
In IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networking standards (including Wi‑Fi), a service set is a group of wireless network devices which share a service set identifier (SSID)—typically the natural language label that users see as a network name. (For example, all of the devices that together form and use a Wi‑Fi network called "Foo" are a service set.) A service set forms a logical network of nodes operating with shared link-layer networking parameters; they form one logical network segment.
A service set is either a basic service set (BSS) or an extended service set (ESS).
A basic service set is a subgroup, within a service set, of devices that share physical-layer medium access characteristics (e.g. radio frequency, modulation scheme, security settings) such that they are wirelessly networked. The basic service set is defined by a basic service set identifier (BSSID) shared by all devices within it. The BSSID is a 48-bit label that conforms to MAC-48 conventions. While a device may have multiple BSSIDs, usually each BSSID is associated with at most one basic service set at a time.[1]
A basic service set should not be confused with the coverage area of an access point, known as the basic service area (BSA).[2]
Basic service set types
Infrastructure
An infrastructure BSS is created by an infrastructure device called an access point (AP) for other devices to join. (Note that the term IBSS is not used for this type of BSS but refers to the independent type discussed below.) The operating parameters of the infrastructure BSS are defined by the AP.[3] The Wi‑Fi segments of common home and business networks are examples of this type.
Each basic service set has a unique identifier, a BSSID, which is a 48-bit number that follows MAC address conventions.[4] An infrastructure BSSID is usually non-configurable, in which case it is either preset during manufacture or mathematically derived from a preset value such as a serial number or a MAC address of another network interface. As with the MAC addresses used for Ethernet devices, an infrastructure BSSID is a combination of a 24-bit organizationally unique identifier (OUI, the manufacturer's identity) and a 24-bit serial number. A BSSID with a value of all 1s is used to indicate the wildcard BSSID, usable only during probe requests or for communications that take place outside the context of a BSS.[5]
Independent
An independent BSS (IBSS), or ad hoc network, is created by peer devices among themselves without network infrastructure.[6] A temporary network created by a cellular telephone to share its Internet access with other devices is a common example. In contrast to the stations in an infrastructure-mode network, the stations in a wireless ad hoc network communicate directly with one another, i.e. without a dependence on a distribution point to relay traffic between them.[7] In this form of peer-to-peer wireless networking, the peers form an independent basic service set (IBSS).[8] Some of the responsibilities of a distribution point—such as defining network parameters and other "beaconing" functions—are established by the first station in an ad-hoc network. However, that station does not relay traffic between the other stations; instead, the peers communicate directly with one another. Like an infrastructure BSS, an independent BSS also has a 48-bit MAC-address-like identifier. But unlike infrastructure BSS identifiers, independent BSS identifiers are not necessarily unique: the individual/group bit of the address is always set to 0 (individual), the universal/local bit of the address is always set to 1 (local), and the remaining 46 bits are randomly generated.[5]
Mesh
A mesh basic service set (MBSS) is a self-contained network of mesh stations that share a mesh profile, defined in 802.11s.[9] Each node may also be an access point hosting its own basic service set, for example using the mesh BSS to provide Internet access for local users. In such a system, the BSS created by the access point is distinct from the mesh network, and a wireless client of that BSS is not part of the MBSS. The formation of the mesh BSS, as well as wireless traffic management (including path selection and forwarding) is negotiated between the nodes of the mesh infrastructure. The mesh BSS is distinct from the networks (which may also be wireless) used by a mesh's redistribution points to communicate with one another.
Service set identifier
The service set identifier (SSID) defines or extends a service set. Normally it is broadcast in the clear by stations in beacon packets to announce the presence of a network and seen by users as a wireless network name.
Unlike basic service set identifiers, SSIDs are usually customizable.[10] These SSIDs can be zero to 32 octets long,[11] and are, for convenience, usually in a natural language, such as English. The 802.11 standards prior to the 2012 edition did not define any particular encoding or representation for SSIDs, which were expected to be treated and handled as an arbitrary sequence of 0–32 octets that are not limited to printable characters. IEEE Std 802.11-2012 defines a flag to express that the SSID is UTF-8-encoded and could contain any Unicode text.[12] Wireless network stacks must still be prepared to handle all possible values in the SSID field.
Dado que el contenido de un campo SSID es arbitrario, el estándar 802.11 permite que los dispositivos anuncien la presencia de una red inalámbrica con paquetes de baliza en los que el campo SSID se establece en nulo. [ 13 ] [ n 1 ] Un SSID nulo (el lengthcampo del elemento SSID se establece en cero [ 11 ] ) se denomina SSID comodín en los documentos de estándares IEEE 802.11, [ 14 ] y como un SSID sin difusión o SSID oculto en el contexto de anuncios de baliza, [ 13 ] [ 15 ] y puede utilizarse, por ejemplo, en redes empresariales y de malla para dirigir a un cliente a un punto de acceso particular (por ejemplo, menos utilizado). [ 13 ] Una estación también puede transmitir paquetes en los que el campo SSID se establece en nulo; esto hace que un punto de acceso asociado envíe a la estación una lista de SSID compatibles. [ 16 ] Una vez que un dispositivo se ha asociado con un conjunto de servicios básicos, por eficiencia, el SSID no se envía dentro de los encabezados de los paquetes; solo se utilizan los BSSID para el direccionamiento.
