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Sant (religion)

Group of five sants , Bhaktamal illustration, Bundelkhand, circa late 18th century A sant ( Sanskrit : सन्त् ; IAST : Sant ; [ sɐn̪t̪ ] ) is a person revered for their abnormal ...

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Group of five sants, Bhaktamal illustration, Bundelkhand, circa late 18th century

A sant (Sanskrit: सन्त्; IAST: Sant; [sɐn̪t̪]) is a person revered for their abnormal level of "self, truth, [and] reality" in Indian religions, particularly Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism.[1][2] In Sikhism it is used to describe a being who has attained spiritual enlightenment and divine knowledge and power through union with God.[3]

Etymology

The word sant is ultimately derived from Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pali, where it serves as the present active participle of the verb "to be" (in Sanskrit: अस्ति; in Pali: atthi).

"Sant" is sometimes translated as "saint", but this is a false cognate (there is no etymological commonality) as "sant" is derived from the Sanskrit root sat,[4] which can mean "truth, reality, essence", while "saint" is derived from the Latin word sanctus, which means "holy, sacred",[1] derived from Indo-European root sak-, "to sanctify".[5] Nevertheless, sant continues to be phono-semantically matched as saint in the present day.

Schomer and McLeod explain sant as preceptor of Sat or "truth, reality", in the sense of "'one who knows the truth' or 'one who has experienced Ultimate Reality', that is a person who has achieved a state of spiritual enlightenment or mystical self-realisation".[6][7] William Pinch suggests the best translation of sant is "truth-exemplar".[1]

Usage

Sant differs from saint not merely in the etymological sense but also in usage. The word is used in various contexts:[2][6][8]

  • In fifteenth- and sixteenth-century India under Islamic rule, it was used generally to describe teachers and poet-scholars who led worshippers and communities the praises of god or goddess within the Bhakti movement in Hinduism.
  • In modern era, the term sometimes describes any holy man or woman who advocates a particular form of spirituality or members of the group that leads a Sant Mat (teachings of a spiritual congregation).
  • The term is also used in a generic sense and in this respect is similar to the usage of saint to indicate a morally good person. As such, it has been applied to a wide range of gurus (not to be confused with Sikh gurus) and other religious leaders.

Sikhism

  • In Sikhism, a sant, brahmgiani, or bhagat is any human being that has attained God realization and spiritual communion with God. Sikhs believe that the divine energy of God can be experienced by humans on Earth. This is attained through continual recitation and spiritual internalization of God's name (Naam Japo/Naam Simran). Sikhs commonly utilize reality as the name of God which cannot be simply uttered by the mouth but must be lived through truthfullness.
  • Sants can originate from any religion. Figures such as Kabir, Ravidas, Namdev, Farid, Bhikkan and others are known as sants or bhagats, despite some being of Islam or Hindu faith. Divine knowledge is universal, and their knowledge after obtaining enlightenment through Naam Simran has been compiled and included in the holy book of Sikhism, the Sri Guru Granth Sahib.
  • Sants are holy persons of very exalted status, one of being the ideal human being. As such, Sikhs are encouraged to seek the company and holy congregation of sants (Sadh-Sangat), learn from them, and attain "santhood" through intensive reading and contemplation of Sikh scripture (gurbani) and Naam Simran.
  • La vida virtuosa asociada con un sant o un brahmgyani (aquel que posee un conocimiento perfecto de Dios) se define rigurosamente en el gurbani sij , especialmente en el pasaje Sukhmani Sahib del Sri Guru Granth Sahib . El sijismo aboga por que las personas de todas las religiones alcancen la realización y la unión con Dios, y lograr la unión con Dios es la forma más elevada de iluminación espiritual. [ 9 ] [ 3 ]

hinduismo

En el hinduismo , un Sant ocupa un lugar importante en la vida de un devoto. Las escrituras hindúes también destacan la importancia de un Sant. [ 10 ] Según las escrituras hindúes , los devotos se liberan de las enfermedades del nacimiento y la muerte al refugiarse en un verdadero Sant y practicar la devoción según las escrituras. La identidad del verdadero Sant también se menciona en las escrituras sagradas del hinduismo: quien es un verdadero Sant posee un conocimiento completo de todos los libros sagrados e inicia tres tipos de mantras (nombres) tres veces. [ 11 ]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. 1 2 3 William Pinch (1996), Campesinos y monjes en la India británica, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520200616, página 181 nota al pie 3
  2. ^ Schomer y McLeod (1987) , págs.1-17 . 
  3. 1 2 Khalsa, Sant Singh (2007). Sri Guru Granth Sahib: Traducción al inglés de Sri Guru Granth Sahib . Arizona: Hand Made Books (Mandeep Singh). págs. 12–263 . 
  4. ^ Schomer y McLeod (1987) , pág. 3
  5. ↑ Watkins, Calvert. "American Heritage Dictionary Indo-European Roots Appendix" . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Consultado el 4 de diciembre de 2017 .
  6. 1 2 Hawley (1987) , pág. 57
  7. ^ Schomer y McLeod (1987) , pág. 2
  8. ↑ John Hawley y Mark Juergensmeyer (2008), Canciones de los santos de la India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195694208páginas 2-8
  9. ^ Schomer y McLeod (1987) , págs .
  10. ↑ "santo | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Consultado el 2 de mayo de 2022 .
  11. ↑"Identification of a True Sant or Satguru in the World - Jagat Guru Rampal Ji". www.jagatgururampalji.org. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

Bibliography

  • Hawley, John Stratton, ed. (1987), Saints and Virtues, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520061637
  • Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H., eds. (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 9788120802773