Tactile graphics, including tactile pictures, tactile diagrams, tactile maps, and tactile graphs, are images that use raised surfaces so that a visually impaired person can feel them. They are used to convey non-textual information such as maps, paintings, graphs and diagrams.
Tactile graphics can be seen as a subset of accessible images. Images can be made accessible to the visually impaired in various ways, such as verbal description, sound, or haptic (tactual) feedback. One of the most common uses for tactile graphics is the production of tactile maps.
Tactile maps


The types and forms of tactile maps began with the oldest and most rudimentary or a mixed media format. This tactile map is produced by simply attaching objects to a substrate to represent different items or symbols. More recent tactile maps are produced by computers through different means such as an ink-jet printers.
Thermoform is one of the most common methods of producing tactile maps. This process is also known as vacuum forming. Thermoform maps or plans are created from a process where a sheet of plastic is heated and vacuumed on top of a model or master. The master can be made from many substances, although certain materials are more durable than others. Since this process involves creating a mold, it is somewhat time-consuming.
Swell paper has a special coating of heat-reactive chemicals. Microcapsules of alcohol implanted in the paper fracture when exposed to heat and make the surface of the paper inflate. Placing black ink on the paper prior to a heat process provides control over the raised surface areas. This type of map is not as robust as the Thermoform map, but can be produced with less effort and expense.
Modified Braille embossers can also be used to produce tactile paper maps.[1]
Ink-jet tactile maps are made by layering a specially designed ink. Each layer is cured by UV irradiation before the next layer is added. This technology is an offshoot of other industries, such as circuit board manufacturing and biomedical applications.[2]
El sustrato para mapas táctiles es un atributo muy importante, ya que los diferentes materiales pueden mejorar o reducir la legibilidad y la durabilidad. Se pueden utilizar varios tipos de sustratos para producir un mapa táctil. Estos incluyen plástico rugoso y liso, papel rugoso y liso, papel de microcápsulas, Braillon y aluminio. Se deben considerar muchos factores al elegir un sustrato ; estos incluyen, entre otros, la función, la durabilidad y la portabilidad. [ 3 ]
Variables del mapa táctil: Así como las variables retinianas de Jacques Bertin ayudan a determinar cómo se producen los mapas visuales, los mapas táctiles también tienen una fórmula. Aunque los investigadores no han estandarizado las variables del mapa táctil, estas nueve suelen incluirse dependiendo del sustrato : vibración, aleteo, presión, temperatura, tamaño, forma, textura/grano, orientación y elevación. [ 4 ]
Elevaciones táctiles típicas: Los mapas termoformados suelen tener una elevación de al menos 1 mm. El papel hinchable tiene un promedio de 0,5 mm y las impresoras braille tienen un rango de 0,25 a 1 mm. Las impresoras de inyección de tinta se pueden controlar para variar la elevación según sea necesario. Un estudio (2009) realizado por Sandra Jehoel probó varios niveles de altura y estimó que las elevaciones táctiles preferidas se encuentran entre 40 y 80 micrómetros, dependiendo del fondo del sustrato, la forma del objeto y la suavidad de las líneas. Símbolos como un triángulo, un cuadrado y un círculo deben tener una longitud mínima de línea base de 6,4, 5,0 y 5,5 mm respectivamente para un reconocimiento adecuado. [ 5 ]
Los mapas táctiles de audio o las tabletas gráficas son dispositivos interactivos. Los instrumentos electrónicos táctiles parlantes utilizan el software Macromedia Flash con archivos de audio para transmitir información a usuarios ciegos o con discapacidad visual. A medida que el usuario toca una característica o símbolo con el dedo, una grabación proporciona información sobre el objeto, el símbolo o el área. Por ejemplo, se puede usar el sonido del agua salpicando para áreas como ríos u océanos. Este formato tiene un gran potencial para transmitir información a través de Internet, la cual se puede descargar a una computadora o dispositivo portátil. [ 6 ]
Ya existe una gran cantidad de hardware que las personas ciegas o con discapacidad visual pueden usar para interactuar con los gráficos de la pantalla del ordenador. Un ratón vibratorio u otros dispositivos de retroalimentación háptica pueden adaptarse para convertir cualquier mapa generado por software visual en un mapa táctil híbrido. La señal interactiva que recibe un dispositivo puede variar al cruzar un límite o símbolo. [ 7 ]
High resolution refreshable braille displays containing 1,500 to 12,000 pixels are already available in market. Graphic braille display available in the market is DV-2 (from KGS[8]) with 1,536 pixels, Hyperbraille[9] with 7,200 pixels and TACTISPLAY Table/Walk (from Tactisplay Corp.[10]) with 2,400/12,000 pixels respectively. TACTISPLAY table[11] has total 12,000 pixels arranged in 120x100.
Zoom maps are a recently developed tactile map. These maps are designed specifically for those who can read braille and have had no previous interaction with tactile maps. The term zoom is comparable to a zoom-able visual raster internet map. A country is divided into regions on the first map then the next zoomed map will have a breakdown of the regions and so forth until a city level is reached. These successive maps rely on a dependable texture as the map zoom progresses. This produces a familiarity as one zooms from the proceeding map. This is achieved in many instances with line orientation, area and consistent shape. The Braille text on the map is placed next to a rectangular textured legend for area identification.[12]
References
- ↑McCallum, Don. et al. 2005. The design and manufacture of tactile maps using an ink-jet process. Journal of Engineering Design. Vol. 16, no. 6. December. pp. 525–544.
- ↑Ahmed, Kafeel., McCallum, Don., & Sheldon, Derek F. 2005. Multiphase Micro-Drop Interaction In Ink-jet Printing of 3D Structures for Tactile Maps. Modern Physics Letters B. Nos. 28&29 pp. 1699–1702.
- ↑Jehoel, Sandra. et al. 2005. An Evaluation of Substrates for Tactile Maps and Diagrams: Scanning Speed and Users’ Preferences. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. February. pp. 85–95.
- ↑Griffin, A.L. 2002 Feeling it out : the use of haptic visualization for exploratory geographic visualization. Cartographic Perspectives, 39. pp. 12–29
- ↑Jehoel, Sandra. et al. 2005. An Evaluation of Substrates for Tactile Maps and Diagrams: Scanning Speed and Users’ Preferences. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. February. pp. 85–95.
- ↑Siekierska, Eva., Muller, Anita. 2003. Tactile and Audio-tactile Maps within the Canadian Government On-Line Program. The Cartography Journal. Vol 40, 3. pp. 299–304.
- ↑Golledge, Reginald G, Rice Matthew., & Jacobson Denial R. 2005. A Commentary on the use of Touch for Accessing On-Screen Spatial Representations: The Process of Experiencing Haptic Maps and Graphics. The Professional Geographer. 57, 3 pp. 339–349.
- ↑"Home of KGS Corporation". KGS Corporation.
- ↑"Hyperbraille". Hyperbraille.
- ↑"Home of Tactisplay Corp". Tactisplay Corp.
- ↑"Full Page Braille Display being Launched by Tactisplay Corp". Tactisplay Corp.
- ↑Yayla, Lisa. 2009. Huseby Zoom Maps: A design Methodology for Tactile Graphics. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. May. pp. 270–276.
External links
- IVEO Hands-On Learning System
- Alternate Text Production Center
- Tactile graphic resource page
- Blindness equipment
- Cartography
- Accessibility