Salomon Klass (17 April 1907 – 22 March 1985) was a captain in the Finnish Army, a company commander and one of the three Finnish Jews who were nominated to be awarded the Iron Cross by Nazi Germany during World War II, all of whom refused to accept it.[1][2] He was also a Zionist and joined the Irgun in Palestine before the war.
Early life
Salomon Klass was born to a family of eight children in Helsinki, Finland, in 1907. His father was Jerechmiel Klass, a store owner, and his mother was Bassja Braine Klass. The family had moved from Latvia to Finland between 1899 and 1901.[3]
Klass joined the voluntary right-wing White Guard militia and received his military training there. He rose to the rank of company commander, but was forced to transfer to a different unit after rising antisemitism in 1933. He served in that unit until leaving for Palestine in 1935. He lived four years in Palestine, fighting for the underground Etzel resistance movement against British rule.[4] Author John B. Simon calls Klass "both a Finnish patriot and an ardent Zionist".[5]
Service in the Finnish Army
Tras la movilización finlandesa de 1939 , Klass regresó a Finlandia para luchar en la Guerra de Invierno contra la Unión Soviética . Comandó una compañía que defendía la isla Maksima en el lago Ladoga . Inicialmente, la unidad repelió con éxito un asalto soviético a la isla, en el que los tanques se utilizaban como quitanieves sobre el lago helado, después de que la artillería finlandesa rompiera el hielo y algunos tanques cayeran al agua. Sin embargo, en febrero de 1940, las tropas finlandesas en la isla habían sufrido numerosas bajas y los soviéticos intensificaron la presión sobre los defensores. El 24 de febrero, una bala de un ametrallador soviético le atravesó el cráneo, dejándole un ojo permanentemente incapacitado. Permaneció ingresado en un hospital militar hasta el final de la Guerra de Invierno. [ 6 ]
A pesar de su condición de inválido de guerra, regresó al servicio militar para entrenar reclutas en el otoño de 1940. [ 6 ] Tras el estallido de la Guerra de Continuación , que enfrentó a Alemania y Finlandia contra la Unión Soviética durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Klass fue asignado como comandante de la 11.ª Compañía del Regimiento de Infantería en el sector de Kiestinki, cerca de Uhtua . [ 6 ] El regimiento de infantería estaba subordinado al Ejército Alemán de Noruega , y Klass mantenía intercambios diarios con soldados alemanes. [ 7 ] En una ocasión, el coronel Pilgrim, comandante de una división alemana, realizó una visita sorpresa al puesto de mando de Klass para felicitarlo por su trabajo y le preguntó si era de la región báltica, debido a su acento al hablar alemán . Klass respondió que su lengua materna era el yiddish y que era judío, a lo que Pilgrim respondió poniéndose de pie y diciendo: «No tengo nada personal contra usted por ser judío», haciendo el saludo nazi y abandonando la tienda. [ 8 ]
Nominación a la Cruz de Hierro
North of the Kiestinki region, the Soviets had fortified a hill which German troops were planning to assault. In preparation for this, Finnish artillery shelled the hill, and in the barrage intervals, Klass's company prevented seven counter-attacks by the Soviets. German troops conquered the hill with ease and Salomon Klass was on a list of Finnish personnel to be awarded the German Iron Cross. Klass asked his superior to remove his name from the list, and was instead awarded the Finnish Order of the Cross of Liberty, 3rd Class.[9] Klass did this to avoid damaging good working relations with the Germans.[7] The other two Finnish Jews awarded the Iron Cross, Major Leo Skurnik and nurse Dina Poljakoff, also refused the award.[2]
Post-war
After his discharge from the army at the end of World War II, Klass emigrated to Sweden, where he was involved in the fur trade.[10] He wrote his memoirs under the title Minnen från Vinterkriget och Fortsättningskriget 1939–1945 (Memories from the Winter War and the Continuation War, 1939–1945).[11]
References
- ↑Kendall, Paul (9 March 2014). "The Jews who fought for Hitler: 'We did not help the Germans. We had a common enemy'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- 12Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (2017). The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 208. ISBN 9781440840845.
- ↑Simon 2019, p. 178.
- ↑Reime, Hannu (8 October 2010). "Un-Finnish Business". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ↑Simon 2019, p. 175.
- 123Simon 2019, p. 176.
- 12Rautkallio 1994, p. 82.
- ↑Rautkallio 1994, pp. 82–83.
- ↑Simon 2019, p. 177.
- ↑Simon 2019, p. 185.
- ↑"Salomon Klass". Fenno-Judaica. 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
Bibliography
- Simon, John B. (2019). Strangers in a Stranger Land: How One Country's Jews Fought an Unwinnable War alongside Nazi Troops... and Survived. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9789514477027.
Journals
- Rautkallio, Hannu (1994). "'Cast into the Lion's Den': Finnish Jewish Soldiers in the Second World War". Journal of Contemporary History. 29 (1): 53–94. doi:10.1177/002200949402900103. S2CID 161316856.
External links
- The war memoirs of Salomon Klass at the Fenno-Judaica website
- 1907 births
- 1985 deaths
- 20th-century Finnish Jews
- European Zionists
- Finnish Ashkenazi Jews
- Finnish anti-communists
- Finnish military personnel of World War II
- Finnish military officers
- Irgun members
- Military personnel from Helsinki
- People of Latvian-Jewish descent
- Finnish emigrants to Sweden
- Finnish expatriates in Mandatory Palestine
- Finnish people of Latvian descent
- Jewish military personnel