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Earl Blumenauer

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Earl Francis Blumenauer[2] (/ˈbluːmənaʊ.ər/BLOOM-ə-nowər; born August 16, 1948) is an American lawyer, author, and politician who served as the U.S. representative for Oregon's 3rd congressional district from 1996 to 2025. The district includes most of Portland east of the Willamette River.

As a member of the Democratic Party, Blumenauer previously spent over 20 years as a public official in Portland, including serving on the Portland City Council from 1987 to 1996, when he succeeded Ron Wyden in the U.S. House of Representatives. Wyden was elected to the U.S. Senate after Bob Packwood resigned.

Blumenauer is known for his distinctive bow ties and neon bicycle lapel pins.[3][4] Blumenauer gifts his signature bike pins to fellow congressmen, interns, and staffers.[5]

Since January 2025, Blumenauer serves as a senior fellow at Portland State University and as special advisor to university president Ann Cudd.[6]

Early life and education

Blumenauer was born in Portland on August 16, 1948. In 1966, he graduated from Centennial High School on Portland's east side and then enrolled at Lewis & Clark College.[7] He majored in political science and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lewis & Clark in 1970.[8] Blumenauer completed his education in 1976 when he earned a Juris Doctor degree from the school's Northwestern School of Law (now Lewis & Clark Law School).[9] Before starting law school in 1970 and until 1977, he worked as an assistant to the president of Portland State University.[7][10]

Early political career

In 1969–70, Blumenauer organized and led Oregon's "Go 19" campaign, an effort to lower the state voting age (while then unsuccessful, it supported the national trend that soon resulted in the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which lowered the voting age to 18). In 1972, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives, representing the 11th district in Multnomah County.[11] He was reelected in 1974 and 1976, and continued representing Portland and Multnomah County until the 1979 legislative session.[7] From 1975 to 1981 he served on the board of Portland Community College.[7] After his time in the Oregon legislature, he served on the Multnomah County Commission from 1979 to 1986.[7] He lost a race for Portland City Council to Margaret Strachan in 1981.[12] He left the county commission in March 1986 to run again for city council.[13]

Blumenauer was elected to the Portland City Council in May 1986.[14] His first term began in January 1987,[15] and he remained on the council until 1996.[10] From the start of his first term, he was named the city's Commissioner of Public Works,[10] which made him the council member in charge of the Portland Bureau of Transportation (also known as the Transportation Commissioner).[16] During his time on the council, Blumenauer was appointed by Oregon Governor Neil Goldschmidt to the state's commission on higher education, on which he served in 1990 and 1991.[17] In 1992, Blumenauer was defeated by Vera Katz in an open race for mayor of Portland—to date, only the second time that Blumenauer has lost an election. At the time he was called "the man who probably knows the most about how Portland works", but he left local politics to run for Congress.[18] After winning election to Congress, he resigned from the city council in May 1996.[19] In 2010, Blumenauer received The Ralph Lowell Award for outstanding contributions to public television.[20][21]

U.S. House of Representatives

Blumenauer during the 105th Congress

Tenure

Blumenauer was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1996 in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Ron Wyden to the U.S. Senate.[18] He received 69% of the vote, defeating Republican Mark Brunelle.[22] He was elected to a full term that November, and was reelected 10 times without serious difficulty in what has long been Oregon's most Democratic district, never with less than 66% of the vote.

Blumenauer served as Oregon campaign chair for both John Kerry's and Barack Obama's presidential campaigns.[23]

In Congress, Blumenauer is noted for his advocacy for mass transit, such as Portland's MAX Light Rail and the Portland Streetcar,[24] and, as a strong supporter of legislation promoting bicycle commuting, cycles from his Washington residence to the Capitol and even to the White House for meetings.[25]

Among the bills Blumenauer has sponsored that have become law are the Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004[26] and the Senator Paul SimonWater for the Poor Act of 2005.[27] In addition, the Legal Timber Protection Act passed as part of the 2008 Farm Bill, while the Bicycle Commuter Act passed with the 2008 bailout bill.[28]

Blumenauer was active in pressuring the United States to take greater action during the Darfur conflict.[29]

