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Voiced velar lateral approximant

A voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number [ 1 ] of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the ...

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A voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number[1] of spokenlanguages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that has represented this sound since 1989 is ⟨ʟ⟩, a small capital letter l.

Velar laterals often involve a prestopped realization [ᶢʟ].[2]

According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), the extremely short duration of /ʟ/ in intervocalic position (20–30 ms) in some of the languages in New Guinea, such as Kanite and Melpa, warrants calling it a voiced velar lateral tap.[3] The IPA has no specific symbol for this sound, but it may be represented with a breve for extra-short, such as ⟨ʟ̆⟩, to indicate a tapped consonant.

It is reported that some dialects of English may have a voiced uvular lateral approximant,[4] which can be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʟ̠⟩ (a retracted⟨ʟ⟩), though evidence of this consonant is limited.

Features

Features of a voiced velar lateral approximant:

* Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.

* Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.

* Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

* It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.

* It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.

* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.

A velar lateral [ʟ] involves no contact of the tip of the tongue with the roof of the mouth: just like for a velar stop [ɡ], the only contact takes place between the back of the tongue and the velum. This contrasts with a velarized alveolar lateral approximant[ɫ] – also known as the dark l in English feel[fiːɫ] – for which the apex touches the alveolar ridge.[5]

Occurrence

Velar

Uvular

See also

Notes

References

  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
  • François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment"(PDF), Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417
  • Gibson, Gwen; McCarthy, Joy (1992), Kanite Organised Phonology Data(PDF), SIL Global
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .
  • List of languages with [ʟ] on PHOIBLE