Inkpaduta

Inkpaduta ( en dakota : Iŋkpáduta , traducido de diversas maneras como "Extremo Rojo", "Gorro Rojo" o "Punta Escarlata" ) (aproximadamente 1797-1881 ) fue un jefe de guerra de la banda Wahpekute de los dakota ( dakota oriental o santee ) durante la masacre de Spirit Lake de 1857 y las posteriores acciones de los sioux occidentales contra el ejército de los Estados Unidos en el Territorio de Dakota , Wyoming y Montana. ^{[ 1 ]} 

Inkpaduta nació en lo que más tarde se convertiría en el condado de Rice, Minnesota, en el extremo noreste del lago Cannon (condado de Rice, Minnesota), en algún momento entre 1800 y 1815. ^{[ 2 ]} Era hijo del jefe Wamdisapa (Águila Negra). De niño, contrajo viruela , enfermedad que acabó con la vida de varios de sus parientes y familiares. La enfermedad le dejó graves cicatrices. Algún tiempo antes del tratado de 1841 entre Tasagi y Wamdisapa, este último trasladó su aldea (entonces conocida como la banda de la Cima Roja) al río Vermillion (Dakota del Sur) tras ser exiliado de su banda original. ^{[ 3 ]}

Inkpaduta and his band were not signatories with the rest of the Wahpekute to the 1851 Treaty of Mendota, which transferred the land in northwestern Iowa to the United States. They refused to recognize the treaty restrictions. In 1852, Henry Lott, a drunken white whiskey trader, killed the new chief (Inkpaduta's older brother) and nine of his family; and Inkpaduta succeeded his brother as chief. He told the U.S. Army of the murders, but little was done to bring Lott to justice. The local prosecuting attorney nailed the dead chief's head to a pole over his house.

In the late winter of 1857, which was severe, Inkpaduta led his starving band into Iowa, where on March 8, he launched a series of raids on white settlers in the Spirit Lake area in which a total of 38 people were killed.^[4] White Americans called this the Spirit Lake Massacre. His warriors took four young women captive; three were married while the youngest captive, Abbie Gardner, 14, would be kept a few months before being ransomed in early summer. Although chased by troops from Fort Ridgely in Minnesota, Inkpaduta and his band evaded capture.^[5] They killed two of the women along the way, and released the third. The following summer in 1858, the US succeeded in negotiating the ransom of the girl Abbie Gardner, who was returned to Spirit Lake.^[6] She later became known for her memoir about the events and her captivity, published in 1888 to great success, with repeated editions and two reprintings by the early twentieth century.

By the time of the Dakota War of 1862, Inkpaduta had already been driven out of Minnesota with the help of other Dakota who did not wish to put their own annuity goods and money at risk. After many of the Dakota were driven out of the state following the 1862 war, the Army sent two major punitive expeditions into Dakota Territory; one in 1863 under Brigadier GeneralHenry Hastings Sibley, who defeated the Dakota in a series of battles, and another, larger expedition under Brigadier General Alfred Sully in 1864 which concluded with the Dakota's defeat in the decisive Battle of Killdeer Mountain. Inkpaduta's band withdrew westward with their Lakota kinsfolk, and the chief migrated with survivors onto the Great Plains. He eventually fell in with the Lakotas (the Western or Teton Sioux) and became friends with Sitting Bull. He fought alongside the Lakota against Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Cuando Toro Sentado y sus seguidores huyeron a Canadá tras la batalla, Inkpaduta los acompañó. Murió en Manitoba en 1881. ^{[ 4 ]}

• "Defensa Fronteriza en Iowa"

• Clinton Engen (17 de diciembre de 1999). "INKPADUTA" . Recuperado el 27 de febrero de 2013 .
• Entrevista con Paul Beck, autor de Inkpaduta: Dakota Leader