In the political aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Blumenauer noted that he was among those who had pointed out the vulnerability of New Orleans and encouraged Congress to help that city and the gulf coast get better prepared:

  • 2004: "Barely have we recovered from Hurricane Hugo and we are seeing Hurricane Ivan pose the threat that has long been feared by those in Louisiana, that this actually might represent the loss of the City of New Orleans. Located 15 feet below sea level, there is the potential of a 30-foot wall of water putting at risk $100 billion of infrastructure and industry and countless lives."[30]
  • 2005: "I recently had the opportunity to view the devastation in Southeast Asia as a result of the tsunami. As appalled as I was by what I saw, I must confess that occasionally my thoughts drifted back to the United States. What would have happened if last September, Hurricane Ivan had veered 40 miles to the west, devastating the city of New Orleans? One likely scenario would have had a tsunami-like 30-foot wall of water hitting the city, causing thousands of deaths and $100 billion in damage...The experience of Southeast Asia should convince us all of the urgent need for congressional action to prevent wide-scale loss of life and economic destruction at home and abroad. Prevention and planning will pay off. Maybe the devastation will encourage us to act before disaster strikes."[31]
Blumenauer during the 112th Congress

Blumenauer supports the World Trade Organization[32] and has voted for free trade agreements with Peru, Australia, Singapore, Chile,[33] Africa, and the Caribbean.[34] His support for these agreements has angered progressives, environmental and labor activists. In 2004, he voted against the Central America Free Trade Agreement. On September 24, 2007, four labor and human rights activists were arrested in Blumenauer's office protesting his support for the Peru Free Trade Agreement.[35]

Blumenauer received some media attention during the political debate over health care reform for sponsoring an amendment to the America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 to change procedures to mandate that Medicare pay for end-of-life counseling.[36] The amendment, as introduced, was based on an earlier proposal cosponsored by Blumenauer and Republican Representative Charles Boustany of Louisiana.[37] The amendment generated controversy, with conservative figures, such as 2008vice presidential nominee and former Alaska governorSarah Palin, suggesting that the amendment, if made law, would be used as a cover for the federal government to set up "death panels" that would be used to determine which people received medical treatment.[38] Blumenauer called the claim "mind-numbing" and an "all-time low." His rebuke was echoed by Republican Senator Johnny Isakson of Georgia, who called the death panels claim "nuts."[39]

Blumenauer speaks at the opening ceremony for his namesake bike and pedestrian bridge in Portland, Oregon

On July 24, 2014, Blumenauer introduced the Emergency Afghan Allies Extension Act of 2014 (H.R. 5195; 113th Congress), a bill that would authorize an additional 1,000 emergency Special Immigrant Visas that the United States Department of State could issue to Afghan translators who served with U.S. troops during the War in Afghanistan.[40][41] He argued that "a failure to provide these additional visas ensures the many brave translators the U.S. promised to protect in exchange for their services would be left in Afghanistan, hiding, their lives still threatened daily by the Taliban."[41]

Blumenauer skipped all of President Trump's State of the Union addresses, saying, "I refuse to be a witness to his continued antics."[42][43] In 2019 he was one of the first lawmakers to come out in support of the Green New Deal.[44]

In July 2019, Blumenauer voted against a House resolution introduced by Representative Brad Schneider opposing efforts to boycott the State of Israel and the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement.[45] The resolution passed 398–17.[46]

In November 2020, Blumenauer was named a candidate for Secretary of Transportation in the incomingBiden administration.[47]Pete Buttigieg was eventually chosen instead.[48]

During the 117th Congress, Blumenauer voted with President Joe Biden's stated position 99.1% of the time according to a FiveThirtyEight analysis.[49]

Blumenauer voted to provide Israel with support following the October 7 attacks.[50][51]

On October 30, 2023, Blumenauer announced he would not run for re-election in 2024.[52]

On July 10, 2024, Blumenauer called for Joe Biden to withdraw from the 2024 United States presidential election.[53]

Committee assignments

Caucus memberships

Post-congress

On September 10, 2024, Portland State University announced that following his term, Blumenauer would be joining the faculty as a senior fellow and as special advisor to University President Ann Cudd.[62][63] He also serves as a Presidential Fellow of the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies.[64] Blumenauer began his role on January 3, 2025.[65]

