Hispanopedia Wiki
Articulo de referencia

Arconte epónimo

El arconte epónimo ( antiguo griego ἐπώνυμος ἄρχων, romanizado epōnymos archōn ) era el magistrado principal en varias ciudades-estado griegas antiguas , que daba su nombre al a...

Hispanopedia WikiContenido en espanolLectura gratuita

El arconte epónimo ( antiguo griego ἐπώνυμος ἄρχων, romanizado epōnymos archōn ) era el magistrado principal en varias ciudades-estado griegas antiguas , que daba su nombre al año en que ejercía el cargo, al igual que los cónsules romanos . «Archon» (ἄρχων, pl. ἄρχοντες, archontes ) significa «gobernante» o «señor», usado frecuentemente como título de un cargo público específico, [ 1 ]

En la Atenas clásica , se desarrolló un sistema de nueve arcontes concurrentes, liderados por tres competencias respectivas sobre los asuntos cívicos, militares y religiosos del estado: los tres titulares de cargos eran conocidos como el arconte epónimo (gobernante de Atenas, el cargo político más alto en la ciudad-estado), el polemarca (πολέμαρχος, "gobernante de guerra", el comandante en jefe del ejército ateniense) y el arconte basileus (ἄρχων βασιλεύς, "rey gobernante", el sumo sacerdote de la ciudad). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Los otros seis eran los tesmothetai , funcionarios judiciales. Originalmente, estos cargos eran ocupados por miembros de las clases más ricas mediante elecciones cada diez años. Durante este período, el arconte epónimo era el magistrado principal, el polemarca el jefe de las fuerzas armadas y el arconte basileus era responsable de algunos arreglos cívico-religiosos y de la supervisión de algunos juicios importantes en los tribunales. Después del 683 a. C., los cargos se ejercieron durante un solo año, que recibió el nombre del arconte epónimo.

Fondo

El arconte era el magistrado principal en muchas ciudades griegas, pero en Atenas existía un consejo de arcontes que ejercía una forma de gobierno ejecutivo. Desde finales del siglo VIII a. C., hubo tres arcontes: el arconte epónimo , el polemarco (originalmente con un papel militar, que se transfirió a los diez estrategos en el 501 a. C.) y el arconte basileo (el vestigio ceremonial de la monarquía ateniense ). [ 4 ] Estos cargos se cubrían con miembros de la aristocracia (las Eupatridas ) mediante elecciones cada diez años. Durante este período, el arconte epónimo era el magistrado principal, el polemarco era el jefe de las fuerzas armadas y el arconte basileo era responsable de los arreglos cívico-religiosos.

Después del 683 a. C., los cargos se mantuvieron solo por un año, y el año recibió el nombre del arconte epónimo. El año transcurría de julio a junio. [ 5 ] El arconte epónimo era el arconte principal y presidía las reuniones de la Boule y la Ecclesia , las antiguas asambleas atenienses. El arconte epónimo siguió siendo el jefe de Estado titular incluso bajo la democracia, aunque con una importancia política mucho menor. Bajo las reformas de Solón , él mismo arconte epónimo en el 594 a. C., hubo un breve período en el que el número de arcontes aumentó a diez. Después del 457 a. C., los ex arcontes fueron inscritos automáticamente como miembros vitalicios del Areópago , aunque esa asamblea ya no era extremadamente importante políticamente.

Uno de los arcontes supervisaba el procedimiento de ostracismo después del 487 a. C. [ 6 ] La corte de un arconte estaba a cargo de los epikleroi . [ 7 ] Otras funciones de los arcontes incluían la supervisión de los festivales de las Panateneas y las Dionisias . [ 8 ]

Lista de arcontes de Atenas

En la siguiente lista de arcontes, los años en los que se desconoce el nombre del arconte se identifican como tales. Los años marcados como « anarquía » significan que, literalmente, «no hubo arconte». Existen diversas reconstrucciones contradictorias de las listas; las fuentes de esta lista se citan al final. Cabe destacar que el mandato de un arconte abarcaba dos de nuestros años, comenzando en la primavera o el verano y continuando en la primavera o el verano siguientes. También se incluyen el polemarca o estrategoi, el basileus y los thesmothetai (los seis asistentes de los arcontes), cuando se conocen.

