012, when Cablevision reached an agreement with Tribune after Connecticut viewers complained about not seeing the first two games of the 2012 World Series. The channels were not restored until the morning of October 27.

Meredith Corporation dispute

On January 3, 2014, WFSB, the CBS station in Hartford, CT, pulled its signal from Cablevision's Connecticut systems. The dispute was due to the fact that Cablevision did not want to pay Meredith Corporation, the station's owner, for Fairfield County and Litchfield County customers, because they already had the flagship CBS station, WCBS-TV from New York. The dispute ended on January 19.

Corporate governance

At the time of the sale to Altice, the board of directors of Cablevision were: Charles Dolan, James Dolan, Patrick Dolan, Kristin Dolan, Marianne Dolan Weber, Rand Araskog, Frank Biondi, Charles Ferris, Richard Hochman, Victor Oristano, Thomas Reifenheiser, John R. Ryan, Brian Sweeney, Vincent Tese, Leonard Tow.

In 2006, the Dolan family announced a plan to purchase the company and privatize it, after a failed attempt in 2005, which would have spun off Rainbow Media as a publicly traded company.

On May 2, 2007, after repeated attempts, the Dolan family announced that a deal worth $10.6 billion had been reached for Cablevision to be taken private, but agreement was not reached with other shareholders.[56] Cablevision stock trades under the ticker symbol CVC on the New York Stock Exchange.

Financial records

On November 11, 2003, the company admitted that it had misrepresented some of its finances. It would restate its previously reported financial statements for the first and second quarters of 2003, and would revise the quarterly financial results released that day, to reflect the impact of expenses totaling approximately $15 million that were improperly recorded in 2002 and earlier periods.[57] On March 2, 2004, the company also said it would restate annual results for 2000 to 2002, in addition to its previously announced restatement of quarterly results in 2002 and 2003.[58]

See also

References

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