Hajr

Hajr ( árabe : حَجْر , romanizado :  Ḥajr ), también conocido como Hajr al-Yamamah ( árabe : حَجْر اليَمامَة , romanizado :  Ḥajr al-Yamāmah ) o Khadra Hajr , ^{[ 1 ]} fue una antigua ciudad fundada por los hanifitas ^{[ 2 ]} que surgió aproximadamente en Arabia preislámica del siglo V y existió hasta el siglo XVI en la actual Riad ^{[ 3 ]} en la región de Najd de la actual Arabia Saudita . ^{[ 4 ]}

Hajr fue la sede de la región histórica de al-Yamama hasta el año 866 d. C., cuando los ukhaydhiritas se separaron del control de los abasíes y trasladaron su capital a al-Kharj . En consecuencia, Hajr sufrió un grave declive económico y político debido a sequías prolongadas , además de verse inmersa en conflictos feudales con sus vecinos, como Diriyah y Manfuhah . ^{[ 5 ]} Posteriormente, Hajr experimentó una fragmentación y desintegración graduales y, finalmente, fue sucedida por varias ciudades rivales, como Migrin (o Miqrin) y Miʼkal, a finales del siglo XVI, ^{[ 6 ]} aunque el nombre de Hajr continuó apareciendo en la poesía popular local.

According to various historical accounts and folklore, Hajr was founded by the lost Arabian tribes of Tasm and Jadis in around 1st millennium BC.^[7] Archaeological surveys show that the city dates back to the Upper Paleolithic era.^[8] After their extermination in a genocide led by the Himyarite kingHassan Yuha'min, it was merged into the Yemenite Kingdom of Kinda^[9] and was later inhabited by Banu Hanifa^[7] nearly two centuries before the advent of Islam.^[10] After the advent of Islam by 7th century, most of its inhabitants converted to Islam and became part of the new Rashidun Caliphate and then the Umayyad Caliphate. After the overthrow of the Umayyads in the Abbasid Revolution in 8th century, Hajr became part of the Abbasid Caliphate and was still the seat of al-Yamama region until it was seceded by the prevailing Ukhaydhirites in 866 AD when they made al-Kharj their new capital. Consequently, Hajr underwent severe economic and political decline due to prolonged droughts besides simultaneously being indulged in feudalistic conflicts with its neighbors such as Diriyah and Manfuhah.^[5] Hajr eventually witnessed steady fragmentation and was succeeded by various rival towns such as Migrin (or Miqrin) and Miʼkal by the end of 16th century.^[6] After 1578, Najdi chroniclers stopped mentioning Hajr by name.^[11] Famous 14th century Moroccan traveler and explorer Ibn Battuta travelled to Hajr^[12] and described it as "a good, fertile city with rivers and trees, inhabited by sects of Arabs, and most of them are from Banu Hanifa, which is their country in the past, and their ruler is Tufail bin Ghanem"