Período arcaico

Arcontes de la vida

La tradición ateniense posterior difiere en cuanto a la posición exacta de esta línea; ostentaban el arcontado de por vida, a veces denominados «arconte perpetuo», y ejercían los poderes sagrados de la realeza, al igual que el arconte basileus posteriormente. La historicidad de cualquiera de estas listas antiguas puede ponerse en duda razonablemente. Sin embargo, Aristóteles indica, en la Constitución de Atenas, que fue la casa de Codro la que abolió el título de rey en favor del de arconte. [ 9 ]

Arcontes decenales

En el 753 a. C., el arcontado perpetuo de las Eupatridas [ 21 ] se limitó a 10 años (los "arcontes decenales"): [ 22 ]

Arcontes anuales

Después del 683 a. C., el cargo de arconte se limitó a un año. Los arcontes residían en el Pritaneo .

Reorganizado

Período clásico

período helenístico

período romano

See also

References

  1. ↑At first the chief of the city was only a priest. "The charge of the public sacrifices of the city belongs according to religious custom, not to special priests, but to those men who derive their dignity from the hearth, and who are here called kings, elsewhere Prytaneis, and again archons." (Aristotle, Politics, VIII.5)
  2. ↑Michael Rostovtzeff, Greece, passim.
  3. ↑"The Athenian archons when they entered upon their duties ascended to the Acropolis wearing crowns of myrtles, and offered a sacrifice to the titular, divinity of the town. It was also customary for them to wear crowns of foliage when they exercised their functions. And it is certain that the crown, which became and which still remains the emblem of power, was then only a religious symbol, an exterior sign, which accompanied prayer and sacrifice. Amongst the nine archons, the second archon, the one called the King, was the representative of the high priestly function of the old Kings, but each of his colleagues had some priestly duty to fulfill, some sacrifice to offer to the gods. ("Gustave Ducoudray, The history of ancient civilization: a handbook, 1889 pg 129)
  4. ↑Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos By Emmet John Sweeney.
  5. ↑Green, Peter (2009). "Diodorus Siculus on the Third Sacred War". In Marincola, John (ed.). A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 2. Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. p. 364. ISBN 9780470766286.
  6. ↑Fox The Classical World p. 122
  7. ↑Lacey The Family in Ancient Greece p. 139-145
  8. ↑Adkins Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece p. 35-36
  9. ↑Aristotle Constitution of Athens, 3
  10. ↑The son of Codrus was lame, which was why his brother Neileus would not let him rule, but the Delphian oracle bestowed the kingdom upon Medon. For more see Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7. 2. 1.
  11. ↑Constitution of Athens and Related Texts – Page 70
  12. ↑John Blair, Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1844. pg. 27
  13. ↑John Lemprière, A Classical Dictionarypg. 183
  14. ↑Pausanias, Description of Greece, Volume 3 – Page 64. (cf. "The successors of Codrus were Medon (son of Codrus), Acastus (son of Medon), Archippus (son of Acastus), Thersippus (son of Archippus), Phorbas (son of Thersippus), Megacles (son of Phorbas), Diognetus (son of Megacles), Pherecles (son of Diognetus), Ariphron (son of Pherecles), Thespieus (son of Ariphron), Agamestor (son of Thespieus), Aeschylus (son of Agamestor), Alcmaeon. All these, according to the common tradition, held the archonship for life. After Alcmaeon the tenure of the office was made decennial. The first decennial archon was Charops, the second was Aesimides, and the third was Clidicus. See Eusebius, Chronic. vol. 1. pp. 185–190, ed. Schone.")
  15. ↑Michael Russell, A Connection of Sacred and Profane History, Pg 355
  16. ↑See Historicity of the Iliad.
  17. ↑Herodotus 2.53.
  18. ↑George Crabb, Universal Historical Dictionarypg. 91
  19. ↑According to Diodorus Siculus (of the 1st century BC).
  20. ↑Blair, Chronological and Historical Tablespg. 30
  21. ↑Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. The History of Herodotus: A New English Version, Ed. with Copious Notes and Appendices, Illustrating the History and Geography of Herodotus, from the Most Recent Sources of Information; and Embodying the Chief Results, Historical and Ethnographical, which Have Been Obtained in the Progress of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphical Discovery, Volume 3. Appleton, 1882. Pg 316
  22. ↑Evelyn Abbott. A Skeleton Outline of Greek History: Chronologically Arranged. Pg 27.
  23. ↑The Roman Antiquities, Volume 1. By Dionysius (Halicarnassensis). pg 162.
  24. ↑History of Ancient and Modern Greece. By John Frost. Pg 35
  25. ↑According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus
  26. ↑Pausanias's Description of Greece, 4.5.3; Volume 3 By Pausanias. Pg 64
  27. ↑Henry-Fines Clinton. Fasti Hellenici, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, from the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press, 1834 pg 241, Pg 166
  28. ↑Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy. Chronological Tables of Universal History: Sacred and Profane, Ecclesiastical and Civil; from the Creation of the World, to the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty-three. With a Preliminary Discourse on the Short Method of Studying History; and a Catalogue of Books Necessary for that Purpose; with Some Remarks on Them, Volume 1. A. Millar, 1762. Pg 124
  29. ↑John Blair. Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, Paternoster Row., 1844. Pg 38
