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Alfred S. Hartwell

Alfred Stedman Hartwell (June 11, 1836 – August 30, 1912) was a lawyer and American Civil War soldier, who then had another career as cabinet minister and judge in the Kingdom o...

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Alfred Stedman Hartwell (June 11, 1836 – August 30, 1912) was a lawyer and American Civil War soldier, who then had another career as cabinet minister and judge in the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Early life

Alfred Stedman Hartwell was born June 11, 1836, in Natick, Massachusetts. His father was Stedman Hartwell (1800-1872) and mother was Rebecca Dana Perry (1805–1872).[1]

Education

He graduated from Harvard University in 1858 where he was elected into Phi Beta Kappa society.[2]

Career

He moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and worked as an instructor at Washington University.

Civil War

In April 1861, at the outbreak of the American Civil War, he enlisted as Corporal in the Third Missouri Reserve regiment. Missouri was officially neutral but supporters of the Confederacy had captured Liberty Arsenal, and his company was called up to help recapture the weapons. This resulted in the Camp Jackson Affair.[3]

Joven con traje del siglo XIX
1858 Harvard graduation photo

In June he returned to Boston and enrolled in Harvard Law School, but by September 1862 became a first lieutenant in the 44th Massachusetts regiment. When the United States Colored Troops (USCT) were formed for African-American recruits, he was promoted to captain on March 31, 1863, of the 54th Massachusetts. However, the number of volunteers was higher than expected, so he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and helped organize the 55th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry under command of Norwood Penrose Hallowell. The 54th's role in the Second Battle of Fort Wagner was depicted in the film Glory. The 55th moved into their former barracks, and was ordered to embark in July 1863. They served building trenches on Folly Island supporting the siege of Charleston, South Carolina. When Hallowell had to resign for treatment of an old wound, Hartwell was promoted to command the regiment on November 3, 1863.[3]

Morale became a problem when his troops discovered that despite being promised the same pay as their white counterparts, they had a major deduction for a "clothing allowance". Hartwell complained to his commanding officers, and suggested promoting African-American troops to officers. On May 24, 1864, he commissioned John Freeman Shorter to be a second lieutenant, but it was refused by General John Porter Hatch. He protested up to the Secretary of War and threatened to resign, until the pay issue was settled in August 1864.[4]

In the Battle of Honey Hill on November 30, 1864, he commanded a brigade that included the 55th and 54th Massachusetts and the 102nd USCT. He was wounded and had his horse shot from under him leading three charges. Captain Thomas F. Ellsworth received the Congressional Medal of Honor because "Under a heavy fire [Ellsworth] carried his wounded commanding officer [Hartwell] from the field." The battle was generally a failure, but proved another example where the African-American troops could be used in battle.[5] On January 23, 1865,[6]PresidentAbraham Lincoln nominated Hartwell for the award of the honorary grade of brevetbrigadier general, to rank from December 30, 1864, for gallant services at the battle of Honey Hill.[7] The U.S. Senate confirmed the award on February 14, 1865.[6]

On January 30, 1865, he rejoined his brigade, and in February 1865 he commanded the brigade in an attack on James Island, South Carolina (see Battle of Grimball's Causeway). After a few skirmishes, both sides retreated.[8] After the fall of Charleston, he marched his forces through the city, with the African-American troops at the head of his brigade. They occupied the city and dealt with the large number of refugees.

El 5 de abril de 1865, comandó otra fuerza combinada que marchó nuevamente a través de Charleston, aunque para entonces el ejército confederado ya se estaba dispersando. Sus tareas ahora eran principalmente de mantenimiento de la paz y reconstrucción de puentes. [ 9 ] El 1 de mayo sus unidades se establecieron en Orangeburg, Carolina del Sur , y finalmente en junio se aprobaron sus ascensos de oficiales negros. En agosto, el 55.º Regimiento fue dado de baja. Sin embargo, Hartwell fue enviado a investigar a Milton S. Littlefield, quien fue acusado de fraude (conocido como el "Príncipe de los oportunistas "). [ 10 ]

Bostón

Finalmente fue dado de baja el 30 de abril de 1866. Regresó a Boston y fue elegido miembro de la legislatura de Massachusetts como republicano. Tras la guerra, terminó su último año de la facultad de derecho y se graduó con una licenciatura en derecho (LLB) de Harvard en 1867. Inició brevemente un bufete de abogados en Boston con su compañero de clase Samuel Craft Davis. [ 11 ] El 15 de agosto de 1868, partió por sugerencia de su colega abogado de Massachusetts, Elisha Hunt Allen , con la intención de pasar uno o dos años de aventura en las islas hawaianas . [ 2 ]

Hawai

Fue nombrado por el rey Kamehameha V para la corte suprema del Reino de Hawái el día de su llegada, el 30 de septiembre de 1868. [ 12 ]

Había tan pocos abogados capacitados en Hawái que uno de los otros magistrados de la Corte Suprema, Hermann A. Widemann , nunca había ido a la facultad de derecho. Elisha Hunt Allen seguía actuando como presidente de la Corte Suprema, a pesar de vivir gran parte del tiempo en los Estados Unidos. [ 13 ] Alquiló una habitación en Washington Place a Mary Dominis. También vivían allí John Owen Dominis, quien era gobernador de Oahu , y su esposa Lydia, la futura reina Liliʻuokalani . Aprendió rápidamente el idioma hawaiano y para diciembre de 1868 ya instruía a los jurados como juez de circuito sin intérprete. [ 2 ] En ese momento, la Corte Suprema era tribunal de primera instancia para varios tipos de casos, manejaba apelaciones y sus jueces actuaban como jueces de circuito en otras islas.

