Hispanopedia Wiki
Articulo de referencia

Moneda basada en el tiempo

En economía, una moneda basada en el tiempo es un sistema de intercambio o moneda alternativa donde la unidad de cuenta es la hora-persona u otra unidad de tiempo. Algunas moned...

Hispanopedia WikiContenido en espanolLectura gratuita

En economía, una moneda basada en el tiempo es un sistema de intercambio o moneda alternativa donde la unidad de cuenta es la hora-persona u otra unidad de tiempo. Algunas monedas basadas en el tiempo valoran las contribuciones de todos por igual: una hora equivale a un crédito de servicio. En estos sistemas, una persona se ofrece como voluntaria para trabajar una hora para otra persona; por lo tanto, se le acredita una hora, que puede canjear por una hora de servicio de otro voluntario. Otras utilizan unidades de tiempo que pueden ser fracciones de hora (por ejemplo, minutos, diez minutos – 6 unidades/hora, o 15 minutos – 4 unidades/hora). Si bien la mayoría de los sistemas de intercambio basados ​​en el tiempo son intercambios de servicios, ya que la mayor parte del intercambio implica la prestación de servicios que se pueden medir en una unidad de tiempo, también es posible intercambiar bienes "valorándolos" en términos del salario promedio nacional por hora (por ejemplo, si el salario promedio por hora es de $20/hora, entonces un bien valorado en $20 en la moneda nacional equivaldría a 1 hora).

Historia

siglo XIX

Sistema de pago por camión por orden de Robert Owen y Benj Woolfield, National Equitable Labour Exchange, 22 de julio de 1833.

Los sistemas de cambio de divisas basados ​​en el tiempo se remontan a principios del siglo XIX.

La tienda Cincinnati Time Store (1827-1830) fue la primera de una serie de tiendas minoristas creadas por el anarquista individualista estadounidense Josiah Warren para poner a prueba su teoría económica del valor-trabajo . [ 1 ] La tienda experimental funcionó desde el 18 de mayo de 1827 hasta mayo de 1830. [ 2 ] El experimento de la tienda Cincinnati Time Store sobre el uso del trabajo como medio de intercambio se adelantó dos décadas a esfuerzos similares en Europa. [ 3 ]

La Bolsa Nacional Equitativa de Trabajo fue fundada por Robert Owen , un socialista galés y reformador laboral, en Londres, Inglaterra, en 1832. [ 4 ] Se estableció en Birmingham , Inglaterra, antes de su cierre en 1834. Emitía «billetes de trabajo» similares a los billetes de banco, denominados en unidades de 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40 y 80 horas. John Gray , un economista socialista, trabajó con Owen y posteriormente con socialistas ricardianos , y postuló una Cámara Nacional de Comercio como banco central que emitiría una moneda laboral . [ 5 ]

En 1848, el socialista y primer anarquista autodenominado Pierre-Joseph Proudhon postuló un sistema de vales de tiempo .

Josiah Warren publicó un libro que describía las notas laborales en 1852. [ 6 ]

En 1875, Karl Marx escribió sobre los "Certificados de Trabajo" ( Arbeitszertifikaten ) en su Crítica del Programa de Gotha , refiriéndose a un "certificado de la sociedad que acredita que [el trabajador] ha aportado tal y tal cantidad de trabajo", el cual puede utilizarse para extraer "del stock social de medios de consumo tanto como cueste la misma cantidad de trabajo". [ 7 ]

siglo XX

Teruko Mizushima (1920–1996) fue una ama de casa, autora, inventora, comentarista social y activista japonesa a quien se le atribuye la creación del primer banco de tiempo del mundo en 1973. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]

Mizushima nació en 1920 en Osaka en el seno de una familia de comerciantes. [ 11 ] Tuvo un buen desempeño escolar y en 1939 se le brindó la oportunidad de estudiar en Estados Unidos. Su estancia se redujo de tres años a uno debido a las crecientes tensiones entre Estados Unidos, Japón y China. Mizushima optó por realizar un curso de diplomatura de corta duración en costura. [ 12 ]

Tras regresar a casa, se casó. Su primera hija nació al estallar la Guerra del Pacífico , y su marido pronto fue reclutado por el ejército. [ 13 ]

