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Keelhauling

Tudor era woodcut print of keelhauling Keelhauling ( Dutch kielhalen ; [ 1 ] "to drag along the keel") is a form of punishment and potential execution once meted out to sailors ...

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Tudor era woodcut print of keelhauling

Keelhauling (Dutchkielhalen;[1] "to drag along the keel") is a form of punishment and potential execution once meted out to sailors at sea. The sailor was tied to a line looped beneath the vessel, thrown overboard on one side of the ship, and dragged under the ship's keel, either from one side of the ship to the other, or the length of the ship (from bow to stern).[2]

History

There is limited evidence that keelhauling in this form was used by pirate ships, especially in the ancient world. The earliest definitive mention of keelhauling is from the Byzantine Rhodian Maritime Code (Lex Rhodia), of c.700 CE, which outlines punishment for piracy. However, there are images on c. 500 BCE Greek vases, as well as a mention in Herodotus' Histories, that either refer to strappado — that is, hanging the victim over the water — or of a keelhauling proper. [3][4]

1660–1686 painting of a man being keelhauled

Several 17th-century English writers such as William Monson[5] and Nathaniel Boteler[6] recorded the use of keelhauling on English naval ships. However, their references are vague and provide no date. In 1880, George Shaw Lefevre was confronted in Parliament with a recent report from Italy of a keelhauling on HMS Alexandra, and denied that such an incident had taken place.[7]

Some historians believe keelhauling may have been introduced to the Dutch States Navy by William of Orange.[8][9][10] On 11 October 1652, under Jan van Riebeeck's command, Jan Blank, a sailor, was keelhauled, whipped a total of 150 lashes, and then enslaved for 2 years as punishment for deserting the Dutch East India Company for nine days.[11][12] Perhaps the most graphic incident of it occurred in 1673 when Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest punished sailors who committed murder.[13] It was an official, though rare, punishment in the Dutch States Navy.[14]

A footnote in one source suggests that it may have evolved from the medieval punishment of ducking.[15] The term still survives today, although usually in the sense of being severely rebuked.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑"Etymological origins". etymonline.com. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  2. ↑Adams, Cecil (4 August 1995). "What do "drawn and quartered" and "keelhauling" mean?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  3. ↑H. A. Ormerod, Piracy in the Ancient World (New York: Dorset Press, 1987), 54–56.
  4. ↑C.E. Ioannidou, "The black version of water and underwater activity: drowning, Torture, and executions below The sea in ancient greece during The archaic and classical period"
  5. ↑Monsofueiwoco ididiei(Michael), William; Oppenheim (August 14, 1902). "The naval tracts of Sir William Monson". [London], Printed for the Navy Records Society – via Internet Archive.
  6. ↑Boteler’s Dialogues, ed. Perrin 11-25
  7. ↑"NAVY—ALLEGED INSTANCE OF "KEEL-HAULING'". HC Deb 04 September 1880 CE vol 256 c1275 api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard, accessed 8 August 2018.
  8. ↑Routledge, E. (1864). Routledge's Every Boy's Annual. Routledge, Warne & Routledge. p. 129. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
  9. ↑ Biblioteca del Patrimonio de la Biodiversidad; White, W. (1907). Notas y Consultas . Oxford University Press. pág. 3-PA216 . Recuperado el 10 de octubre de 2022 . 
  10. ↑ Wood, E. (1916). Nuestros servicios de combate y cómo crearon el imperio . Cassell, Limited. pág. 153. Recuperado el 10 de octubre de 2022 . 
  11. ^ Van Riebeeck, enero; et al. (Utrecht Historisch Genootschap) (1884). Dagverhaal van Jan Van Riebeeck, Deel 1 (1652-1655) (en holandés). Utrecht: Kemink y Zoon. págs. 57 a 72.  
  12. ^ Leibbrandt, H (1897). Diario de Riebeeck, parte 1 (diciembre de 1651 - diciembre de 1655) . Ciudad del Cabo: WA Richards & Sons, Imprentas gubernamentales. págs. 31 a 35. 
  13. ↑ Marley, D. (2010). Piratas de América . ABC-CLIO. pág. 194. ISBN  978-1-59884-201-2. Consultado el 10 de octubre de 2022 .
  14. ↑ La armada holandesa de los siglos XVII y XVIII , Jaap R. Bruijn
  15. ↑ « El " sumergido" en la verga principal consiste en izar a un malhechor, atándole una cuerda bajo los brazos, alrededor del torso y bajo las nalgas, hasta el extremo de la verga; desde donde se le deja caer violentamente al mar, a veces dos veces, a veces tres, varias veces seguidas; y si la falta es muy grave, también se le arrastra bajo la quilla del barco...». Discurso dialógico sobre asuntos marítimos , Nathaniel Boteler (1685)
  16. ↑ "keelhaul" . Diccionario Merriam-Webster.com . Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Consultado el 19 de septiembre de 2018 . 
  • entrada de kielholen Archivado el 3 de febrero de 2007 en Wayback Machine en: Johann Hinrich Röding: Allgemeines Wörterbuch der Marine in allen Europäischen Seesprachen nebst vollständigen Erklärungen . Nemnich , Hamburgo y JJ Gebauer, Halle, 1793–1798.
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