En 1873, recibió la visita de otros exgenerales de la guerra civil, entre ellos John Schofield , Rufus Ingalls y Barton S. Alexander , quienes investigaron el uso de Pearl Harbor como base naval. Cuando el rey Lunalilo agonizaba, Hartwell le aconsejó que designara un sucesor claro, dando por sentado que sería la reina Emma de Hawái . Sin embargo, Lunalilo falleció antes de nombrar un heredero al trono, lo que provocó una crisis política cuando la popular Emma no fue elegida. [ 2 ]

Hartwell fue nombrado Fiscal General por el rey Kalākaua el 18 de febrero de 1874, en sustitución de Albert Francis Judd (quien pasó a formar parte del tribunal), pero fue reemplazado el 28 de mayo. [ 14 ] El 5 de diciembre de 1876, fue nombrado nuevamente, en sustitución de William Richards Castle . Esta vez sirvió hasta el 3 de julio de 1878, [ 12 ] cuando se dedicó a la práctica privada. Hartwell sospechaba que Claus Spreckels lo había destituido porque Hartwell se oponía a los planes de Spreckels de otorgar licencias de derechos de agua para sus plantaciones de caña de azúcar . En 1883 cerró su bufete y regresó a Boston, pero volvió a Hawái en 1885. [ 13 ]

Alfred S. Hartwell en su vejez

A finales de 1890 viajó a Washington, D.C., para negociar una conexión por cable entre Hawái y la costa oeste de los Estados Unidos. Aunque no apoyó el derrocamiento del Reino de Hawái , sí presionó para su anexión a los EE. UU. En 1899 viajó a Washington, D.C., como representante no oficial hasta la elección de Robert William Wilcox . [ 15 ] En ese mismo viaje asistió al Congreso Comercial Internacional en Filadelfia . [ 16 ] En 1895 Hartwell redactó el documento firmado por Liliʻuokalani en el que ella aceptaba abdicar, evitando así las sentencias de muerte para aquellos (incluida ella misma) condenados tras la Contrarrevolución de 1895 en Hawái . Liliʻuokalani seguía resentida por lo que consideraba un antiguo amigo trabajando para sus enemigos. [ 17 ]

He formed a law firm with Lorrin Andrews Thurston, one of the leaders of the overthrow, and then added his assistant William F. L. Stanley.[18] In 1901 he was hired to challenge the income tax in the Hawaii territorial court.[19] His daughter's brother-in-law George Robert Carter became Territorial Governor of Hawaiʻi in 1903. On June 15, 1904, he was appointed again to the Supreme Court of what was now the US Territory of Hawaii, and became chief justice August 15, 1907.[12] He replaced Walter F. Frear who in turn replaced Carter as Governor.

On March 9, 1911, he resigned and left in June for a vacation in Europe, but became ill in London and returned to Hawaii.

Personal

His younger brother, Charles Atherton Hartwell (1841–1876) served under Major General Nathaniel P. Banks. In 1865 Charles was brevetted Brigadier General US Volunteers for gallant services during the war. Charles died in Castroville, Texas in 1876. Hartwell named his only son in honor or his younger brother, Charles Atherton Hartwell.

He married Charlotte Elizabeth "Lottie" Smith (1845–1896) on January 10, 1872, in Kōloa on Kauaʻi island. Her parents were missionary physician James William Smith and teacher Melicent Knapp Smith, who arrived in 1842 to Hawaii. Her brother was lawyer William Owen Smith (1848–1929)[20] who later joined him in law practice.[21] They had eight children:

  1. Daughter Mabel Rebecca Hartwell was born April 5, 1873, and married Alfred Townsend in 1897.
  2. Daughter Edith Millicent Hartwell was born May 25, 1874, and married Alfred Wellington Carter (1867–1949) in 1895.[22]
  3. Daughter Madeline Perry Hartwell was born May 26, 1875, and married Albert Francis Judd, Jr. in 1899, son of Albert Francis Judd, and grandson of Gerrit P. Judd.
  4. Daughter Charlotte Lee Hartwell was born October 22, 1876, and married Charles Henry Chater.
  5. Daughter Juliette Hartwell was born July 27, 1879, and married Olaf L. Sorenson on May 18, 1912.
  6. Son Charles Atherton Hartwell was born November 5, 1880, and married Cordelia Judd Carter (1876–1921), daughter of Henry A. P. Carter, cousin of A. W. Carter, and granddaughter of Gerrit.[22]
  7. Bernice Hartwell was born August 15, 1882.
  8. Alice Dorothy Hartwell was born July 27, 1884, and married Ferdinand Frederick Hedemann in 1927.[23]

For his honeymoon the couple traveled first to San Francisco in February 1872, where he found out his father had died on his wedding day. When they arrived in Natick, his mother was also ill, and they stayed until she died on June 11, 1872. They returned and rented a house in Honolulu in August 1872.

