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Transcript (education)

A 1933 transcript from Charles University , Prague In education , a transcript is a certified record (inventory) of a student throughout a course of study having full enrollment...

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A 1933 transcript from Charles University, Prague

In education, a transcript is a certified record (inventory) of a student throughout a course of study having full enrollment history including all courses (or subjects) attempted, grades earned and degrees and awards conferred.

Synonyms

A transcript is sometimes referred to as a marksheet, marklist or report card.[1]

In the United States, a transcript is also called Cumulative Record File (CRF), permanent record, or simply record.

In the European ECTS system, transcripts are called Transcript of Records (ToR).

United States

In United States education, a transcript is a copy of a student's permanent academic record, which usually means all courses taken, all grades received, all honors received and degrees conferred to a student from the first day of school to the current school year for high school, college and university.[2] A transcript may also contain the student’s rank in class and the accreditation of the institution issuing the transcript.

An official transcript is prepared and sent by the issuing school usually by the registrar with an original signature of a school official on the school letterhead and is sealed by the school. When students change schools, or seek admission to a college or university, the official transcript is usually mailed from school to school. Official transcripts can also be issued electronically through approved secure sites such as National Student Clearinghouse and Parchment.[3] Transcripts usually consist of grades 9-12 when applying to college.

Holding transcripts

Las universidades que creen que un antiguo alumno les debe dinero pueden retener su expediente académico hasta que se efectúe el pago. Esto puede impedir que el antiguo alumno continúe sus estudios en otra institución. [ 4 ] Muchas universidades no admiten a un posible estudiante hasta que reciben una comunicación (mediante un sello o timbre físico) que confirme que la institución anterior ha saldado la deuda. [ 5 ] Si la universidad descubre que un solicitante mintió en su solicitud de admisión, puede revocar la oferta de admisión, anular el título del estudiante, si lo ha obtenido, y negarse a entregar su expediente académico. [ 6 ]

En Estados Unidos , la divulgación de información de un expediente académico oficial a terceros sin consentimiento está prohibida por la Ley de Derechos Educativos y Privacidad Familiar de 1974. La alteración de un expediente académico se considera un delito grave en la mayoría de los estados.

unión Europea

En el sistema ECTS europeo , el expediente académico se utiliza para documentar el rendimiento de un estudiante durante un período determinado, detallando las unidades o módulos cursados, los créditos obtenidos y las calificaciones concedidas. El expediente académico proporciona un formato estándar para registrar todas las actividades de estudio realizadas por los estudiantes. Es una herramienta esencial para el reconocimiento académico. [ 7 ]

Los expedientes académicos y los suplementos al diploma son un desarrollo relativamente reciente en la mayoría de los países europeos. Los estudiantes que obtuvieron títulos académicos en Europa antes del Proceso de Bolonia de 1999 generalmente no recibieron expedientes académicos ni suplementos al diploma, y ​​estos no pueden emitirse retroactivamente para estos estudiantes. Incluso hoy en día, todavía hay universidades europeas que no están preparadas para emitir expedientes académicos o suplementos al diploma . A diferencia de Estados Unidos, en Europa no suele existir un sistema en el que las escuelas envíen directamente los expedientes académicos a otras escuelas, algo que también sería problemático en vista de las leyes europeas de privacidad.

The ECTS Transcript of Records, created as part of the Bologna Process, preferably includes, along with the local grades, the ECTS grades of the student. It is used for mobile students at two separate moments. First, it must be issued and sent to the host institution by the home institution for all outgoing students before their departure in order to provide information about the course units/modules that they already have completed and the results obtained. Secondly it must be issued and sent by the host institution to the home institution for all incoming students at the end of their period of study.[7][8]

Transcript fraud

Transcript fraud is the alteration of a transcript issued by a legitimate school or university or the forgery of completely fake transcripts and is considered a felony. Transcript fraud is a growing problem for both educational institutions and employers. This is related to diploma fraud, which is the forgery of school or university diplomas.

See also

References

  1. ↑Haripriya. "What Are Academic Transcripts? Everything You Need to Know for Admissions Success". Edvoy.com.
  2. ↑"Transcripts". Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  3. ↑"Unofficial vs. Official Transcript". Case Western Reserve University. 24 November 2021.
  4. ↑Swidey, Neil (June 17, 2016). "Boston Globe: Colleges must stop holding student transcripts hostage". The Boston Globe.
  5. ↑Lindorff, Dave (May 2, 2012). "LA Times: Holding Student Transcripts Hostage". The Los Angeles Times.
  6. ↑Fry, Hannah (19 March 2019). "USC places hold on student accounts of those linked to college admissions scandal". LA Times.
  7. 12Directorate-General for Education and Culture: ECTS Users' Guide. European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System and the Diploma Supplement, Brussels, 2005, p. 26;
  8. ↑Directorate-General for Education and Culture: What are the key documents of ECTS?Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
  • University of Alberta: What is a transcript?