Hispanopedia WikiA material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.
A property having a fixed value for a given material or substance is called material constant or constant of matter.[1] (Material constants should not be confused with physical constants, that have a universal character.)
A material property may also be a function of one or more independent variables, such as temperature. Materials properties often vary to some degree according to the direction in the material in which they are measured, a condition referred to as anisotropy. Materials properties that relate to different physical phenomena often behave linearly (or approximately so) in a given operating range . Modeling them as linear functions can significantly simplify the differentialconstitutive equations that are used to describe the property.
Equations describing relevant materials properties are often used to predict the attributes of a system.
The properties are measured by standardized test methods. Many such methods have been documented by their respective user communities and published through the Internet; see ASTM International.
Atomic properties
- Atomic mass: (applies to each element) the average mass of the atoms of an element, in daltons (Da), a.k.a. atomic mass units (amu).
- Atomic number: (applies to individual atoms or pure elements) the number of protons in each nucleus
- Relative atomic mass, a.k.a. atomic weight: (applies to individual isotopes or specific mixtures of isotopes of a given element) (no units)
- Standard atomic weight: the average relative atomic mass of a typical sample of the element (no units)
Chemical properties
Electrical properties
Magnetic properties
Manufacturing properties
- Castability: How easily a high-quality casting can be obtained from the material
- Machinability rating
- Machining speeds and feeds
Mechanical properties
- Acoustical absorption
- Bulk modulus: Ratio of pressure to volumetric compression (GPa) or ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume
- Coefficient of restitution: The ratio of the final to initial relative velocity between two objects after they collide. Range: 0–1, 1 for perfectly elastic collision.
- Compressive strength: Maximum stress a material can withstand before compressive failure (MPa)
- Creep: The slow and gradual deformation of an object with respect to time. If the s in a material exceeds the yield point, the strain caused in the material by the application of load does not disappear totally on the removal of load. The plastic deformation caused to the material is known as creep. At high temperatures, the strain due to creep is quite appreciable.[3]
- Density: Mass per unit volume (kg/m^3)
- Ductility: Ability of a material to deform under tensile load (% elongation). It is the property of a material by which it can be drawn into wires under the action of tensile force. A ductile material must have a high degree of plasticity and strength so that large deformations can take place without failure or rupture of the material. In ductile extension, a material that exhibits a certain amount of elasticity along with a high degree of plasticity.[4]
- Durability: Ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; hard-wearing
- Elasticity: Ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or stress and to return to its original size and shape when the stress is removed
- Fatigue limit: Maximum stress a material can withstand under repeated loading (MPa)
- Flexural modulus
- Flexural strength: Maximum bending stress a material can withstand before failure (MPa)
- Fracture toughness: Ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture (J/m^2)
- Friction coefficient: The amount of force normal to surface which converts to force resisting relative movement of contacting surfaces between material pairs
- Hardness: Ability to withstand surface indentation and scratching (e.g. Brinell hardness number)
- Maleabilidad : Capacidad del material para aplanarse en láminas delgadas bajo la aplicación de fuertes fuerzas de compresión sin agrietarse mediante métodos de trabajo en caliente o en frío. Esta propiedad de un material le permite expandirse en todas las direcciones sin romperse. [ 5 ]
- Difusividad de masa : Capacidad de una sustancia para difundirse a través de otra.
- Plasticidad : Capacidad de un material para sufrir deformaciones irreversibles o permanentes sin romperse ni fracturarse; lo opuesto a la fragilidad.
- Coeficiente de Poisson : Relación entre la deformación lateral y la deformación axial (sin unidades)
- Resiliencia : Capacidad de un material para absorber energía cuando se deforma elásticamente (MPa); combinación de resistencia y elasticidad.
- Módulo de cizallamiento : Relación entre la tensión de cizallamiento y la deformación por cizallamiento (MPa)
- Resistencia al corte : Esfuerzo máximo de corte que un material puede soportar.
- Deslizamiento : Tendencia de las partículas de un material a sufrir deformación plástica debido a un movimiento de dislocación dentro del material. Común en cristales.
- Módulo específico : Módulo por unidad de volumen (MPa/m³)
- Resistencia específica : Resistencia por unidad de densidad (Nm/kg)
- Peso específico : Peso por unidad de volumen (N/m³)
- Reflexión del sonido
- Transferencia de sonido
- Velocidad del sonido
- Rugosidad superficial : Las desviaciones en la dirección del vector normal de una superficie real con respecto a su forma ideal.
- Resistencia a la tracción : Tensión máxima de tracción que un material puede soportar antes de romperse (MPa).
- Elasticidad de tercer orden ( efecto acustoelástico )
- Tenacidad : Capacidad de un material para absorber energía (o resistir impactos) y deformarse plásticamente sin fracturarse (o romperse); resistencia de un material a la fractura cuando se somete a tensión; combinación de resistencia y plasticidad.
- Viscosidad : Resistencia de un fluido a la deformación gradual por tensión o esfuerzo cortante; espesor
- Límite elástico : La tensión a la que un material comienza a ceder plásticamente (MPa).
- Módulo de Young : Relación entre la tensión lineal y la deformación lineal (MPa) (influye en la rigidez y flexibilidad de un objeto ).
Propiedades ópticas
- Absorbancia : Qué tan fuertemente una sustancia química atenúa la luz.
- Birrefringencia
- Color
- Efecto electroóptico
- Luminosidad
- Actividad óptica
- Fotoelasticidad
- fotosensibilidad
- Reflectividad
- Índice de refracción
- Dispersión
- Transmitancia
Propiedades radiológicas
Propiedades térmicas
- Diagrama de fases
- Punto de ebullición
- Coeficiente de dilatación térmica
- Temperatura crítica
- Punto de Curie
- Temperatura de transición dúctil-frágil
- Emisividad
- Punto eutéctico
- Inflamabilidad
- punto de inflamabilidad
- Temperatura de transición vítrea
- Calor de vaporización
- Temperatura de inversión
- Punto de fusión
- Thermal conductivity
- Thermal diffusivity
- Thermal expansion
- Triple point
- Vapor pressure
- Specific heat capacity
See also
References
- ↑"ISO 80000-1:2022 Quantities and units — Part 1: General". iso.org. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ↑"Magnetothermoelectric Power: Interaction of Magnetic Fields and Thermoelectric Effects". Stanford Advanced Materials. November 25, 2025. Retrieved June 23, 2026.
- ↑SS Rattan, Strength of Materials (17 June 2016). "Strength of Materials book".
- ↑SS Rattan, Strength of Materials (17 June 2016). "Strength of Materials book".
- ↑Rattan, S S (17 June 2016). "Strength of Materials book".
Categories:
- Chemical properties
- Materials science
- Physical quantities
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