
The German Red Cross(GRC) (German: Deutsches Rotes Kreuz[ˈdɔʏtʃəsˈʁoːtəsˈkʁɔʏts]ⓘ; DRK) is the national Red Cross Society in Germany.
With 4 million members,[1] it is the third largest Red Cross society in the world. The German Red Cross offers a wide range of services within and outside Germany. GRC provides 52 hospitals, elderly care (over 500 nursing homes and a mobile nursing care network covering the entire country), care for children and youth (i.e., 1,300 kindergartens, a full range of social services for children). GRC also provides 75% of the blood supply and 60% of the emergency medical services in Germany, as well as first aid training. GRC headquarters provides international humanitarian aid (disaster management and development assistance) to over 50 countries across the world.[2]
Voluntary societies of the German Red Cross
The majority of active voluntary Red Cross members are part of the five voluntary societies of the German Red Cross.
- Bereitschaften (disaster relief units, about 170,000 volunteers)
- Wohlfahrts- & Sozialarbeit (welfare work, about 40,000 volunteers)
- Jugendrotkreuz (Red Cross Youth, about 140,000 members)
- Bergwacht (mountain rescue service, about 12,000 volunteers)
- Wasserwacht (lifeguard service, about 140,000 volunteers)
History
Formation and early years



Instituted in 1864 by Aaron Silverman of the Charité hospital of Berlin, the German Red Cross was a voluntary civil assistance organization officially acknowledged by the Geneva Convention in 1929. Bodo von dem Knesebeck was the first chairman (from 1897).
General Curt W. von Pfuel was the Chairman of the Central Committee of the German National Red Cross during World War I.[3][4]

One of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles prevented the DRK from having any involvement in military matters. As a result, during the Weimar Republic (1918 to 1933), under the leadership of Joachim von Winterfeldt-Mencken, the DRK became a national organization focusing on social welfare.[5]
Nazi Germany
During the Nazi era, the German Red Cross was under the control of the Nazi Party and played a role in supporting the regime's policies, including the exclusion of Jewish members and collaboration with the war effort.[6][7]
In April 1933, Nazi Reich Interior MinisterWilhelm Frick made it clear to Winterfeldt-Mencken that the focus on social welfare was over; the DRK would be expected to play its part in supporting the German armed forces in any future conflict. Shortly after, the DRK was informed that Dr. Paul Hocheisen, head of the SS Medical Corps, had been given responsibility for voluntary nursing organizations.
On 11 June 1933, Frick was invited to speak at Red Cross Day. He declared:
"The Red Cross is something like the conscience of the nation. ... Together with the nation, the Red Cross is ready to commit all its strength for the high goals of our leader, Adolf Hitler".[8]
The DRK was quick to respond to the changed circumstances, as Winterfeldt-Mencken had always been opposed to parliamentary democracy.[9] The Workers' Samaritan League, a left-wing humanitarian organization, had always been an unwelcome competitor to the DRK.[10] Hocheisen quickly arranged for it to be taken over by the DRK. Similarly, the DRK quickly moved to rid itself of left-wing members, and in June 1933, decided to apply the Nazi Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, and dismissed its Jewish employees.

Sin embargo, la DRK seguía siendo miembro del movimiento de la Cruz Roja, y Alemania continuaba siendo signataria del Convenio de Ginebra , por lo que la Cruz Roja Alemana no podía aplicar el mismo nivel de Gleichschaltung , o nazificación, que otras organizaciones. La postura del Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR) respecto a la exclusión de los judíos por parte de la DRK quedó expresada posteriormente en una carta de 1939 del presidente del CICR, Max Huber . Según él, la obligación primordial de trato neutral, tal como se prevé en el Convenio de Ginebra, era para las víctimas de la guerra, no para quienes las ayudaban. Huber argumentó que, dado que era imposible prescribir normas que entraran en conflicto con las leyes nacionales, era preferible adoptar un enfoque flexible que arriesgarse a desintegrar el movimiento internacional de la Cruz Roja. [ 11 ]
Las declaraciones de lealtad de Winterfeldt-Mencken al régimen no fueron correspondidas; la cúpula nazi intentó reemplazarlo por Hocheisen. El presidente alemán Paul von Hindenburg logró influir en la decisión, eligiendo en su lugar a Carlos Eduardo, duque de Sajonia-Coburgo y Gotha , nieto de la reina Victoria . Carlos Eduardo se había trasladado de Inglaterra a Alemania a los 15 años, había servido posteriormente como general del ejército alemán en la Primera Guerra Mundial y había apoyado durante mucho tiempo a los movimientos de derecha en general, y a Hitler en particular. Ya era presidente honorario del Cuerpo Motorizado Nacionalsocialista .
Charles Edward se convirtió en presidente de la DRK en diciembre de 1933, y Hocheisen en su adjunto. Como era de esperar, la relación entre ambos fue tensa. Se produjo entonces una típica lucha de poder nazi, en la que Hocheisen logró imponer su autoridad, solo para ser destituido por el alto cargo médico de las SS, Ernst-Robert Grawitz, a principios de 1937. A finales de 1938, la Cruz Roja Alemana pasó oficialmente a estar bajo el control de la Organización de Bienestar Social del Ministerio del Interior , convirtiéndose de facto en una entidad nazi, dirigida por Grawitz como «presidente interino», con Oswald Pohl como presidente del consejo de administración. [ 12 ] En esta etapa, no cabía duda de quién estaba al mando, aunque Charles Edward permaneció en su puesto hasta 1945. Dado que estaba emparentado con la realeza europea y hablaba inglés, era una figura decorativa útil para la DRK.
Grawitz was different: he would turn up to International Red Cross meetings in his SS uniform.[13] He took a radical approach to his task. He introduced a hierarchical chain of command into the DRK, and arranged for a new large and imposing "representative" presidential building to be constructed in Potsdam-Babelsberg, complete with a balcony from which speeches could be made.[14] Grawitz's ideal concept for the DRK was that of a "healthy structure which would fit itself organically into the laws of life in the National Socialist Third Reich".[15]

