Declaration against interest

In United States law, a declaration (or statement) against interest is an exception to the rule on hearsay in which a person's statement may be used, where generally the content of the statement is so prejudicial to the person making it that they would not have made the statement unless they believed the statement was true. For example, if a driver in an automobile accident boasts publicly that they were speeding, it may represent a legal admission of liability.

The Federal Rules of Evidence limit the bases of prejudices to the declarant to tort and criminal liability.^[1] Some states, such as California, extend the prejudice to "hatred, ridicule, or social disgrace in the community." It is analogous to the criminal equivalent, the statement against penal interest which is a statement that puts the person making the statement at risk of criminal prosecution. In the United States federal court system and many state courts, statements against interest by individuals who are not available to be called at trial (but not other persons) may be admitted as evidence where in other circumstances they would be excluded as hearsay.

The admissibility of evidence under the declaration against interest exception to the hearsay rule is often limited by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment.

A declaration against interest differs from a party admission because here the declarant does not have to be a party to the case but must have a basis for knowing that the statement is true.^[2] Furthermore, evidence of the statement will only be admissible if the declarant is unavailable to testify.

Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 804(b)(3) provides:

"A statement that:

(A) a reasonable person in the declarant's position would have made only if the person believed it to be true because, when made, it was so contrary to the declarant's proprietary or pecuniary interest or had so great a tendency to invalidate the declarant's claim against someone else or to expose the declarant to civil or criminal liability; and

(B) is supported by corroborating circumstances that clearly indicate its trustworthiness, if it is offered in a criminal case as one that tends to expose the declarant to criminal liability." See Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(3). The rule was last amended on December 1, 2010. See Legislative History (with links to key documents).

Según el Código de Evidencia de California § 1230 ^{[ 3 ]} define "Declaraciones en contra de los intereses" como:

La prueba de una declaración hecha por un declarante que tiene suficiente conocimiento del tema no se vuelve inadmisible por la regla de la prueba de referencia si el declarante no está disponible como testigo y la declaración, cuando se hizo, era tan contraria a los intereses pecuniarios o patrimoniales del declarante, o lo exponía al riesgo de responsabilidad civil o penal, o tendía a invalidar una reclamación suya contra otro, o creaba tal riesgo de convertirlo en objeto de odio, ridículo o deshonra social en la comunidad, que un hombre razonable en su posición no habría hecho la declaración a menos que creyera que era cierta.

• Criterio de vergüenza

• https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rule_804