Las habilidades de costura de Mizushima resultaron invaluables para su familia durante y después de la guerra. Mientras la población japonesa sufría una inmensa escasez de bienes materiales, [ 14 ] Mizushima ofreció sus habilidades de costura a cambio de verduras frescas. Fue durante este tiempo que comenzó a desarrollar sus ideas sobre economía y el valor relativo del trabajo. [ 15 ] [ 9 ]

En 1950, Mizushima presentó un ensayo a un concurso periodístico como parte de un evento nacional titulado "Ideas de mujeres para la creación de una nueva vida". [ 16 ] Su ensayo recibió el Premio de las Empresas Periodísticas . [ 8 ] Si bien se ha perdido, las ideas del ensayo atrajeron una amplia atención de la prensa. [ 17 ]

Mizushima pronto se convirtió en comentarista social, y sus opiniones se difundieron por radio, periódicos y televisión. Aparecía con frecuencia en la NHK , la emisora ​​nacional del país, y recorrió el país dando charlas sobre sus ideas. [ 18 ]

In 1973 she started her group the Volunteer Labour Bank (later renamed the Volunteer Labour Network). By 1978, the bank had grown to include approximately 2,600 members. The membership included people of all ages, from teenagers to women in their seventies. The majority of members were housewives in their thirties and forties. Members were organized into over 160 local branches throughout the country, coordinated by the headquarters located on Mizushima's estate.[9]

By 1983, the network had over 3,800 members organized in 262 branches, including a branch in California.[8]

The political activist and philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, after criticizing the incoherency of capitalist, Leninist, and Trotskyist justifications of wage differentials in his 1949 Socialisme ou Barbarie text translated as "The Relations of Production in Russia" in the first volume of his Political and Social Writings,[19] responding to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, advocated that workers "proclaim the abolition of work norms and instaurate full equality of wages and salaries" in his 1957 Socialisme ou Barbarie text translated as "On the Content of Socialism, II".[20] He elaborated further on this advocacy of an "absolute equality of wages and incomes" in his 1974 text, "Hierarchy of Salaries and Incomes",[21] and in the "Today" section of "Done and To Be Done" (1989).[22]

Edgar S. Cahn coined the term "Time Dollars" in Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security & Community Renewal, a book co-authored with Jonathan Rowe in 1992.[23] He also went on to trademark the terms "TimeBank" and "Time Credit".[24][25]

Timebanking is a community development tool and works by facilitating the exchange of skills and experience within a community. It aims to build the 'core economy' of family and community by valuing and rewarding the work done in it. The world's first timebank was started in Japan by Teruko Mizushima in 1973[26] with the idea that participants could earn time credits which they could spend any time during their lives. She based her bank on the simple concept that each hour of time given as services to others could earn reciprocal hours of services for the giver at some stage in the future, particularly in old age when they might need it most. In the 1940s, Mizushima had already foreseen the emerging problems of an ageing society such as seen today. In the 1990s the movement took off in the US, with Dr Edgar Cahn pioneering it there, and in the United Kingdom, with Martin Simon from Timebanking UK and David Boyle, who brought in the London-based New Economics Foundation (Nef).

Paul Glover created Ithaca Hours in 1991. Each HOUR was valued at one hour of basic labor or $10.00. Professionals were entitled to charge multiple HOURS per hour, but often reduced their rate in the spirit of equity. Millions of dollars' worth of HOURS were traded among thousands of residents and 500 businesses. Interest-free HOUR loans were made, and HOUR grants given to over 100 community organizations.[27]

The first British time bank opened in 1998 in Stroud, and a national charity and membership organisation, Timebanking UK, started in 2002.[28]

21st century

According to Edgar S. Cahn, timebanking had its roots in a time when "money for social programs [had] dried up"[29] and no dominant approach to social service in the U.S. was coming up with creative ways to solve the problem. He would later write that "Americans face at least three interlocking sets of problems: growing inequality in access by those at the bottom to the most basic goods and services; increasing social problems stemming from the need to rebuild family, neighborhood and community; and a growing disillusion with public programs designed to address these problems"[30] and that "the crisis in support for efforts to address social problems stems directly from the failure of ... piecemeal efforts to rebuild genuine community."[31] In particular Cahn focused on the top-down attitude prevalent in social services. He believed that one of the major failings of many social service organizations was their unwillingness to enroll the help of those people they were trying to help.[32] He called this a deficit based approach to social service, where organizations view the people they were trying to help only in terms of their needs, as opposed to an asset based approach, which focuses on the contributions towards their communities that everyone can make.[33] He theorized that a system like timebanking could "[rebuild] the infrastructure of trust and caring that can strengthen families and communities."[31] He hoped that the system "would enable individuals and communities to become more self-sufficient, to insulate themselves from the vagaries of politics and to tap the capacity of individuals who were in effect being relegated to the scrap heap and dismissed as freeloaders."[34]