In the years after the Nazi takeover, in addition to adopting Nazi salutes and symbols, the DRK introduced Nazi ideology into its training. Rescue teams were trained in military conduct, basic concepts of National Socialism, pseudogenetics, racial hygiene and demographic policy. More senior staff – doctors, nurses and managers – were educated in demographic policy, racial history, racial hygiene, the biology of inheritance and the foundations of genetics.[16] As a preparation for war, the DRK focused on training people to deal with air raids and gas attacks, and organised joint exercises with the police and the fire brigades.[17] In June 1943, the Swiss Red Cross proposed that food parcels should be sent to Hitler's Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, but its proposal was rejected by the German Red Cross.[18]
Postwar era to present day
After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the Allied Military Government issued a special law outlawing the NSDAP and all of its branches. Known as "Law Number Five", this denazification decree disbanded the DRK, like all organizations linked to the NSDAP. Social welfare organizations, including the German Red Cross, had to be established anew during the postwar reconstruction of both West Germany and East Germany.
La Cruz Roja Alemana en Alemania Occidental fue reconocida por el CICR el 25 de junio de 1952. En Alemania Oriental, la Deutsches Rotes Kreuz der DDR se fundó el 23 de octubre de 1952 y fue reconocida por la Cruz Roja Internacional el 9 de noviembre de 1954. La Cruz Roja de Alemania Oriental publicaba una revista llamada Deutsches Rotes Kreuz (Cruz Roja Alemana). Albert Schweitzer se convirtió en un importante modelo a seguir para la organización. La Cruz Roja de Alemania Oriental dejó de ser una entidad independiente el 1 de enero de 1991, cuando se fusionó con la Cruz Roja Alemana de la antigua Alemania Occidental.
Hospital de la Cruz Roja en Corea del Sur
Desde mayo de 1954 hasta marzo de 1959, el Hospital de la Cruz Roja de Alemania Occidental brindó el servicio médico para la rehabilitación de posguerra después de la Guerra de Corea [ 19 ].
Presidentes de la Cruz Roja Alemana
Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, el general Curt Wolf von Pfuel fue presidente del Comité Central de la Cruz Roja Nacional Alemana. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Desde 1921, la sociedad ha tenido los siguientes presidentes:
Secretarios Generales de la Cruz Roja Alemana
DRK hasta el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial: [ 22 ]
- 1887–1903: Dr. Otto Liebner
- 1903-1920: profesor Ludwig Kimmle
- 1920–1921: Dr. Thode
- 1921–1924: Paul Drauth
- 1924-1934: Wolfram Freiherr von Rotenhan
- 1935–1945: "Presidente interino" Ernst-Robert Grawitz
References
Citations
- ↑Kreuz, Deutsches Rotes (17 May 2019). "A self-portrayal of the Red Cross". DRK e.V. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ↑Kreuz, Deutsches Rotes (20 May 2019). "Where we work". DRK e.V. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ↑"Pursuit of an 'Unparalleled Opportunity'". www.gutenberg-e.org. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ↑"Pursuit of an 'Unparalleled Opportunity'". www.gutenberg-e.org. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 21.
- ↑Barnett, Victoria (1998). For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0195121186.
- ↑Ehrenreich, Brooke (2010). The Nazi Party and the German Red Cross. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-521-88947-6.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 32.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 51.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 34-38.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 91, footnote 15.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 152.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 104.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 172-175.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 131.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 115.
- ↑Morgenbrod & Merkenich 2008, p. 116.
- ↑https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-checkered-record-of-the-swiss-red-cross-during-the-holocaust/ The Checkered Record of the Swiss Red Cross during the Holocaust, Sheldon Kirshner 07.05.2018
- ↑The Germans who healed Koreans
- ↑"Coordinating War Prisoner Relief: The American YMCA Expands WPA Work in Germany". www.gutenberg-e.org. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ↑"Pursuit of an 'Unparalleled Opportunity'". www.gutenberg-e.org. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ↑"DRK Bad Lauterberg". www.drk-lauterberg.de. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Bibliography
- Morgenbrod, Birgitt; Merkenich, Stephanie (2008). Das Deutsche Rote Kreuz unter der NS-Diktatur 1933–1945 (in German). Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. ISBN 978-3506765291.
External links
- German Red Cross
- German Red Cross
- 1864 establishments in Prussia
- Organizations established in 1864
- Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies