Henrik Steffens

Henrik Steffens (2 de mayo de 1773 – 13 de febrero de 1845) fue un filósofo , científico y poeta noruego . ^{[ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]}

Nació en Stavanger . A los catorce años se trasladó con sus padres a Copenhague , donde estudió teología y ciencias naturales . En 1796 impartió clases en la Universidad de Kiel , y dos años después se trasladó a la Universidad de Jena para estudiar la filosofía natural de Friedrich Schelling . En 1800 se mudó a Freiberg , donde recibió la influencia de Abraham Gottlob Werner . En 1801 publicó un volumen sobre geología titulado Beiträge zur inneren Naturgeschichte der Erde (Contribuciones a la historia natural interna de la Tierra), que se convirtió en su obra científica más exitosa e influyente. En ella defendió la teoría neptunista del origen de la Tierra frente a la teoría vulcanista , que más tarde defendería su compañero de estudios en Freiberg, Alexander von Humboldt . ^{[ 4 ]}

Tras dos años regresó a Copenhague y, según se cuenta, introdujo el romanticismo alemán en Dinamarca en 1802 con nueve conferencias impartidas en el Elers Kollegium , publicadas posteriormente como Indledning til philosophiske Forelæsninger ( Introducción a las conferencias filosóficas ). Estas conferencias fueron un gran éxito y una fuente de inspiración para el romanticismo danés . Asistieron muchos de los que más tarde se convertirían en destacados pensadores daneses, como Oehlenschläger y Grundtvig . Friedrich Schleiermacher quedó tan impresionado por su excelencia que intentó, sin éxito, conseguirle a Steffens una cátedra en la nueva Universidad de Berlín en 1804, para que sus propias enseñanzas éticas tuvieran cabida en el departamento científico.

Despite – or perhaps because of – the deep impact made by his lectures, Steffens was not made welcome by the Danish authorities. He moved back to Germany and took up a professorship at the University of Halle in 1804, to return to Denmark only occasionally. During the Battle of Leipzig (1813) he enlisted in the Prussian Army as a second lieutenant, and he was present at the capture of Paris the following year. He was professor of physics at Breslau from 1811 until 1832, when he accepted an invitation to Berlin.

Steffens was one of the so-called "Philosophers of Nature", a friend and adherent of Schelling and of Schleiermacher. More than either of these two thinkers he was acquainted with the discoveries of modern science, and was thus able to correct or modify the highly imaginative speculations of Schelling. He held that, throughout the scheme of nature and intellectual life, the main principle is Individualisation. As organisms rise higher in the scale of development, the sharper and more distinct become their outlines, the more definite their individualities. This principle he endeavoured to deduce from his knowledge of geology, in contrast to Lorenz Oken, who developed the same theory on biological grounds. His influence was considerable, and both Schelling and Schleiermacher modified their theories in deference to his scientific deductions.

His chief scientific and philosophical works are:

• Beiträge zur inneren Naturgeschichte der Erde (1801)
• Grundzuge der philosophischen Naturwissenschaft (1806)
• Anthropologie (1824)
• Ueber die idee der Universitäten (1835)
• Ueber geheime Verbindungen auf Universitaten (1835)
• Karikaturen des Heiligsten (1819–1821)
• Wie ich wieder Lutheraner wurde und was mir das Luthertum ist (1831)
• Von tIer falschen Theolegie und dem wahren Glauben (new ed., 1831)
• Die Familien Walseth and Leith (1827)
• Die vier Norweger (1828)
• Malcolm (1831)

During the last five years of his life he wrote an autobiography, Was ich erlebte, and after his death his Nachgelassene Schriften (1846) was published. See Tietzen, Zur Erinnerung an Steffens; Petersen, Henrik Steffens (German translation, 1884); Dilthey, Leben Schleiermachers.

Henrik Steffens has been an influential figure in the Scandinavian history of Romanticism and was a towering figure in the effort to combine the emerging natural sciences with new Romantic ideas about nature. These were to a certain extent neglected in the 20th century as more positivism and naturalism dominated within the natural sciences. However, with the emergence of the Anthropocene, Steffens' ideas have been rediscovered as a source of inspiration for interdisciplinary perspectives on ecology and the earth sciences.^[5]

The Henrik Steffens Professor, a named chair at the Humboldt University of Berlin in the field of humanities and social sciences, is funded by the Government of Norway and administered jointly by the Humboldt University and the University of Oslo. The professorship was established in connection with the state visit of German President Roman Herzog in Norway in 1998, on the initiative of Lucy Smith, the Rector of the University of Oslo.^[6] The purpose of the professorship is to promote academic cooperation between Norway and Germany in the fields of humanities and social sciences, "in the spirit of Henrik Steffens." It is one of the nine named chairs at the Humboldt University.^[7]

The professorship is hosted by the Department of Northern European Studies at the Humboldt University, which is located near Unter den Linden. The department also hosts the Dag Hammarskjöld Professorship, which is funded by the Swedish government.^[8]

• Este artículo incorpora texto de una publicación que ahora es de dominio público : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Steffens, Henrik ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 25 (11.ª ed.). Cambridge University Press. pág. 870.     

• Historia de la literatura del norte escandinavo, por Frederik Winkel Horn y Rasmus B. Anderson. Publicado por SC Griggs and Company, 1883, págs. 231 y siguientes. Consultado el 2 de mayo de 2011.
• Autobiografía de Heinrik Steffens , pág. 444 y siguientes, The Boston Review, Volumen 3, John M. Whittemore and Co., 1863.