As a philosophy, timebanking, also known as Time Trade[35] is founded upon five principles, known as TimeBanking's Core Values:[36]

  • Everyone is an asset
  • Some work is beyond a monetary price
  • Reciprocity in helping
  • Community (via social networks) is necessary
  • A respect for all human beings

Ideally, timebanking builds community. TimeBank members sometimes refer to this as a return to simpler times when the community was there for its individuals. An interview at a timebank in the Gorbals neighbourhood of Glasgow revealed the following sentiment:

[El banco de tiempo] implica que todos se unan como comunidad... Gorbals nunca ha tenido, ni mucho menos, mucho espíritu comunitario. Hace años, sí que lo tenía, pero ahora se ve que en algunas zonas la gente ni siquiera va a pedirle azúcar al vecino... creo que eso es lo que está haciendo el proyecto, tratando de recuperar ese sentido de comunidad... [ 37 ]

En 2017, Nimses propuso el concepto de una moneda basada en el tiempo, el Nim. [ 38 ] 1 nim = 1 minuto de vida. El concepto se adoptó por primera vez en Europa del Este. [ 39 ] El concepto se basa en la idea de una renta básica universal . Cada persona es emisora ​​de nims. Por cada minuto de vida, se crea 1 nim, que puede gastarse o enviarse a otra persona, como si fuera dinero.

dólares de tiempo

El estatus tributario de los dólares de tiempo como moneda complementaria, utilizada como medio para proporcionar crédito mutuo en el TimeBanking, es controvertido. Los defensores argumentan que tales transacciones no deberían estar sujetas a impuestos, mientras que las autoridades fiscales estadounidenses consideran los dólares de tiempo como un trueque gravable. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Fuera de Estados Unidos, se les suele llamar " créditos de tiempo " o " créditos de servicio ". Los miembros del TimeBank intercambian servicios por dólares de tiempo. Cada intercambio se registra como un crédito y un débito correspondientes en las cuentas de los participantes. Una hora de tiempo equivale a un dólar de tiempo, independientemente del servicio prestado en esa hora o de la habilidad requerida para realizar la tarea durante esa hora. Este sistema "uno por uno", que se basa en un recurso abundante, está diseñado para reconocer y fomentar el servicio comunitario recíproco, resistir la inflación, evitar el acaparamiento, facilitar el comercio y fomentar la cooperación entre los participantes. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ]

bancos de tiempo

Timebanks have been established in 34 countries, with at least 500 timebanks established in 40 US states and 300 throughout the United Kingdom.[46][47] TimeBanks also have a significant presence in Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Taiwan, Senegal, Argentina, Israel, Greece, and Spain.[48][49][50] TimeBanks have been used to reduce recidivism rates with diversionary programs for first-time juvenile offenders; facilitate re-entry of for ex-convicts; deliver health care, job training and social services in public housing complexes; facilitate substance abuse recovery; prevent institutionalization of severely disabled children through parental support networks; provide transportation for homebound seniors in rural areas; deliver elder care, community health services and hospice care; and foster women's rights initiatives in Senegal.[51][52][53][54][55][56]

Timebanking

El intercambio de tiempo es un modelo de intercambio recíproco de servicios que utiliza unidades de tiempo como moneda. Es un ejemplo de sistema monetario complementario . Un banco de tiempo, también conocido como intercambio de servicios, es una comunidad que practica este sistema. La unidad monetaria, siempre valorada en una hora de trabajo, utilizada por estos grupos tiene varios nombres, pero generalmente se conoce como crédito de tiempo en EE. UU. y Reino Unido (anteriormente dólar de tiempo en EE. UU.). El intercambio de tiempo se utiliza principalmente para incentivar y recompensar el trabajo, como la tutoría de niños, el cuidado de ancianos y la ayuda a los vecinos —trabajo que suele realizarse de forma voluntaria—, el cual un sistema de mercado puro devalúa. En esencia, el "tiempo" que se dedica a prestar este tipo de servicios comunitarios genera "tiempo" que se puede dedicar a recibir servicios. [ 57 ] Además de obtener créditos, las personas participantes, especialmente aquellas más acostumbradas a recibir en otros ámbitos de su vida, pueden ganar confianza, contactos sociales y habilidades al ayudar a los demás. Por lo tanto, las comunidades utilizan el intercambio de tiempo como herramienta para fortalecer los lazos dentro de la comunidad, un proceso conocido como "construcción de capital social ". El intercambio de tiempo tuvo su origen intelectual en Estados Unidos a principios de la década de 1980. [ 58 ] En 1990, la Fundación Robert Wood Johnson invirtió 1,2  millones de dólares estadounidenses para poner a prueba el intercambio de tiempo en el contexto del cuidado de personas mayores. Hoy en día, 26 países cuentan con intercambios de tiempo activos. Hay 250 intercambios de tiempo activos en el Reino Unido [ 59 ] y más de 276 en Estados Unidos . [ 60 ]