  30. ↑Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables. Pg 39
  31. ↑Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of archons down to 481/0 BC are taken from T. J. Cadoux, "The Athenian Archons from Kreon to Hypsichides", Journal of Hellenic Studies, 68 (1948), pp. 70-123
  32. ↑Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 88
  33. 12Cadoux notes "We cannot be sure that it was the same man who held the second archonship, nor, if we held that it was, do we know anything of the circumstances under which this happened. Nor, again, do we know if this man or men belonged to the Philaid family." ("Athenian Archons", p. 90)
  34. ↑Cadoux notes this entry is based on a surviving passage of Hippys of Rhegion which is very obscure; Hippys states one Epainetos was king at Athens in the 36th Olympiad. However, this statement is full of mistakes which makes Cadooux suspicious of this passage. ("Athenian Archons", p. 91)
  35. 12345Per one surviving fragment of the Athenian Archon list. Donald W. Bradeen, "The Fifth-Century Archon List", Hesperia, 32 (1963), pp. 187-208
  36. ↑Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 103
  37. ↑So Cadoux and Alan Samuel; Benjamin D. Merrit notes the name could be read "Onetorides". (Merrit, "Greek inscriptions, 14-27", Hesperia, 8 (1939), p 60)
  38. ↑This identification has been questioned by Matthew P. J. Dillon, "Was Kleisthenes of Pleisthenes Archon at Athens in 525 BC?", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 155 (2006), pp. 91-107
  39. ↑Herodotus, Histories, books V and VI Google Books link
  40. ↑But he adds, "It seems gratuitous to invent a third Miltiades-presumably from another family; and there are no solid chronological grounds for rejecting either of the two Philaids." (Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 110)
  41. ↑See Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", pp. 111f
  42. ↑Alan Samuel is doubtful this archon existed, claiming this is based on Eustathius' misunderstanding his source, which provides the date Pindar died, not when he was born. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), p. 204
  43. ↑Cadoux suspects this is a corruption of the archon's real name. ("Athenian Archons", p. 116)
  44. ↑Added from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 205
  45. ↑Nine archons were appointed by lot by the tribes from 500 nominees chosen by the demes and that this was the method in the Archonship of Telesinus. See also the Areopagite constitution.
  46. ↑Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 119
  47. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from 480/79 to 348/7 BC are taken from Alan E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), pp. 206-210.
  48. ↑"Calliades was archon in Athens, and the Romans made Spurius Cassius and Proculus Verginius Tricostus consuls, and the Eleians celebrated the Seventy-fifth Olympiad, that in which Astylus of Syracuse won the 'stadion.' It was in this year that king Xerxes made his campaign against Greece" (Diodorus, 11.1.2)
  49. ↑Friis Johansen, H. and Whittle, E.W. 1980. Aeschylus: the Suppliants, 3 Vols. Copenhagen. 21ff
  50. ↑Alternative spellings are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 206-210
  51. 12Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 207
  52. ↑Develin 1989, p. 78.
  53. ↑Classical Philology. p. 53
  54. ↑The Works of Xenophon: & II and Anabasis. 1890 By Xenophon. Pg 98
  55. ↑Thucydides (2.2) states that it began "in the 48th year of the priestess-ship of Chrysis at Argos, in the ephorate of Aenesias at Sparta, in the last month but two of the archonship of Pythodorus at Athens." Thucydides reports a solar eclipse that summer (2.28), which can be confidently dated to 3 August 431 BC. (E. J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 87)
  56. ↑Thucydides: Arguments. Peloponnesian War, Book III (cont'd.)-VI By Thucydides. Pg 208
  57. ↑Sophocles: The Oedipus Coloneus. 3d ed. 1900 By Sophocles, Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb. Pg 4. (cf. Micon was [the Archon of] 402 B.C., Callias of [the Archon of] 406 B.C. Between them came Alexias (405), Pythodorus (404, the Anarchy), and Eucleides (403).)
  58. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from 347/6 to 301/0 BC are taken from Benjamin D. Meritt, "Athenian Archons 347/6–48/7 B.C.", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 26 (1977), pp. 161–191
  59. ↑Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 210
  60. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from 300/299 to 228/7 BC are taken from Michael J. Osborne, "The Archons of Athens 300/299-228/7", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 171 (2009), pp. 83-99
  61. 123The order in which these three archons held their office is not yet clear. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 85 n. 14)
  62. ↑This year is commonly attributed to "Gorgias" based on Pseudo-Plutarch (Vitae Decem Oratorum, 847D); however, Gorgias may be a corruption of the very rare name "Ourias" archon in 281/0 BC; Gorgias is thus a ghost. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 87 n. 21)
  63. ↑Osborne notes that Pytharatus "is one of the very few archons of the 3rd century after the 290s to be securely dated on the basis of Olympiads and literary testimony." "Archons of Athens", p. 88 n. 26
  64. 12Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 90 n. 29
