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Abies nordmanniana

{{cite iucn |author=Knees, S. |author2=Gardner, M. |date=2011 |title=''Abies nordmanniana'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T42293A10679078 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T4229...

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Abies nordmanniana , el abeto de Nordmann o abeto caucásico , [ 3 ] es un abeto autóctono de las montañas al sur y al este del Mar Negro , en Turquía , Georgia y el Cáucaso ruso . Se encuentra a altitudes de 900 a 2200m en montañas con precipitaciones superiores a 1000mm.  

La distribución actual del abeto de Nordmann está asociada a los refugios forestales que existieron durante la Edad de Hielo en la costa oriental y meridional del Mar Negro . A pesar del clima actualmente adecuado , la especie no se encuentra en las zonas del Gran Cáucaso oriental , que están separadas de la costa del Mar Negro por más de 400-500 km. [ 4 ] 

Patrón típico de un Abies nordmanniana (abeto de Nordmann).

Descripción

Es un gran árbol conífero de hoja perenne que crece hasta 55–61 m de altura y con un diámetro de tronco de hasta 2 m. En la Reserva del Cáucaso Occidental , se han reportado algunos especímenes de 78 m (256 pies) e incluso 85 m (279 pies) de altura, [ 5 ] los árboles más altos del Cáucaso , Anatolia , la Federación Rusa y el continente europeo .      

The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 1.8–3.5 cm long and 2 mm wide by 0.5 mm thick, glossy dark green above, and with two blue-white bands of stomata below. The tip of the leaf is usually blunt, often slightly notched at the tip, but can be pointed, particularly on strong-growing shoots on young trees. The cones are 10–20 cm long and 4–5 cm broad, with about 150–200 scales, each scale with an exserted bract and two winged seeds; they disintegrate when mature to release the seeds.

Taxonomy

The species is named by Christian von Steven after his compatriot, the Finnish zoologist Alexander von Nordmann (1803–1866), who was the director of the Odessa Botanical Gardens.

Subspecies

There are two subspecies (treated as distinct species by some botanists), intergrading where they meet in northern Turkey at about 36°E longitude:

  • Caucasian fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. nordmanniana). Native to the Caucasus mountains and eastern Pontic Mountains of northeastern Turkey west to about 36°E. Shoots often pubescent (hairy).
  • Turkish fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani). Native to northwestern Turkey, including the western Pontic Mountains as well as Uludağ and other mountains southeast of the Sea of Marmara. Often treated as a separate species, Abies bornmuelleriana.[6] In Turkey this subspecies is treated as a distinct species (Abies equi-trojaniAsch. & Sint. ex Bois.). It is endemic to a single location on Kaz Dağı (Mount Ida) in Balıkesir Province, northwestern Turkey.[7] This subspecies occupies an area of only 164 km2 and is assessed as "Endangered".[8] Its shoots are usually glabrous (hairless).[6]

Cultivation and uses

The Nordmann fir is one of the most important species grown for Christmas trees, being favoured for its attractive foliage, with needles that are not sharp and do not drop readily when the tree dries out.

It is also a popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, and along with the cultivar 'Golden Spreader'[9] has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[10][11]

In Europe, the tree has also been used for reforestation as a way to mitigate expected forest decline caused by climate changes.[7]

The wood is soft and white, and is used for general construction, paper, etc.

References

  1. ↑Knees, S.; Gardner, M. (2011). "Abies nordmanniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011 e.T42293A10679078. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T42293A10679078.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑"Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 February 2026.
  3. ↑BSBI List 2007(xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original(xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ↑Tarkhnishvili D, Gavashelishvili A, Mumladze L (2012). "Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species". Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 105 (105): 231–248. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01788.x.
  5. ↑"Western Caucasus WHA, IUCN Technical Evaluation"(PDF).
  6. 12Kaya, Zeki, A. Skaggs, David Brian Neale (2008). "Genetic Differentiation of Abies equi-trojani (Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss) Mattf. Populations from Kazdağı, Turkey and the Genetic Relationship between Turkish Firs belonging to the Abies nordmanniana Spach Complex". Turkish Journal of Botany 32 (2008) 1-10
  7. 1 2 Alizoti, PG; Fady, B.; Prada, MA; Vendramin, GG (2009). "Abetos mediterráneos - Abies spp. " (PDF) . Directrices técnicas de EUFORGEN para la conservación y el uso genético . Archivado del original (PDF) el 20 de octubre de 2016. Recuperado el 19 de octubre de 2016 .
  8. ↑ Knees, S.; Gardner, M. (2011). " Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani " . Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la UICN . 2011 e.T31325A9626365. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T31325A9626365.en . Consultado el 19 de noviembre de 2021 .
  9. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Abies nordmanniana 'Golden Spreader' AGM / RHS Gardening" . Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archivado del original el 5 de noviembre de 2013. Consultado el 5 de noviembre de 2013 .
  10. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Abies nordmanniana AGM / RHS Gardening" . Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archivado del original el 5 de noviembre de 2013. Consultado el 5 de noviembre de 2013 .
  11. ↑ "Plantas AGM - Ornamentales" (PDF) . Royal Horticultural Society. Julio de 2017. pág. 1. Consultado el 14 de agosto de 2019 . 
  • theplantlist.org: Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach
    • iucnredlist.org: Abies nordmanniana ssp. Nordmanniana
  • Knees, S.; Gardner, M. (2011). " Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani " . Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la UICN . 2011 e.T31325A9626365. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T31325A9626365.en . Consultado el 19 de noviembre de 2021 .
  • Base de datos de gimnospermas: Abies nordmanniana
  • conifersaroundtheworld.com: Abies nordmanniana NBG Bélgica Meise
  • rhs.org.uk: Abies nordmanniana
  • Abies nordmanniana . Mapa de distribución, unidades de conservación genética y recursos relacionados. Programa Europeo de Recursos Genéticos Forestales (EUFORGEN).
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