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Archiducado de Austria

Coordenadas : 48°13′N 16°22′E / 48.217°N 16.367°E / 48.217; 16.367 El Archiducado de Austria ( en latín : Archiducatus Austriae ; en alemán : Erzherzogtum Österreich ) fue un im...

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Coordenadas : 48°13′N 16°22′E / 48.217°N 16.367°E / 48.217; 16.367

El Archiducado de Austria ( en latín : Archiducatus Austriae ; en alemán : Erzherzogtum Österreich ) fue un importante principado que posteriormente se transformó en uno de los estados más importantes del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico y el núcleo de la monarquía de los Habsburgo . Durante el Renacimiento y la Edad Moderna, los gobernantes del Archiducado de Austria gobernaron como emperadores del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico y también como únicos gobernantes de diversos estados como Hungría , Bohemia , Moravia y muchos otros. Fue el centro del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico y de Europa central, y su capital, Viena, actuó como capital de facto del imperio y sede de los emperadores del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico. Con su capital en Viena , el archiducado se ubicaba en la periferia sureste del Imperio. Desde Federico III hasta Carlos I , el último gobernante del estado hasta 1918, el estado fue gobernado por la dinastía de los Habsburgo .

Su nombre actual proviene del término franco Oustrich – Reino Oriental (al este del reino franco ). El archiducado se desarrolló a partir del Margraviato Bávaro de Austria , elevado a Ducado de Austria según el Privilegium Minus de 1156 por el emperador Federico Barbarroja . La Casa de Habsburgo ascendió al trono austriaco en Viena en 1282 y en 1453 el emperador Federico III , también gobernante de Austria, adoptó oficialmente el título de archiducal . Desde el siglo XV en adelante, todos los emperadores del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, excepto uno , fueron archiduques austriacos y con la adquisición de las tierras de la corona de Bohemia y Hungría en 1526, los territorios hereditarios de los Habsburgo se convirtieron en el centro de una importante potencia europea. [ 4 ]

La historia del archiducado como estado imperial terminó con la disolución del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico en 1806. Fue reemplazado por los territorios de la corona de Baja y Alta Austria del Imperio Austríaco . [ 5 ] [ 6 ]

Geografía

El archiducado de Austria dentro de los territorios de los Habsburgo durante el siglo XVI.

Located in the Danube basin, Austria bordered on the Kingdom of Hungary beyond the March and Leitha rivers in the east. In the south it was confined by the Duchy of Styria, with the border at the historic Semmering Pass, while in the north the Bohemian Forest and the Thaya river marked the border with Bohemia and Moravia.[4]

In the west, the Upper Austrian part bordered on the Bavarian stem duchy. The adjacent Innviertel region belonged to the Bavarian dukes, until it was occupied by Austrian forces during the War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778 and incorporated into the archducal lands according to the Peace of Teschen. In the course of the German mediatisation in 1803, the Austrian archdukes also acquired the rule over the Electorate of Salzburg and the Berchtesgaden Provostry.[7]

History

After Austria was detached from the Duchy of Bavaria and established as an Imperial estate in 1156 (thanks to the Privilegium Minus), the Babenberg dukes also acquired the neighbouring Duchy of Styria in 1192. After the extinction of male line in 1246 and the subsequent quarter-century reign by King Ottokar II of Bohemia – a permanent vestige of his rule is the division of Austria proper into Upper and Lower Austria (at the time called "Austria above the Enns" and "below the Enns") – it was seized by Habsburg King Rudolf I of Germany, who defeated Ottokar in the Battle on the Marchfeld (1278)[8] and later (1282) enfeoffed his sons Albert I and Rudolf II with both duchies.

In 1358/1359, Austrian Duke Rudolf IV, in response to the Golden Bull of 1356, already claimed the archducal title by forging the Privilegium Maius. Rudolf aimed to achieve a status comparable to the Empire's seven prince-electors, the holders of the traditional Imperial 'arch'-offices; however, his attempts failed as the elevation was rejected by the Luxembourg emperor Charles IV (Rudolf's father-in-law).[9][10][11] Rudolf's younger brothers Albert III and Leopold III divided the Habsburg lands by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg, whereafter the Austrian duchy itself remained under the rule of the Albertinian line.[12][13]

From duchy to archduchy

On Epiphany 1453, Emperor Frederick III, regent of the Duchy of Austria for his minor Albertinian cousin Ladislaus the Posthumous, finally acknowledged the archducal title. It was then conferred to all Habsburg emperors and rulers, as well as to the non-ruling princes of the dynasty, however, it still did not carry the right to vote in the Imperial election.[14]