Political positions

In 1996, Blumenauer's first year in Congress, he voted in support of the Defense of Marriage Act, which passed that year. The law was found unconstitutional in 2013 and repealed.[66] Since then he has supported LGBTQ rights.[67]

On October 1, 2015, following the Umpqua Community College shooting, Blumenauer tweeted[68] his report[69] addressing the issue of gun violence in America, Enough is Enough: A Comprehensive Plan to Improve Gun Safety, which he had published earlier that year.[70]

Blumenauer has supported alternative energy sources, health care reform, and continuing federal support for education.[67] He is also known as one of the most fervent advocates for the legalization of marijuana, co-founding the Congressional Cannabis Caucus.[71][72] He was the chief sponsor of a bill to expand the research of medical cannabis and its drug derivatives that passed the House in July 2022 and the Senate in November.[73]

Agriculture

Blumenauer is a longtime advocate of agricultural and food system reform. He repeatedly introduced legislation that would have overhauled U.S. agricultural policy, including provisions that would have imposed restrictions on farm subsidies to concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and livestock feed producers, increased support for smaller-scale farmers, and imposed environmental and welfare standards on large animal agriculture operations.[74][75]

Blumenauer supports increasing federal funding for alternative proteins, including plant-based and cultivated meat. In April 2021, he led a letter by 20 members of Congress requesting $100 million in funding for alternative proteins research and development.[76] In response to a proposal by The Good Food Institute that the Biden administration include $2 billion in alternative proteins funding in the Build Back Better Plan, Blumenauer told New York Times columnist Ezra Klein: "I've never seen anything like this in terms of the volume of money being talked about and the opportunities to do something transformational. It wouldn't take a lot of investment in alternative protein to take it to a whole different level."[77]

Animal welfare

Blumenauer was a co-chair of the Congressional Animal Protection Caucus and supports strong legal protections for animal welfare.[78] In August 2023, he led a bipartisan letter by more than 150 representatives opposing the inclusion of language in the 2023 farm bill that would have invalidated state and local laws regulating animal confinement practices, including restrictions on the sale of goods produced in battery cages, gestation crates, and veal crates.[79] Blumenauer's farm bill proposal would have established nationwide protections for farm animal welfare and eliminated subsidies to intensive animal farming operations.[74]

In February 2009, after a domesticated chimpanzee in Connecticut severely mauled a woman, gaining national attention, Blumenauer sponsored the Captive Primate Safety Act to bar the sale or purchase of non-human primates for personal possession between states and from outside the country.[80] He reintroduced the legislation in 2024.[81] In June 2008, Blumenauer had sponsored legislation to ban interstate trafficking of great apes, which passed the House but was tabled by the Senate.[82]

Personal life

Blumenauer has been married to Margaret Kirkpatrick since 2004.[83]

An avid cyclist, Blumenauer is the founder and was co-chair of the Congressional Bike Caucus.[84][85]

Each year, in the weeks leading up to Christmas, Blumenauer bakes and delivers hundreds of fruitcakes to his colleagues on the Hill.[86][87]

Electoral history

Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 1996, write-ins received 531 votes. In 2000, write-ins received 576 votes. In 2002, write-ins received 1094 votes. In 2014, write-ins received 1,089 votes. In 2018, write-ins received 514 votes.