Banco de tiempo y el banco de tiempo

Timebank members earn credit in Time Dollars for each hour they spend helping other members of the community. Services offered by members in timebanks include: Child Care, Legal Assistance, Language Lessons, Home Repair, and Respite Care for caregivers, among other things.[61] Time Dollars AKA time credits earned are then recorded at the timebank to be accessed when desired. A Timebank can theoretically be as simple as a pad of paper, but the system was originally intended to take advantage of computer databases for record keeping.[34] Some Timebanks employ a paid coordinator to keep track of transactions and to match requests for services with those who can provide them.[62] Other Timebanks select a member or a group of members to handle these tasks.[63] Various organizations provide specialized software to help local Timebanks manage exchanges. The same organizations also often offer consulting services, training, and other materials for individuals or organizations looking to start timebanks of their own.[64]

Example services offered by timebank members[61]

The mission of an individual timebank influences exactly which services are offered. In some places, timebanking is adopted as a means to strengthen the community as a whole. Other timebanks are more oriented towards social service, systems change, and helping underprivileged groups. In some timebanks, both are acknowledged goals.[65]

Time credit

The time credit is the fundamental unit of exchange in a timebank, equal to one hour of a person's labor. In traditional timebanks, one hour of one person's time is equal to one hour of another's. Time credits are earned for providing services and spent receiving services. Upon earning a time credit, a person does not need to spend it right away: they can save it indefinitely. However, since the value of a time credit is fixed at one hour, it resists inflation and does not earn interest. In these ways it is intentionally designed to differ from the traditional fiat currency used in most countries.[66] Consequently, it does little good to hoard time credits and, in practice, many timebanks also encourage the donation of excess time credits to a community pool which is then spent for those in need or on community events.

Criticisms

Some criticisms of timebanking have focused on the time credit's inadequacies as a form of currency and as a market information mechanism. Frank Fisher of MIT predicted in the 1980s that such a currency "would lead to the kind of distortion of market forces which had crippled Russia's economy."[67]

Gill Seyfang's study of the Gorbals TimeBank—one of the few studies of timebanking done by the academic community—listed several other non-theoretical problems with timebanking. The first is the difficulty of communicating to potential members exactly what makes timebanking different, or "getting people to understand the difference between timebanking and traditional volunteering."[68] She also notes that there is no guarantee that every person's needs will be provided for by a timebank by dint of the fact that the supply of certain skills may be lacking in a community.[68]

One of the most stringent criticisms of timebanking is its organizational sustainability. While some member-run TimeBanks with relatively low overhead costs do exist,[63] others pay a staff to keep the organization running. This can be quite expensive for smaller organizations and without a long-term source of funding, they may fold.[68][69]

Timebanking around the world

Global timebanking

The Community Exchange System (CES) is a global network of communities using alternative exchange systems, many of which use timebanks. Timebanks can trade with each other wherever they are, as well as with mutual credit exchanges. The system uses a base 'currency' of one hour, and the conversion rates between the different exchange groups are based on national average hourly wage rates. This allows timebanks to trade with mutual credit exchanges in the same or different countries.

