List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.31

This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 321.31 under that system. These instruments are also known as spike lutes. These instruments are made of a resonator and string bearer that are physically united, with strings in parallel to the sound table and a handle which is also the string bearer and which passes diametrically through the resonator. The shape of the resonator divides the instrument into one of three subcategories: spike bowl lutes, spike box lutes and spike tube lutes.^[1]

The spike in the name spike lute refers to the fact that the handle passes through the resonator, often forming a spike after it emerges from it. In instruments like the Chinese erhu, the spike is vestigial, but in many instruments, like the rebab, it acts as support during performances.^[2]

Spike lutes are common in West Africa, as are tanged lutes, instruments in which the handle does not extend all the way through the resonator. A hereditary class of West African musicians, griots, play only tanged lutes; but non-griot performers in West Africa play a mixture of both spike lutes and tanged lutes.^[3]

The resonator of these West African lutes may be made of wood, metal (such as a discarded can), hide, or a half-calabash gourd.^[3] Non-griot lutes are not restricted by heredity, and are used for many social purposes, most commonly hunting.^[3] It is likely that one or more of these instruments is the ancestor of the African Americanbanjo.^[4]

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).

32: Instruments in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument

321: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (lutes)

321.3: Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle (handle lutes)

321.31 : Instrumentos en los que el mástil pasa diametralmente a través o por encima del resonador ( laúdes de espiga )

321.311 : Instrumento con un resonador hecho de un cuenco, ya sea natural o tallado ( laúdes de cuenco puntiagudo )

321.312 : Instrumentos en los que el resonador tiene forma de caja ( laúdes de caja de espiga , guitarras de espiga )

321.313 : Instrumento en el que el mango atraviesa diametralmente las paredes de un tubo (donde la profundidad del cuerpo excede el radio de la membrana) ( látigos de tubo con espiga )

Estos instrumentos pueden clasificarse mediante un sufijo, según la forma en que se hacen vibrar las cuerdas.

• 4 : Martillos o mazos
• 5 : Manos y dedos desnudos
• 6 : Púa
• 7 : Reverencia
  • 71 : Usando un arco
  • 72 : Usando una rueda
  • 73 : Usando una cinta
• 8 : Teclado
• 9 : Utilizando un accionamiento mecánico

• Coelho, Victor Anand (2003). The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar . Cambridge Companions to Music . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00040-8.
• von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (marzo de 1961). "Clasificación de instrumentos musicales: traducido del alemán original por Anthony Baines y Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal . 14. Galpin Society: 3–29 . doi : 10.2307/842168 . JSTOR 842168 . 
• Shlomo Pestcoe (2005). "Ancestros del banjo: Los laúdes de África Occidental" . Griot Lutes . ShlomoMusic.