See also

References

  1. ↑"House Vacancies and Successors – 104th Congress (1995–1997)". Historian of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved April 14, 2026.
  2. ↑"Lobbying Contribution Report for Visa, Inc., Clerk of the House of Representatives". Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  3. ↑Hickman, Leo (July 26, 2011). "It's big, it's green and everyone wants one". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  4. ↑Heil, Emily; Brotherton, Elizabeth (May 20, 2009). "Heard on the Hill: Battle of the Bow Ties". Roll Call. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  5. ↑"Ask Belle: The Blumenauer Bike Pin | Capitol Hill Style". caphillstyle.com. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  6. ↑OPB, Tiffany Camhi (September 11, 2024). "US Rep. Earl Blumenauer to join Portland State University after congressional term ends • Oregon Capital Chronicle". Oregon Capital Chronicle. Retrieved January 30, 2025.
  7. 12345"Earl Blumenauer". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
  8. ↑"Voter Guide for Oregon District 3". National Federation of Independent Business. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  9. ↑"Blumenauer speaks at law commencement". Lewis & Clark Chronicle. Lewis & Clark College. Summer 2002. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  10. 123"About Earl Blumenauer". Blumenauer for Congress. Archived from the original on December 13, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  11. ↑1973 Regular Session (57th).Archived December 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on November 18, 2008.
  12. ↑Durbin, Kathy (April 2, 1981). "Blumenauer learns from loss". The Oregonian, p. B1.
  13. ↑Mayes, Steve (March 18, 1986). "Blumenauer backs 'supercounty' plan". The Oregonian, p. B6.
  14. ↑Read, Richard; and Gordon Oliver (May 21, 1986). "Blumenauer clinches City Council seat". The Oregonian, p. B1.
  15. ↑"Blumenauer takes oath" (January 6, 1987). The Oregonian, p. B8.
  16. ↑Oliver, Gordon; and Lane, Dee (December 17, 1986). "Bureau assignments announced by mayor". The Oregonian, p. 1.
  17. ↑"Members of Congress / Earl Blumenauer". The U.S. Congress Votes Database. washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  18. 12Schrag, John (1999). "Battle of the Bleeding Hearts". Willamette Week 25th Anniversary Edition. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
  19. ↑Parente, Michele (May 26, 1996). "Councilman Blumenauer ends 10-year stint at City Hall". The Sunday Oregonian, p. C7.
  20. ↑"Ralph Lowell Award". Corporation for Public Broadcasting. July 20, 2015. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
  21. ↑"The Corporation for Public Broadcasting Honors Rep. Earl Blumenauer with Lowell Award". Corporation for Public Broadcasting. November 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
  22. ↑"Election Results Final Agate Tally". The Oregonian. May 25, 1996. pp. D2.
  23. ↑"Clinton, Obama campaigns headed Oregon's way". KATU. March 5, 2008. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
  24. ↑Editorial (November 9, 2002). "Fall Voter's Guide 2002". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  25. ↑Hitt, Greg (December 29, 2007). "For Congressman, Life in Bike Lane Comes Naturally". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
  26. ↑"THE FLOOD INSURANCE REFORM ACT OF 2004". Rep. Blumenauer’s office. Archived from the original on December 27, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  27. ↑"President Signs Water for the Poor Act Into Law". Rep. Blumenauer’s office. Archived from the original on December 27, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  28. ↑Kannapell, Andrea (October 13, 2008). "Buried in the Bailout: The Bicycle Commuter Act". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  29. ↑The Genocide Intervention Network gave Blumenauer a grade of A on its DarfurScores.com web site for his legislative actions between 2006 and 2009. "DarfurScores.org: Earl Blumenauer". Genocide Intervention Network. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  30. ↑"Issues". Congressman Earl Blumenauer. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