Death

He died in Honolulu on August 30, 1912, and was buried in Oahu Cemetery.[2]

Ancestry

He is a direct descendant of James Atherton,[24][25] one of the First Settlers of New England; who arrived in Dorchester, Massachusetts in 1630s. His paternal grandmother was Rachel Atherton.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑Carlos Slafter (1905). A record of education: the schools and teachers of Dedham, Massachusetts, 1644-1904. Dedham Transcript Press. p. 126.
  2. 12345Alfred Stedman Hartwell (1946) [1908]. "Forty Years of Hawaii Nei". Fifty-fourth Annual Report. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 7–24. hdl:10524/51.
  3. 12James Lorenzo Bowen (1889). "Brevet Brigadier General Alfred S. Hartwell". Massachusetts in the war, 1861-1865. C. W. Bryan & Company. pp. 934–935.
  4. ↑Jonathan Sutherland (2004). "55th Massachusetts Regiment Infantry (Civil War)". African Americans at war: an encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 169–171. ISBN 978-1-57607-746-7.
  5. ↑Jonathan Sutherland (2004). "Honey Hill, Battle of (November 30, 1864)". African Americans at war: an encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 217–219. ISBN 978-1-57607-746-7.
  6. 12Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J.Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 747. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3
  7. ↑Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R. Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue, p. 268. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc., 1990. ISBN 1-56013-002-4.
  8. ↑United States War Records Office (1895). The War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. Government Printing Office. pp. 1042–1043.
  9. ↑Record of the service of the Fifty-fifth regiment of Massachusetts. Gale Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4328-1780-0.
  10. ↑Jonathan Daniels (1974). Prince of carpetbaggers. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-7466-2.
  11. ↑The report of the secretary of the Class of 1863 of Harvard College. University Press. 1888. p. 55.
  12. 123"Hartwell, Alfred Stedman office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  13. 12Hawaii. Supreme Court (1914). "In the Matter of the Presentation of Resolutions on the Death of the Late Honorable Alfred S. Hartwell". Hawaiian reports: cases decided in the Supreme Court of the Territory of Hawaii. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 781–794.
  14. ↑"Attorney General office record"(PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 July 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  15. ↑"Hawaii to Send an Agent: Judge Hartwell Chosen as Representative at Washington"(PDF). The New York Times. September 23, 1899. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  16. ↑Official proceedings of the International commercial congress: a conference of all nations for the extension of commercial intercourse. Press of the Philadelphia commercial museum. 1899. p. 390.
  17. ↑Liliʻuokalani (Queen of Hawaii) (1898) [1898]. Hawaii's story by Hawaii's queen, Liliuokalani. Lee and Shepard, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0-548-22265-2.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  18. ↑"Local Brevities". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. December 5, 1895. p. 5. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  19. ↑"Income Tax Before the Supreme Court: It Must be Levied or the Government Can't Go on". The Honolulu republican. Honolulu. August 14, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  20. ↑"Smith Family Records"(PDF). Kauaʻi Historical Society. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  21. ↑"William Owen Smith (1848-1929)". Kamehameha Schools Archives. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  22. 12George Robert Carter (1915). Joseph Oliver Carter: the founder of the Carter family in Hawaii, with a brief genealogy. Hawaiian Historical Society. pp. 10–12.
  23. ↑"Catherine Cinderella HARTER - Lewis HERMANS". Alice Dorothy HARTWELL. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
  24. ↑"James Atherton entry on the Atherton ONS".
  25. ↑"James Atherton of Dorchester settled in Lancaster Massachusetts in 1654".
  26. ↑"Atherton One Name Study entry for his grandmother, Rachel Atherton".
  • "Alfred S. Hartwell". Find a Grave. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
  • Kathy Dhalle (August 2006). "Alfred Stedman Hartwell". Bits of Blue and Gray. Archived from the original on 2010-01-14. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  • Kathy Dhalle (April 1995). "History of the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry". Lest We Forget Volume 3, Number 2. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  • All about Hawaii. The recognized book of authentic information on Hawaii, combined with Thrum's Hawaiian annual and standard guide((original from University of Michigan)). Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 1891. pp. 92–97 – via HathiTrust.
"A List of All the Cabinet Ministers Who Have Held Office in the Hawaiian Kingdom"
  • Woods, Roberta. "LibGuides: Hawai'i Legal Research: Attorney General Opinions". law-hawaii.libguides.com.
Includes a list of Attorneys General for the Kingdom of Hawaii, their salaries and budgets