Los servicios de ubicación de Apple interpretan el SSID de un punto de acceso Wi-Fi que termina en_nomapcomo una opción para no ser incluido en las bases de datos de ubicación colaborativas de Apple. [ 17 ]
Conjunto de servicios ampliados
Un conjunto de servicios extendidos ( ESS ) es una red inalámbrica, creada por múltiples puntos de acceso, que se presenta a los usuarios como una única red sin interrupciones, como una red que cubre un hogar u oficina demasiado grande para una cobertura confiable por un solo punto de acceso. Es un conjunto de uno o más conjuntos de servicios básicos de infraestructura en un segmento de red lógica común (es decir, la misma subred IP y VLAN ). [ 18 ] La clave del concepto es que los conjuntos de servicios básicos participantes se presentan como una única red a la capa de control de enlace lógico mediante el uso del mismo SSID. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Por lo tanto, desde la perspectiva de la capa de control de enlace lógico, las estaciones dentro de un ESS pueden comunicarse entre sí, y las estaciones móviles pueden moverse de forma transparente de un conjunto de servicios básicos participante a otro (dentro del mismo ESS). [ 19 ] Los conjuntos de servicios extendidos permiten servicios de distribución como la autenticación centralizada. Desde la perspectiva de la capa de enlace , todas las estaciones dentro de un ESS están en el mismo enlace, y la transferencia de un BSS a otro es transparente para el control de enlace lógico. [ 20 ]
Los conjuntos de servicios básicos formados en redes inalámbricas ad hoc son, por definición, independientes de otros BSS, y un BSS independiente no puede, por lo tanto, formar parte de una infraestructura extendida. [ 21 ] En ese sentido formal, un BSS independiente no tiene un conjunto de servicios extendido. Sin embargo, los paquetes de red tanto de los BSS independientes como de los BSS de infraestructura tienen un identificador lógico de conjunto de servicios de red , y el control de enlace lógico no distingue entre el uso de ese campo para nombrar una red ESS y el uso de ese campo para nombrar una red ad hoc peer-to-peer. Ambos son prácticamente indistinguibles a nivel de la capa de control de enlace lógico. [ 20 ]
Notas
- ↑ Para asociarse con una red inalámbrica, una estación debe conocer el SSID de la red. Esta información se obtiene a partir de balizas emitidas por un punto de acceso (en cuyo caso un cliente puede inferir pasivamente si está dentro del alcance de esa red), o, si ninguna estación base anuncia el SSID, una estación debe conocer el SSID de antemano por otros medios (por ejemplo, a partir de una configuración previa). Cuando un cliente desea asociarse con una red, envía el SSID en una solicitud de sondeo. Un punto de acceso responde con una respuesta de sondeo si el SSID en una solicitud de sondeo es el SSID comodín (SSID de longitud cero) o coincide con un SSID que el punto de acceso admite; [ 14 ] de lo contrario, el punto de acceso no responde a la solicitud de sondeo.
References
- ↑"Understanding the Network Terms SSID, BSSID, and ESSID – Technical Documentation – Support – Juniper Networks". www.juniper.net.
- ↑IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 3.15, p. 5.
- ↑IEEE Std 802.11-2012, § 4.10.3, pp. 84–88.
- ↑IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 7.1.3.3, p. 6.
- 12IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 7.1.3.3.3, p. 65.
- ↑IEEE Std 802.11-2012, § 4.10.4, pp. 88–90.
- ↑IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 5.6, p. 41.
- ↑IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 5.21, p. 25.
- ↑IEEE Std 802.11-2012, § 3.1, p. 14.
- ↑Vasseur & Dunkels 2010, p. 432.
- 12IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 7.3.2.1, p. 101.
- ↑IEEE (2012). "Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Sponsored by the LAN/MAN Standards Committee". IEEE 802.11-2012: 562.
- 123Murty, et al 2008, p. 75.
- 12IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 11.1.3.2.1, p. 422.
- ↑Dornseif, et al 2002, p. 2.
- ↑Lindqvist, et al 2009, pp. 123f.
- ↑"About privacy and Location Services in iOS, iPadOS, and watchOS". Apple Support. March 27, 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
The owner of a Wi‑Fi access point can opt it out of Apple's Location Services — which prevents its location from being sent to Apple to include in Apple's crowd-sourced location database — by changing the access point's SSID (name) to end with "_nomap."
- 12IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 3.54, p. 8.
- 12IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 5.2.3.1, p. 26.
- 12Edney 2004, p. 8.
- ↑IEEE Std 802.11-2007, § 5.6, p. 40.
Works cited
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- Edney, Jon (2004), "What is an ESS?", IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee Meeting, July 2004, Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
- Lindqvist, Janne; Aura, Tuomas; Danezis, George; Koponen, Teemu; Myllyniemi, Annu; Mäki, Jussi; Roe, Michael (2009), "Privacy-preserving 802.11 Access-point Discovery", Proceedings of the Second ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security, WiSec '09, New York: ACM, pp. 123–130, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.206.4148, doi:10.1145/1514274.1514293, ISBN 978-1-60558-460-7, S2CID 8509913.
- Murty, Rohan; Padhye, Jitendra; Chandra, Ranveer; Wolman, Alec; Zill, Brian (2008), "Designing High Performance Enterprise Wi-Fi Networks"(PDF), in Crowcroft, Jon; Dahlin, Mike; et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI '08, Berkeley, CA: USENIX Association, pp. 73–88.
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- Wireless networking