  31. ↑ "Denuncia contundente en el Congreso: El gobierno federal ignora los llamados de auxilio [ actualizado ] " . Archivado del original el 28 de noviembre de 2006. Consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2006 .
  32. ↑ "EE. UU. debería seguir participando activamente en la OMC", archivado el 2 de diciembre de 2009 en Wayback Machine . Representante Earl Blumenauer.
  33. ↑ "Earl Blumenauer sobre el libre comercio" . Ontheissues.org. Archivado del original el 11 de junio de 2011. Consultado el 23 de agosto de 2010 .
  34. ↑ "Proyecto Vote Smart – El representante Blumenauer sobre el proyecto de ley HR 434 – Ley de Libre Comercio con África" . Votesmart.org . Archivado del original el 6 de agosto de 2023. Consultado el 23 de agosto de 2010 .
  35. ↑ Moore, Scott (27 de septiembre de 2007). "Secreto comercial" . Portland Mercury . Archivado del original el 20 de marzo de 2009. Recuperado el 28 de septiembre de 2007 .
  36. ↑ Alonso-Zaldivar, Ricardo (29 de octubre de 2009). "¡Está vivo! Asesoramiento al final de la vida en el proyecto de ley de salud" . The Associated Press .
  37. ↑ Goldberg, Michelle (4 de agosto de 2009). "La máquina de mentiras de la atención médica" . The Daily Beast . Archivado del original el 5 de mayo de 2010. Recuperado el 11 de agosto de 2009 .
  38. ↑ Farber, Daniel (8 de agosto de 2009). "Palin opina sobre la reforma sanitaria" . CBS News . Archivado del original el 19 de septiembre de 2009. Consultado el 11 de agosto de 2009 .
  39. ↑ Daly, Matthew (14 de agosto de 2009). "Palin mantiene su afirmación sobre el 'comité de la muerte'" . Associated Press.
  40. ↑ "HR 5195 – Resumen" . Congreso de los Estados Unidos . Consultado el 1 de agosto de 2014 .
  41. 1 2 "Blumenauer y Kinzinger celebran la aprobación de la Ley de Extensión de Emergencia para los Aliados Afganos" . Oficina de la Cámara de Representantes del conde Blumenauer. Archivado del original el 1 de agosto de 2014. Recuperado el 1 de agosto de 2014 .
  42. ↑ Karanth, Sanjana (4 de febrero de 2019). "Algunos demócratas se niegan a asistir al discurso del Estado de la Unión de Trump" . Huffington Post . Archivado del original el 14 de febrero de 2019. Recuperado el 14 de febrero de 2019 .
  43. ↑ Grupo, Pamplin Media (5 de febrero de 2019). "Blumenauer volverá a faltar al discurso del Estado de la Unión de Trump" . Portland Tribune . Archivado del original el 15 de mayo de 2019. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2019 .{{cite web}}: |last=tiene nombre genérico ( ayuda )
  44. ↑ "Los primeros legisladores que respaldan la resolución del Nuevo Pacto Verde de Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez" . Axios . Archivado del original el 15 de mayo de 2019. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2019 .
  45. ↑ Clare Foran (24 de julio de 2019). "¿Quién votó 'no' a la resolución de la Cámara de Representantes que se opone al movimiento de boicot a Israel?" . CNN . Archivado del original el 24 de julio de 2019. Consultado el 25 de julio de 2019 .
  46. ↑ Schneider, Bradley Scott (23 de julio de 2019). "H.Res.246 - 116.º Congreso (2019-2020): Oposición a los esfuerzos por deslegitimar al Estado de Israel y al Movimiento Global de Boicot, Desinversión y Sanciones contra Israel" . congress.gov . Archivado del original el 24 de julio de 2019. Consultado el 25 de julio de 2019 .
  47. ↑ "Conozca a los aspirantes al gabinete de Biden" . Politico . 7 de noviembre de 2020. Archivado del original el 7 de noviembre de 2020. Consultado el 13 de noviembre de 2020 .
  48. ↑ "Joe Biden elige a Pete Buttigieg como secretario de transporte" . CNN . 15 de diciembre de 2020. Archivado del original el 16 de diciembre de 2020. Consultado el 14 de julio de 2021 .
  49. ↑ Bycoffe, Aaron; Wiederkehr, Anna (22 de abril de 2021). "¿Su representante en el Congreso vota con o contra Biden?" . FiveThirtyEight . Archivado del original el 23 de abril de 2021. Consultado el 15 de noviembre de 2023 .
  50. ↑ Demirjian, Karoun (25 de octubre de 2023). "La Cámara declara su solidaridad con Israel en la primera legislación bajo el mandato del nuevo presidente" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Consultado el 30 de octubre de 2023 . 
