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Pelodryadidae

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Pelodryadidae, also known as Australian treefrogs (although not all members are arboreal), is a family of frogs found in Australia, New Guinea and their surrounding islands, and have also been introduced to Guam, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and Vanuatu.[2]

Pelodryadidae is thought to be the sister group to the leaf frogs (Phyllomedusidae), a family of arboreal frogs known from the Neotropics. The common ancestor of both families is thought to have lived in the early Cenozoic South America, with the two subfamilies diverging from one another during the Eocene. The ancestors of the subfamily Pelodryadidae likely invaded Australasia via the Antarctic land bridge, which at the time was not yet frozen over, thus was hospitable for the dispersing frogs.[3] The clade comprising both subfamilies is sister to the Hylinae, from which they diverged in the early Paleogene.[4]

The oldest known fossil of a Pelodryadidae frog is of †Litoria tylerantiqua from 55 million years ago. This places a minimum age on the divergence of this group from the Phyllomedusidae, and confirms that these two groups likely diverged even earlier.[1]

Classification

Rough frog (Cyclorana verrucosa)
Magnificent tree frog (Pelodryas splendida)
White-lipped tree frog (Sandyrana infrafrenata)
Javelin frog (Mahonabatrachus microbelos)
Eastern dwarf tree frog (Drymomantis fallax)

Pelodryadidae is sometimes considered a sub-family of Hylidae, but recent taxonomic papers have regarded it as a family[2][5]. Prior to 2025, only three genera were used to describe the diversity of the family: Cyclorana for the burrowing species, Nyctimystes for the Papuan (and one Australian) species with laced lids, and Litoria, which became a wastebasket taxon for the remaining species. A comprehensive phylogenomic study in 2025 split the 246 species into 35 genera.[5]

The cladogram below is based on this studies' analysis of nuclear DNA of frogs in Pelodryadidae, except Lathrana was not included so its position is based on their analysis of mitochondrial DNA:

One species is regarded an incertae sedis[6]:

The following fossil genera are also known:[1]

References

  1. 123Farman, Roy M.; Archer, Michael; Hand, Suzanne J. (2025). "Early Eocene pelodryadid from the Tingamarra Local Fauna, Murgon, southeastern Queensland, Australia, and a new fossil calibration for molecular phylogenies of frogs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 44 (5) e2477815. doi:10.1080/02724634.2025.2477815. ISSN 0272-4634.
  2. 12"Pelodryadinae Günther, 1858 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2026-02-02.
  3. ↑Duellman, William E.; Marion, Angela B.; Hedges, S. Blair (2016-04-19). "Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)". Zootaxa. 4104 (1): 1–109. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4104.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27394762.
  4. ↑Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864–E5870. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5864F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.
  5. 12Donnellan, Stephen C.; Mahony, Michael J.; Esquerré, Damien; Brennan, Ian G.; Price, Luke C.; Lemmon, Alan; Moriarty Lemmon, Emily; Günther, Rainer; Monis, Paul; Bertozzi, Terry; Keogh, J. Scott; Shea, Glenn M.; Richards, Stephen J. (2025-06-19). "Phylogenomics informs a generic revision of the Australo-Paupuan treefrogs (Anura: Pelodryadidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 204 (2). Oxford Academic: 1–80. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf015. Retrieved 2026-04-01.
  6. ↑""Litoria" jeudii (Werner, 1901)". Amphibians of the World. USA: American Museum of Natural History. 2026-04-01. Retrieved 2026-04-01.
  7. ↑Tyler, Michael J. (1986-01-01). "Additional records of Australobatrachus ilius (anura: Hylidae) from the Tertiary of South Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 10 (4): 401–402. Bibcode:1986Alch...10..401T. doi:10.1080/03115518608619147. ISSN 0311-5518.