  65. ↑Voula Bardani and Stephen Tracy, "A New List of Athenian Ephebes and a New Archon of Athens", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 75-80
  66. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from 227/6 to 211/0 BC are taken from Michael Osborne, "The Date of the Athenian Archon Thrasyphon", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 164 (2008), pp. 85-8
  67. ↑Aleshire had placed Hoplon at this year because there was a gap; however, Osborne's latest revision of the Archon list has removed that gap. For further details, see Aleshire, "The Athenian Archon Hoplon", Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 253-5
  68. ↑Thrasyphon is commonly dated to 221/0 BC based on a Magnesian inscription that allows his archonship to be dated to the fourth year of Olympiad 139; Osborne has argued that the correlation is not that exact and his archonship could fall in the first year of Olympiad 140. (Osborne, "The Date", pp. 85, 88)
  69. ↑Merrit disagrees, placing Sostratos here and providing a primary source; Osborne provides no supporting evidence for Aeschron here. Merritt, "Athenian Archons", p. 178
  70. ↑Unless otherwise noted, the archons from 209/8 to 201/0 BC are taken from John S. Traill, "A Revision of Hesperia, XLIII, 1974, 'A New Ephebic Inscription from the Athenian Agora'", Hesperia, 45 (1976), pp. 296-303
  71. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from 201/0 to 160/59 BC are taken from Osborne, "Archons of Athens"
  72. 12Following the arguments of John S. Traill, "The Athenian Archon Pleistainos", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 103 (1994), pp. 109-114
  73. ↑Christian Habicht argues that, based on the floruit of the letter-cutter of inscription did not extend beyond 185 BC, Achaeus' archonship occurred earlier and places Epaenetus in this year. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 245)
  74. 12Unless otherwise noted, archons from 159/8 to 141/0 BC are taken from Christian Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons of Athens from 159/8 to 141/0 B. C.", Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 237-247
  75. 1234567Habicht expresses less certainty about the dates of these seven archones. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 246)
  76. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from 139/8 to 61/60 BC are taken from Merrit, "Athenian Archons"
  77. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from 60/59 to 10/9 BC are taken from Simone Follet, "Deux inscriptions attiques inédites copiées par l'abbé Michel Fourmont (Parisinus Suppl. gr. 854)", Revue des Études Grecques, 118 (2005). pp. 1-14.
  78. 123Samuel adds these three names, as well as the next four, citing IG III2 1713 for their presence in the archon list. (Greek and Roman), p. 226
  79. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from 8/7 BC to AD 74 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman, pp. 223–237
  80. ↑Identified with a member of the Thracian Royal house based on IG II2 1070, making him the first verified foreigner to be the Athenian Eponymous archon. (Robert K. Sherk, "The Eponymous Officials of Greek Cities: I", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 83 (1990), p. 275)
  81. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 489
  82. 123Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 488–489
  83. ↑R. Neubauer, "Das Archontat des Rhoemetalkas in Athen", Hermes, 10 (1876), pp. 145–152
  84. ↑Or eponymous archon in 41/2.
  85. 1234Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
  86. 12Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 243-244
  87. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons from AD 74 to 267 are taken from Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 501–510
  88. ↑James H. Oliver, "Greek Inscriptions", Hesperia: The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Twenty-First Report, 11 (1942), p. 80
  89. ↑Gustav Hirschfeld, "Die Familie des Titus Flavius Aklibiades", Hermes, 7 (1873), pp. 52–61
  90. 1234Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
  91. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 489–491
  92. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 114–115
  93. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 256–257
  94. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 138–139
  95. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 508, 527
  96. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 246
  97. 1234Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
  98. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 462
  99. ↑Rotoff, "An Athenian Archon List", p. 408
  100. 12Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 281-282
  101. 12Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 370
  102. 12Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 218-221
  103. 12Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 225
  104. 12Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 6-7
  105. 12Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 420
  106. 12Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 290-291
  107. ↑After 265, the record is so fragmentary that "Unknown" is not indicated past this point.
  108. ↑Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 266-267
  109. ↑So claimed by James H. Oliver, "Roman Emperors and Athens", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 30 (1981), 423
  110. ↑Unless otherwise noted, archons for 300 to 484-485 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 234–237.