Studies and examples

Elderplan

Elderplan was a social HMO which incorporated timebanking as a way to promote active, engaged lifestyles for its older members. Funding for the "social" part of social HMOs has since dried up and much of the program has been cut, but at its height, members were able to pay portions of their premiums in time credits (back then called Time Dollars) instead of hard currency.[70] The idea was to encourage older people to become more engaged in their communities while also to ask for help more often and "[foster] dignity by allowing people to contribute services as well as receive them."[71]

Gorbals timebank study

In 2004, Gill Seyfang published a study in the Community Development Journal about the effects of a timebank located in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland, "an inner-city estate characterized by high levels of deprivation, poverty, unemployment, poor health and low educational attainment."[72] The Gorbals Timebank is run by a local charity with the intent to combat the social ills that face the region.[72] Seyfang concluded that the timebank was effective at "building community capacity" and "promoting social inclusion."[73] She highlights the timebank's success at "[re-stitching] the social fabric of the Gorbals."[73] by "[boosting] engagement in existing projects and activities" in a variety of projects including a community safety network, a library, a healthy living project, and a theatre.[73] She writes that "the timebank had enabled people to access help they otherwise would have had to do without," help which included home repair, gardening, a funeral, and tuition paid in time credits to a continuing education course.[74]

Timebank Florianópolis

The Time Bank of the City of Florianópolis (BTF) is one of the first and best known Time Banks in Brazil. The initiative was conceived in September 2015 at a local Zeitgeist meeting, part of the international sustainability movement.[75] BTF works from a Facebook group that has more than 20,000 members, and exchanges are counted in a spreadsheet shared with users. Scientific research on BTF indicates that the time bank is a means for creating social capital in local society[76] and that BTF members have different socioeconomic characteristics compared to residents of the city of Florianópolis. Younger, non-white, employed, female individuals, working in the informal sector, with a higher education level and with a higher monthly income are more likely to be BTF members.[77]

Spice Timebank

Spice is a social enterprise that has developed a time-based currency called Time Credits. Spice works across health and social care, housing, community development and education, supporting organisations and services to use Time Credits to achieve their outcomes. Spice grew out of the work of the Wales Institute for Community Currencies in the former mining districts of South Wales, UK.[78] Several Studies are done based on Spice Timebank or referenced this timebank.[79][80] In a 2016 survey, based on a 1000 members of Spice timebank, 77% of respondents said Time Credits have had a positive impact on their quality of life, 42% reported that they learned a new skill and 30% reported that they have less need to go to doctor.[81]

