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Mandate for Mesopotamia

The Mandate for Mesopotamia ( Arabic : الانتداب على بلاد ما بين النهرين , romanized : al-Intidāb ʿalā Bilād mā bayn an-Nahrayn ) was a proposed League of Nations mandate to co...

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The Mandate for Mesopotamia (Arabic: الانتداب على بلاد ما بين النهرين, romanized: al-Intidāb ʿalā Bilād mā bayn an-Nahrayn) was a proposed League of Nations mandate to cover Ottoman Iraq. It would have been entrusted to the United Kingdom but was superseded by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, an agreement between Britain and Iraq with some similarities to the proposed mandate. On paper, the mandate lasted from 1920 to 1932.

History

The proposed mandate was awarded on 25 April 1920 at the San Remo Conference, in Italy, in accordance with the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement but was not yet documented or defined.[1] It was to be a class A mandate under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. A draft mandate document was prepared by the British Colonial Office in June 1920 and submitted in draft form to the League of Nations in December 1920.

Immediately after the end of the First World War, Sir Arnold Wilson, the future High Commissioner to Iraq, recommended the annexation of Mesopotamia to British India "as a colony of India and the Indians, such as the government of India administer it and gradually cultivate its vast plains, and settle the warrior Punjab races in it". [2] In a memorandum written on 22 April 1918, Cox listed the social groups that the British should support: the Jewish community in Baghdad, the notables in Baghdad and Basara, the rich landowning Arabs and Jews, and the Shaikhs of sedentary tribes.[3] Mosul was added to the region of British influence following the 1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement.

The proposed mandate faced certain difficulties to be established, as a nationwide Iraqi revolt broke out in 1920 after which it was decided the territory would become the Kingdom of Iraq, via the Anglo-Iraq Treaty of October 1922.[1] The Kingdom of Iraq became independent in 1931–1932,[1] in accordance with the League of Nations stance, which stated that such territories would be facilitated into "progressive development" as fully independent states.[1]

El gobierno civil del Irak administrado por los británicos estaba encabezado originalmente por el Alto Comisionado , Sir Percy Cox , y su adjunto, el Coronel Arnold Wilson . Las represalias británicas tras el asesinato de un oficial británico en Nayaf no lograron restablecer el orden. La administración británica aún no se había establecido en las montañas del norte de Irak. El problema más acuciante al que se enfrentaban los británicos era la creciente ira de los nacionalistas, que se sentían traicionados por haber recibido el estatus de mandato.

Mapas

Referencias

  1. 1 2 3 4 La nueva historia moderna de Cambridge. Volumen xii. p.293.
  2. ^ Nadhmi, Wamidh Jamal Umar (1984). Al-Judhour al-Siyasiyya wal Fikriyya wal Ijtima'yya Lilharaka al-Qawmiyya al-'Arabiyya (al-Istiqlaliyya) fil 'Iraq [ Las raíces políticas, intelectuales y sociales del movimiento nacionalista (independiente) árabe en Irak ] (en árabe). Markaz Dirasat al-Wihda al-'Arabiyya, Beirut. pag.  399.
  3. ↑ Nadhmi 1984 , pág. 275.
  4. ↑ "Mapa de Lawrence sobre Oriente Medio en exhibición" . Archivado del original el 6 de mayo de 2021. Consultado el 21 de abril de 2013 .

Lecturas adicionales

  • Dodge, Toby "Inventando Irak" (2009)
  • Fieldhouse, David K. El imperialismo occidental en Oriente Medio, 1914-1958 (2006)
  • Fisk, Robert. La Gran Guerra por la Civilización: La Conquista de Oriente Medio, (2ª ed. 2006),
  • Simons, Geoff. Irak: De Sumeria a Saddam (2.ª ed. 1994)
  • Sluglett, Peter. Gran Bretaña en Irak: La intriga entre el rey y la patria, 1914-1932 (2.ª ed. 2007)