Hong Daquan (Chinese:洪大全) or Tian De (天德; 'Heavenly Virtue') was a possibly mythical leader of the early Taiping Rebellion connected to the triads. His identity and even his existence have been a matter of dispute, and the title "Tian De" may refer to multiple people. Modern research suggests that Hong was a triad leader from Hunan Province named Jiao Liang who collaborated with the Taiping rebels but held the title "Tian De" independently of the movement.
Original reports
In the first few years of the 1850s, at the opening of the Taiping Rebellion, European observers in China noted reports of a "shadowy figure" named Emperor Tian De, who was originally confused with Hong Xiuquan.[1] It was rumoured that the rebels had crowned a descendant of the Ming dynasty.[2] Tian De was especially associated with proclamations issued by triad circles, but these manifestos ceased appearing by the time of the fall of Nanjing to the Taiping rebels in 1853. The rebels were then said to have denied his existence.[1]
Published confession
In 1852, the Qing government published a confession by a man claiming to be Hong Daquan, saying that he had been conferred the title of "Tiande Wang" (天德王; 'King of Heavenly Virtue') by Hong Xiuquan, who had made him co-sovereign of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and that he had been captured in battle in April that year.[3]
The authenticity of the document is a "mystery".[2] As early as 1853, the missionaries Joseph-Marie Callery and Melchior Yvan discounted it as a "political comedy" and a "perfidious attempt to compromise the Christians".[4]Theodore Hamberg believed that the name "Tian De" was simply a misinterpretation of the name of the Taiping Kingdom and referred to Xiuquan himself.[5]
Later historiography
Entre los historiadores occidentales posteriores, William Hail y Têng Ssu-yü defendieron la existencia de Hong Daquan y su papel protagónico en la rebelión. Hail aceptó la autenticidad de la confesión. Según su análisis de 1927, Daquan era un líder más competente que Xiuquan, con buenas conexiones y quizás descendiente de la dinastía Ming, que podía contar con la lealtad de las tríadas, y caracterizado por una sensibilidad estratégica y política más que religiosa. Con su captura, sugirió Hail, el movimiento Taiping quedó bajo el control indiscutible de la facción religiosa liderada por Xiuquan, quien posteriormente fue abandonado por las tríadas, asestando un golpe crítico al poder de la rebelión. [ 6 ] En 1950, Têng afirmó en su obra *Nueva luz sobre la historia de la rebelión Taiping* que Daquan era considerado emperador por las tríadas y era un líder más popular que Xiuquan en el período inmediatamente posterior a 1849. [ 7 ]
Resumiendo el consenso de la investigación china hasta 1982, Elizabeth J. Perry afirma que Hong Daquan fue un verdadero líder de la tríada del condado de Xinning, Hunan , originalmente llamado Jiao Liang (焦亮). En lugar de ostentar un título conferido por el Reino Taiping, las propias tríadas lo denominaron "Hong" y "Tian De" en consonancia con su arraigada tradición religiosa. El movimiento Taiping inicial utilizó este título real en deferencia a las prácticas de las tríadas. [ 8 ] Sin embargo, Perry añade que pudo haber varios líderes de la tríada con el título de Tian De que cooperaron con la revuelta Taiping: por ejemplo, otro rebelde capturado en 1852 afirmó que Tian De, con quien se había encontrado personalmente, era un joven de 17 o 18 años de apellido Zhu (朱, el apellido de los emperadores Ming). [ 8 ]
Referencias
- 1 2 Levenson 1962 , pág. 444.
- 1 2 Perry 1984 , pág. 348.
- ↑ ¡Salve! 1927 , pág. 56.
- ↑ Callery & Yvan 1853 , págs. 138–9.
- ↑ Hail 1927 , pág. 55, n. 7.
- ↑ ¡Salve! 1927 , pág. 72.
- ↑ Têng 1950 , pág. 105.
- 1 2 Perry 1984 , pág. 349.
Fuentes
- Callery, Joseph-Marie; Yvan, Melchior (1853). Historia de la insurrección en China: con notas sobre el cristianismo, el credo y las proclamaciones de los insurgentes . Nueva York: Harper & Brothers.
- Hail, William James (1927). . New Haven: Yale University Press – via Wikisource. [scan
] - Levenson, Joseph R. (1962). "Confucian and Taiping "Heaven": The Political Implications of Clashing Religious Concepts". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 4 (4): 436–453. doi:10.1017/S0010417500001390. JSTOR 177693. S2CID 144053533.
- Perry, Elizabeth J. (1984). "Taipings and Triads: the rôle of religion in inter-rebel relations". In Bak, János M.; Benecke, Gerhard (eds.). Religion and Rural Revolt: Papers Presented to the Fourth Interdisciplinary Workshop on Peasant Studies, University of British Columbia, 1982. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 342–353. ISBN 0719009901.
- Têng, Ssu-yü (1950). New Light on the History of the Taiping Rebellion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Qing dynasty rebels
- People from Shaoyang
- People of the Taiping Rebellion
- Triad members
- Asian people whose existence is disputed