See also

References

  1. ↑Tyler, A.F. (1953). "Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908 by James J. Martin and Harry Elmer Barnes". Indiana Magazine of History: 2.
  2. ↑Welsh, John F. (2010). Max Stirner's Dialectical Egoism: A New Interpretation. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. ISBN 9780739141564. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  3. ↑Fishbein, Leslie (1983) [1981]. "Anarchism as Ideology and Impulse: Anarchism in America". Film & History. 13 (1): 17–22. ISSN 0360-3695.
  4. ↑Patmore, Greg (17 April 2018). A global history of co-operative business. Balnave, Nikola. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-1-317-27020-1. OCLC 1032659601.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑"TUC – History Online". Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  6. ↑Warren, Josiah (1852). Equitable Commerce: A New Development of Principles(PDF). New York: Burt Franklin Press. p. 117. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-09-27.
  7. ↑Tadayuki Tsushima. "Understanding "Labor Certificates" on the Basis of the Theory of Value―The Law of Value and Socialism― 1956". Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  8. 123Lietaer (2004), 4. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLietaer2004 (help)
  9. 123Lebra (2007), 169. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLebra2007 (help)
  10. ↑Hayashi (2012), 33. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHayashi2012 (help)
  11. ↑Miller (2008a), 5. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)
  12. ↑Miller (2008a), 6. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)
  13. ↑Miller (2008a), 7. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)
  14. ↑Dower (1999), 87–112. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDower1999 (help)
  15. ↑Miller (2008a), 11, 12. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)
  16. ↑Mizushima (1984), 191. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMizushima1984 (help)
  17. ↑Miller (2008a), 20. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)
  18. ↑Miller (2008a), 25. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)
  19. ↑Castoriadis, Cornelius (1988). Political and Social Writings Volume 1(PDF). University of Minnesota Press.
  20. ↑Castoriadis, Cornelius (1988). Political and Social Writings Volume 2(PDF). University of Minnesota Press. p. 151.
  21. ↑Castoriadis, Cornelius (1993). Political and Social Writings Volume 3(PDF). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 207–215.
  22. ↑Castoriadis, Cornelius. Crossroads in the Labyrinth. Vol. 5. Done and To Be Done(PDF). pp. 90–96.
  23. ↑Cahn, Edgar (1992). Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security & Community Renewal. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press. ISBN 978-0-87857-985-3.
  24. ↑"TIME BANKS Trademark". TrademarkHound. US PatentOffice. Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  25. ↑"TIME CREDITS Trademark". TrademarkHound. US Patent Office. Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  26. ↑"Intersections:Teruko Mizushima: Pioneer Trader in Time as a Currency". intersections.anu.edu.au.
  27. ↑"Introducing HOUR Money". paulglover.org.
  28. ↑"Overview". Timebanking UK. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  29. ↑Cahn (2004), p. xix
  30. ↑Cahn (1999), p. 499
  31. 12Cahn (1999), p. 507
  32. ↑Cahn (1999), p. 505
  33. ↑Cahn (2004), p. 87
  34. 12Cahn (2004), pp. 5–6
  35. ↑"AWF: Blue Collar Recruitment Agency". www.awf.co.nz.
  36. ↑"The Five Core Values". Archived from the original on 2007-07-11.
  37. ↑Seyfang (2004), p. 66
  38. ↑"What Will the Currency of a Workless, Cashless Future Be?". Futurism. 30 August 2017.
  39. ↑Krasnikov, Denys (21 July 2017). "Ukrainian tech startup turns online time into digital cash – Jul. 21, 2017". Kyiv Post.
  40. ↑Lietaer, Bernard; Dunne, Jacqui (2013). "Chapter5: The Future Has Arrived But Isn't Distributed Evenly...Yet!". Rethinking Money: how new currencies turn scarcity into prosperity. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-60994-296-0.
  41. ↑"Topic no. 420, Bartering income | Internal Revenue Service". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
  42. ↑Ryan-Collins, Josh; Stephens, Lucie; Coote, Anna (2008). The new wealth of time: how timebanking helps people build better public services. London, UK: New Economics Foundation. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-904882-45-9.
  43. ↑Ferrara, Peter (March 1, 2013). "Rethinking Money: The Rise Of Hayek's Private Competing Currencies". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  44. ↑Lietaer, Bernard; Dunne, Jacqui (2013). Rethinking Money: how new currencies turn scarcity into prosperity. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. pp. 5, 79–85. ISBN 978-1-60994-296-0.
  45. ↑Collom, Ed; Lasker, Judith (2012). Equal Time, Equal Value: Community Currencies and Time Banking in the US. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-4094-4904-1.
  46. ↑Cahn, Edgar (November 17, 2011). "Time Banking: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?". Yes Magazine. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  47. ↑Cahn, Edgar (July 19, 2011). "Beyond Bartering: Banking On Community Connections". National Public Radio: Tell Me More (Interview). Interviewed by Michel Martin. Washington, DC. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  48. ↑Simon, Martin (2010). Your Money or Your Life: Time for Both. Gloucestershire, UK: Freedom Favours. pp. 110–115. ISBN 978-0-9566556-0-8.
