Zhang Ao

Zhang Ao ( chino simplificado :张敖; chino tradicional :張敖; pinyin : Zhāng Áo ; murió en 182 a. C.) ^{[ 1 ]} fue uno de los señores feudales después del final de la dinastía Qin en 206 a. C.

Vida

Zhang Ao era hijo de Zhang Er , conocido póstumamente como el rey Jing de Zhao (趙景王). Zhang Ao participó en las campañas de su padre contra los últimos ejércitos de Qin. Durante este tiempo, el líder rebelde Chen Sheng le otorgó el título de Señor de Chengdu (成都君). El rey hegemónico Xiang Yu de Chu Occidental nombró a Zhang Er rey de Changshan (常山王) durante el Período de los Dieciocho Reinos , pero Zhang Er cambió su lealtad a Liu Bang , el eventual fundador de la dinastía Han , y fue nombrado rey de Zhao. En el 202 a. C., Zhang Er murió ^{[ 2 ]} y Zhang Ao lo sucedió en el trono de Zhao. Se casó con la hija de Liu Bang y la emperatriz Lü , la princesa Yuan de Lu (título póstumo), quien posteriormente fallecería antes que él.

En el año 200 a. C., Liu Bang pasó por el dominio de Zhang Ao y lo visitó. Durante la visita, Zhang Ao lo atendió personalmente con gran deferencia, a pesar de que Liu Bang lo trató con rudeza. Guan Gao (贯高) y Zhao Wu (趙午), ambos vasallos de Zhang Ao, se sintieron consternados por la aparente cobardía de este y le rogaron que les permitiera asesinar a Liu Bang en su nombre para preservar su honor. Zhang Ao se negó a conceder tal permiso, aunque esto no detuvo la conspiración.

En el año 199 a. C., Liu Bang pasó nuevamente por el dominio de Zhang Ao. Guan Gao y sus cómplices le tendieron una emboscada en una posada donde Liu Bang tenía previsto alojarse, pero este, en un aparente momento de premonición, decidió pasar de largo sin quedarse. Al año siguiente, uno de los enemigos de Guan Gao se enteró del complot y lo denunció a la corte imperial, que arrestó de inmediato a Zhang Ao, Guan Gao y los demás implicados.

Tras las súplicas de Guan Gao y una investigación más exhaustiva, se reveló que Zhang Ao no estaba involucrado en el complot de asesinato, por lo que fue perdonado y degradado a marqués de Xuanping (宣平侯) ^{[ 3 ]} . El emperador perdonó a Guan Gao por su lealtad, pero este, al ver que su mayor valor era exonerar a su señor y que lo había logrado, se suicidó.

Legado

Zhang Ao died during the reign of Empress Lü (r. 188–180 BC) and received the posthumous title of Marquis Wu (武侯). His di son Zhang Yǎn (張偃), being also the grandson of Empress Lü, was granted the title of King of Luyuan (魯元王) after the title of Yan's mother Princess Luyuan^[4]. Zhang Shou (張壽) and Zhang Chi (張侈), Zhang Ao's sons born to concubines, were given the titles Marquis of Lechang (樂昌侯) and Marquis of Xingdu (信都侯), respectively. All three of them had their titles taken away after the Lü Clan disturbance, though Zhang Yan was given the title of Marquis of Nangong (南宫侯) upon the accession of Emperor Wen. The title of King of Zhao had been given to Liu Bang's young son Liu Ruyi in 198 BC, when it was taken away from Zhang Ao.

Zhang Ao's daughter Zhang Yān became the wife of Emperor Hui (r. 195–188 BC), her uncle of her mother's side.

References

↑Vol.13 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Zhang Ao died in the summer (4th to 6th months) of the 6th year of the reign of Empress Lü (after the death of Emperor Hui; 15 May to 10 Aug 182 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar). However, Empress Lü's biography in Shiji recorded that he died around the 6th month of the 7th year of her reign (1 to 30 Jul 181 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar). In his Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, Sima Guang noted that in vol.18 of Shiji, which recorded a list of meritorious officials, Zhang Ao's death year was recorded as the 6th year of the reign of Empress Lü (after the death of Emperor Hui); a similar list found in vol.16 of Han Shu recorded that Zhang Ao was made a marquis in the 9th year of Liu Bang's reign (including his tenure as King of Han; c.198 BC) and held the title for 17 years. Sima Guang opined that the record found in Empress Lü's biography in Shiji was erroneous (《史记.吕后本纪》敖卒在明年六月.按《史记.功臣表》, 高后六年敖卒.《汉书.功臣表》敖以高祖九年封, 十七年薨, 盖本纪之误).
↑Vol.11 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded Zhang Er's posthumous name and title, and that he died in the 7th or 8th month of the 5th year of Liu Bang's reign (including his tenure as King of Han); the months correspond to 24 Jul to 20 Sep 202 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
↑Vol.12 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Zhang Ao was demoted in the zheng month of the 9th year of Liu Bang's reign (including his tenure as King of Han); this month correspond to 12 Feb to 13 Mar 198 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
↑Shiji, vols.16 and 89

Cang Xiuliang (1991). 《史記辭典》 [ Shiji Cidian ], Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe, pág. 503. (en chino)
Cang Xiuliang (1996). 《漢書辭典》 [ Hanshu Cidian ], Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe, pág. 679. (en chino)
Loewe, Michael (2000). Diccionario biográfico de los periodos Qin, Han anterior y Xin (221 a. C. – 24 d. C.) . Brill . pág. 674. ISBN 90-04-10364-3.

Lecturas adicionales

Shiji , vol. 89
Libro de Han , vol. 32
Zizhi Tongjian , vol. 12

[1] Vol.13 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Zhang Ao died in the summer (4th to 6th months) of the 6th year of the reign of Empress Lü (after the death of Emperor Hui; 15 May to 10 Aug 182 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar). However, Empress Lü's biography in Shiji recorded that he died around the 6th month of the 7th year of her reign (1 to 30 Jul 181 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar). In his Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, Sima Guang noted that in vol.18 of Shiji, which recorded a list of meritorious officials, Zhang Ao's death year was recorded as the 6th year of the reign of Empress Lü (after the death of Emperor Hui); a similar list found in vol.16 of Han Shu recorded that Zhang Ao was made a marquis in the 9th year of Liu Bang's reign (including his tenure as King of Han; c.198 BC) and held the title for 17 years. Sima Guang opined that the record found in Empress Lü's biography in Shiji was erroneous (《史记.吕后本纪》敖卒在明年六月.按《史记.功臣表》, 高后六年敖卒.《汉书.功臣表》敖以高祖九年封, 十七年薨, 盖本纪之误).

[2] Vol.11 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded Zhang Er's posthumous name and title, and that he died in the 7th or 8th month of the 5th year of Liu Bang's reign (including his tenure as King of Han); the months correspond to 24 Jul to 20 Sep 202 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.

[3] Vol.12 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Zhang Ao was demoted in the zheng month of the 9th year of Liu Bang's reign (including his tenure as King of Han); this month correspond to 12 Feb to 13 Mar 198 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.

[4] Shiji, vols.16 and 89

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