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Lista de plantas venenosas

Australia, 1907: Ganaderos inspeccionan 700 cabezas de ganado que murieron durante la noche a causa de plantas venenosas. Las plantas que causan enfermedades o la muerte tras su...

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Australia, 1907: Ganaderos inspeccionan 700 cabezas de ganado que murieron durante la noche a causa de plantas venenosas.

Las plantas que causan enfermedades o la muerte tras su consumo se denominan plantas venenosas . Las toxinas de las plantas venenosas afectan a los herbívoros y los disuaden de consumirlas. Las plantas no pueden moverse para escapar de sus depredadores, por lo que deben tener otros medios para protegerse de los animales herbívoros. Algunas plantas poseen defensas físicas como espinas y púas, pero, con mucho, el tipo de protección más común es la química. [ 1 ]

A lo largo de milenios, mediante la selección natural , las plantas han desarrollado la capacidad de producir una amplia y compleja gama de compuestos químicos para disuadir a los herbívoros. El tanino , por ejemplo, es un compuesto defensivo que surgió relativamente pronto en la historia evolutiva de las plantas, mientras que moléculas más complejas, como los poliacetilenos , se encuentran en grupos de plantas más jóvenes, como las Asterales . Muchos de los compuestos de defensa vegetal conocidos protegen principalmente contra el consumo por parte de insectos, aunque otros animales, incluidos los humanos, que consumen dichas plantas también pueden experimentar efectos negativos, que van desde molestias leves hasta la muerte.

Muchos de estos compuestos venenosos también tienen importantes beneficios medicinales. [ 2 ] La variedad de defensas fitoquímicas en las plantas es tan numerosa que muchas preguntas sobre ellas siguen sin respuesta, entre ellas:

  1. ¿Qué plantas tienen qué tipos de defensa?
  2. ¿Contra qué herbívoros, concretamente, se defienden las plantas?
  3. ¿Qué estructuras químicas y mecanismos de toxicidad intervienen en los compuestos que proporcionan defensa?
  4. ¿Cuáles son los posibles usos médicos de estos compuestos?

Estas cuestiones, entre otras, constituyen un área activa de investigación en la botánica moderna, con importantes implicaciones para la comprensión de la evolución de las plantas y la ciencia médica.

A continuación se presenta una lista extensa, aunque incompleta, de plantas que contienen una o más partes venenosas que representan un grave riesgo de enfermedad, lesión o muerte para los seres humanos o los animales domésticos. Existe una superposición significativa entre las plantas consideradas venenosas y aquellas con propiedades psicotrópicas , algunas de las cuales son lo suficientemente tóxicas como para presentar graves riesgos para la salud incluso en dosis recreativas. Se distingue entre las plantas venenosas porque producen fitoquímicos peligrosos de forma natural y aquellas que pueden volverse peligrosas por otras razones, como la infección por parásitos bacterianos, virales o fúngicos; la absorción de compuestos tóxicos a través de suelos o aguas subterráneas contaminadas; y/o los procesos normales de descomposición tras la muerte de la planta. Esta lista se centra exclusivamente en plantas que producen fitoquímicos. Muchas plantas, como el cacahuete, producen compuestos que solo son peligrosos para las personas que han desarrollado una reacción alérgica a ellos, y, con algunas excepciones, estas plantas no se incluyen aquí (véase la lista de alérgenos ). A pesar de la amplia variedad de plantas consideradas venenosas, las muertes humanas causadas por plantas venenosas, especialmente las resultantes de la ingestión accidental, son raras en el mundo desarrollado. [ 3 ]

Plantas venenosas utilizadas como alimento

Muchas plantas de uso común como alimento poseen partes tóxicas, son tóxicas a menos que se procesen o lo son en ciertas etapas de su ciclo de vida. Algunas solo representan una amenaza grave para ciertos animales (como gatos, perros o ganado) o ciertos tipos de personas (como bebés, ancianos o personas inmunodeprimidas). La mayoría de estas plantas comestibles son seguras para el consumo de un adulto promedio en cantidades moderadas. Algunos ejemplos notables son:

Otras plantas venenosas

Muchas otras plantas que no se utilizan habitualmente en la alimentación o la bebida también son venenosas, por lo que se debe tener cuidado para evitar el contacto accidental con ellas o su ingestión. Algunas de estas plantas son ornamentales populares o se cultivan con fines distintos al consumo.

See also

References

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