  49. ↑"Minister hails Japan care scheme". BBC News UK. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  50. ↑Madaleno, Margarida (29 August 2012). "Time-banking offers hope to the dispossessed youth of Europe". New Statesman. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  51. ↑Shah, Angana; Samb, Pape (October 2011). Time Banking™ Is More Than Money for Women in Senegal(PDF) (Report). World Bank, International Finance Corporation. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 7 April 2013. foster women's rights initiatives in Senegal.
  52. ↑Building Social and Economic Support Networks with Time Dollars(PDF) (Report). Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation and the Center for the Study of Public Policy. 2004. pp. 5–10. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  53. ↑Ryan-Collins, Josh; Stephens, Lucie; Coote, Anna (2008). The new wealth of time: How timebanking helps people build better public services. London, UK: New Economics Foundation. pp. 19–51. ISBN 978-1-904882-45-9. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  54. ↑Gray, Christine, ed. (November 2008). Coming Home: An Asset-Based Approach to Transforming Self & Community(PDF) (Report). Co-Production at Work. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Phelps Stokes Fund. Archived from the original(PDF) on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017. facilitate re-entry of for ex-convicts
  55. ↑Letcher, Abby S.; Perlow, Kathy M. (December 2009). "Community-Based Participatory Research Shows How a Community Initiative Creates Networks to Improve Well-Being". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 37 (6S1): S292–S299. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.08.008. PMID 19896032.
  56. ↑Miyashita, Mitsunori; et al. (June–July 2008). "The Japan HOspice and Palliative Care Evaluation study (J-HOPE study): study design and characteristics of participating institutions". American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. 25 (3): 223–232. doi:10.1177/1049909108315517. PMID 18573997. S2CID 206633499.
  57. ↑Seyfang (2004), p. 63
  58. ↑Cahn (2004)
  59. ↑About Time Banking UKArchived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine Accessed March 23, 2012.
  60. ↑"Directory of TimeBanks". community.timebanks.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  61. 12Exchanging Services – Banking Time – Strengthening Communities Hour Exchange Portland, Accessed May 30, 2008
  62. ↑e.g., the Hour Exchange Portland
  63. 12e.g., the Cape Ann Time BankArchived 2019-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ↑In the U.K.: TimeBanking UK; in the U.S.: TimeBanks USA, Portland Time BankArchived 2014-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ↑Seyfang (2001)
  66. ↑ Cahn (2004) , págs. 59–77 
  67. ↑ Cahn (2004) , pág. 6 
  68. 1 2 3 Seyfang (2004) , pág. 69 
  69. ↑ Sostenibilidad: El negocio del intercambio de tiempo. Archivado el 9 de agosto de 2016 en Wayback Machine Time Bank Aotearoa Nueva Zelanda, consultado el 23 de julio de 2012.
  70. ↑ Louv, Richard. "Los dólares del tiempo ganan terreno ayudando a los necesitados" San Diego Tribune, 31 de mayo de 1995.
  71. ↑ Wetzstein, Cheryl. "Los adultos mayores usan su tiempo, no su dinero, para comprar servicios; esta idea ayuda a promover la vida independiente". The Washington Times, 17 de diciembre de 1998.
  72. 1 2 Seyfang (2004) , pág. 64 
  73. 1 2 3 Seyfang (2004) , págs. 67–68 
  74. ↑ Seyfang (2004) , pág. 68 
  75. ^ Sayuri, Juliana (30 de noviembre de 2017). "O banco quer seu tempo, não seu dinheiro" .
  76. ↑ Romanello, Michele (2017). "Participação em bancos de tempo: utilizando datos sobre transações para validar o Banco de Tempo - Florianópolis" . Revista Catarinense de Economía . 1 (2): 48– 65. doi : 10.54805/RCE.2527-1180.v1.n2.16 . S2CID 246586584 . 
  77. ↑ Romanello, Michele; Schneider Müller Pereira Ribas, Kamila (2020). ""Banco de Tempo-Florianópolis": análise das características socioeconômicas de seus membros" . Revista Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Regional . 1 : 195. doi : 10.7867/2317-5443.2020v8n1p195-210 .
  78. ↑ "Spice – apoyo a los créditos de tiempo comunitario en el Reino Unido" . Monneta . 15 de febrero de 2016. Consultado el 16 de julio de 2022 .
  79. ↑ Markkanen, Sanna; Burgess, Gemma (2016). "Introducción al sistema de intercambio de tiempo y créditos de tiempo" . Inédito. doi : 10.13140/RG.2.1.1069.7365 . Consultado el 16 de julio de 2022 .{{cite journal}}: Para citar una revista se requiere |journal=( ayuda )
  80. ↑ Bird, S.; Boyle, D. (2014). Dar y recibir: Cómo el intercambio de tiempo está transformando la atención médica . Timebanking UK. ISBN 978-0-9930579-0-8. Consultado el 16 de julio de 2022 .
  81. ↑ "Cómo los créditos Spice Time están creando un cambio en el sistema" (PDF) . Consultado el 16 de julio de 2022 .

Lecturas adicionales

  • Cahn, Edgar S. (1992). Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource Time Into Personal Security and Community Renewal. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale Press.
  • Cahn, Edgar S. (1999). "Time dollars, work and community: from 'why?' to 'why not?'". Futures. 31 (5): 499–509. doi:10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00009-9.
  • Cahn, Edgar S. (2004). No More Throw Away People. Washington, DC: Essential Books.
  • Seyfang, Gill (2001). "Re-stitching the social fabric: one favour at a time". Town and Country Planning. 90 (9): 251–253.
  • Seyfang, Gill (2004). "Time banks: rewarding community self-help in the inner city?". Community Development Journal. 39 (1): 62–71. doi:10.1093/cdj/39.1.62. S2CID 154983448.
  • TimeBanking on YouTube