Further reading

  • Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece New York: Oxford University Press 1997 ISBN 0-19-512491-X
  • Aristotle's Athenian Constitution
  • Develin, Robert (1989). Athenian Officials 684–321 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32880-2.
  • Dinsmoor, William Bell. Los arcontes de Atenas en la época helenística . Cambridge, 1931 (reimpresión de 1966).
  • Dinsmoor, William Bell. La lista de arcontes atenienses a la luz de los descubrimientos recientes . Columbia University Press, 1939 (reimpresión de 1974, ISBN). 0-8371-4735-2)
  • Fox, Robin Lane. El mundo clásico: una historia épica desde Homero hasta Adriano. Nueva York: Basic Books. 2006. ISBN. 0-465-02496-3
  • Hamel, Debra. Generales atenienses: Autoridad militar en el período clásico. Koninklijke Brill NV, 1998.
  • Graindor, Paul Chronologie des archontes athéniens sous l'Empire , Bruselas, 1922 (Mémoires de l'Académie de Belgique, 4°, 1921),
  • Lacey, W.K. La familia en la Grecia clásica. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1968.
  • Owens, Ron. Justicia y las reformas políticas de Solón, arconte epónimo en Atenas, 594-593 a. C. Universidad Nacional Australiana, 2000.
  • Rostovtzeff, Michael. Grecia . 2ª ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.