Frederick further promoted the rise of the Habsburg dynasty into European dimensions with the arrangement of the marriage between his son Archduke Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy, heiress of Burgundy in 1477. After Maximilian's son Philip the Handsome in 1496 had married Joanna the Mad, Queen of Castile and Aragon, his son Charles V could come into an inheritance "on which the sun never sets".[13]

Nevertheless, Charles' younger brother Ferdinand I claimed his rights and became Archduke of Austria according to an estate distribution at the 1521 Diet of Worms, whereby he became regent over the Austrian archduchy and the adjacent Inner Austrian lands of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Gorizia (Görz). By marrying Princess Anna of Bohemia and Hungary, Ferdinand inherited both kingdoms in 1526. Also King of the Romans from 1531, he became the progenitor of the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg (House of Habsburg-Lorraine from 1780 on), which as Archdukes of Austria and Kings of Bohemia ruled as Holy Roman Emperors until the Empire's dissolution in 1806.[7]

Austrian Empire

In 1804, Emperor Francis II, who was also ruler of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy, established the Austrian Empire in reaction to Napoleon's proclamation of the French Empire. His new state comprised both territories within the Holy Roman Empire (the Erblande, which included the Archduchy, and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown) and outside it (Hungary including Croatia and Transylvania, Galicia and Lodomeria and his recently acquired former Venetian territory). Two years later Francis formally dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. The Archduchy of Austria continued to exist as a constituent crown land (Kronland) within the Empire, although it was divided into Upper and Lower Austria for administrative purposes. (Hungary preserved its earlier status as Regnum Independens.) The title of archduke continued to be used by members of the imperial family and the archduchy was only formally dissolved in 1918 with the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the creation of the separate federal states of Lower and Upper Austria in the new Republic of German-Austria.[13]

  • Representación de la corona archiducal en un retrato de Federico III.
    Depiction of the archducal crown in a portrait of Frederick III
  • El uso del título archiducal en una cubierta ilustrada para la copia de 1512 de Privilegium maius, diseñada para el emperador Maximiliano I.
    The use of archducal title in an illustrated cover for the 1512 copy of Privilegium maius, devised for the Emperor Maximilian I
  • Representación de Ströhl en su Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns (1890 y 1900)
    The Ströhl's depiction in his Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns (1890 and 1900)
  • El sombrero archiducal austriaco
    The Austrian Archducal hat
  • Bandera austriaca (1685–1740)
    Austrian Ensign (1685–1740)

See also

References

  1. ^Heimann, Heinz-Dieter (2010). Die Habsburger : Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. Munich: Beck. pp. 38–45. ISBN 978-3-406-44754-9.
  2. ^German: Alles Erdreich ist Österreich untertan (All soil is subject to Austria), Latin: Austriae est imperare orbi universo (Austria is to rule the whole world) Also known as. But in the book of the same author, another page in Latin "En, amor electis, iniustis ordinor ultor; Sic Fridericus ego mea iura rego" (En, the love of the elect, I am ordered to avenge the unjust; Thus, Frederick, I rule my rights) There are also others, but like House of Savoy's FERT, the official interpretation is not set.
  3. ^Hugo Gerhard Ströhl: Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns. Erste Auflage, Wien 1890, S. V-VI. and Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns. Dritte Auflage, Wien 1900, S. 14.
  4. ^ abBanks, John (1761). A Compendious History of the House of Austria, and the German Empire, etc. H. Serjeant. pp. 398–.
  5. ^Mitchell, A. Wess (2018). The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire. Princeton University Press. p. 307. ISBN 9781400889969.
  6. ^"The House of Austria – the Habsburgs and the Empire". Habsburger Net. Archived from the original on 2025-08-21. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  7. ^ abS.G Goodrich (1851). History of all nations, from the earliest periods to the present time; or, Universal History: in which the history of every nation, ancient and modern, is separately given. pp. 985–.
  8. ^Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. pp. 287–. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
  9. ^Lhotsky 1957, p. 85.
  10. ^Appelt 1977, p. 15-20.
  11. ^Sauter 2003, p. 178-180.
  12. ^Bérenger 2013, p. 62.
  13. ^ abcJudson, Pieter M. (2016). The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96932-2.
  14. ^Wilson 2016, p. 362, 429-430, 433, 727, 733.

Sources

  • Appelt, Heinrich (1977). "Die Bedeutung des Titels archidux palatinus Austriae". Festschrift Friedrich Hausmann. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. pp. 15–20.
  • Bérenger, Jean (2013) [1994]. A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273-1700. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Lhotsky, Alphons (1957). Privilegium maius: Die Geschichte einer Urkunde. Wien: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik.
  • Sauter, Alexander (2003). Fürstliche Herrschaftsrepräsentation: Die Habsburger im 14. Jahrhundert. Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag.
  • Wilson, Peter H. (2016). Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

48°13′N 16°22′E / 48.217°N 16.367°E / 48.217; 16.367

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