  51. ↑ Washington, Capitolio de los Estados Unidos, Sala H154; pág. 225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (25 de octubre de 2023). "Llamada nominal 528, número de proyecto de ley: H. Res. 771, 118.º Congreso, 1.ª sesión" . Oficina del Secretario, Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos . Consultado el 30 de octubre de 2023 .{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: nombres numéricos: lista de autores ( enlace )
  52. ↑ Jaquiss, Nigel (30 de octubre de 2023). "Earl Blumenauer no se presentará a la reelección" . Willamette Week . Archivado del original el 31 de octubre de 2023. Consultado el 30 de octubre de 2023 .
  53. ↑ "Blumenauer se convierte en el noveno demócrata de la Cámara de Representantes que pide la dimisión de Biden" . The Hill . 10 de julio de 2024. Consultado el 11 de julio de 2024 .
  54. ↑ "Miembros del Caucus" . Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos. Archivado del original el 14 de enero de 2021. Recuperado el 3 de enero de 2021 .
  55. ↑ "Legisladores a favor de la legalización del cannabis han creado un grupo parlamentario sobre el tema" . Fortune . 16 de febrero de 2017. Archivado del original el 20 de noviembre de 2020. Consultado el 18 de febrero de 2017 .
  56. ↑ "Instituto de la Coalición Congresional sobre la Adopción" .
  57. ↑ "Membresía" . Caucus de Artes del Congreso. Archivado del original el 12 de junio de 2018. Recuperado el 21 de marzo de 2018 .
  58. ↑ "Nuestros miembros" . Grupo parlamentario internacional sobre conservación de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos. Archivado del original el 1 de agosto de 2018. Consultado el 1 de agosto de 2018 .
  59. ↑ "90 miembros actuales del Caucus de Soluciones Climáticas" . Citizen's Climate Lobby. Archivado del original el 15 de mayo de 2019. Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2018 .
  60. ↑ "Miembros" . Caucus EE. UU.-Japón. Archivado del original el 7 de septiembre de 2016. Recuperado el 1 de diciembre de 2018 .
  61. ↑ "Membresía" . Grupo Parlamentario para la Enmienda de Igualdad de Derechos. Archivado del original el 18 de septiembre de 2024. Consultado el 17 de septiembre de 2024 .
  62. ↑ "El representante estadounidense Earl Blumenauer se unirá a la Universidad Estatal de Portland después de que termine su mandato en el Congreso" . opb . Consultado el 30 de enero de 2025 .
  63. ↑ "La Universidad Estatal de Portland contratará al congresista Earl Blumenauer para impulsar el futuro de Portland | Universidad Estatal de Portland" . www.pdx.edu . Consultado el 30 de enero de 2025 .
  64. ↑ "Conozca a Earl Blumenauer | Universidad Estatal de Portland" . www.pdx.edu . Consultado el 30 de enero de 2025 .
  65. ↑ OPB, Tiffany Camhi (11 de septiembre de 2024). "El representante estadounidense Earl Blumenauer se unirá a la Universidad Estatal de Portland después de que termine su mandato en el Congreso • Oregon Capital Chronicle" . Oregon Capital Chronicle . Consultado el 30 de enero de 2025 .
  66. ↑ "Conozca a los demócratas que votaron a favor de la Ley de Defensa del Matrimonio" . Reason Foundation . 27 de junio de 2013. Archivado del original el 14 de julio de 2013. Consultado el 10 de julio de 2013 .
  67. 1 2 "Temas" . Archivado del original el 24 de marzo de 2018. Recuperado el 24 de marzo de 2018 .
  68. ↑ @repblumenauer (1 de octubre de 2015). "Espero que podamos reunir el coraje político necesario para detener la violencia armada. Necesitamos más que pensamientos y oraciones. Necesitamos acción. http://1.usa.gov/1Jm6MUY" ( Tweet ) – vía Twitter .
  69. ↑ Blumenauer, Earl (2015). "Ya basta: Un plan integral para mejorar la seguridad con las armas" (PDF) . Congresista Earl Blumenauer . Archivado del original (PDF) el 11 de octubre de 2015. Recuperado el 4 de octubre de 2015 .
  70. ↑ Oesch, Elishah (9 de febrero de 2015). "El plan de armas de Blumenauer: 'Ya basta'"" . Koin.com . Portland, OR: Koin 6 News. Archivado del original el 2 de agosto de 2015 . Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2015 .
  71. ↑ Higdon, James (24 de abril de 2018). "El gran momento de la marihuana legal" . Revista POLITICO . Archivado del original el 10 de abril de 2022. Recuperado el 24 de abril de 2018 .
  72. ↑ Salant, Jonathan D. (20 de abril de 2018). "Esto es lo que el principal demócrata del Senado de EE. UU. dice ahora sobre la marihuana" . NJ.com . Archivado del original el 24 de abril de 2018. Recuperado el 24 de abril de 2018 .
  73. ↑ Salant, Jonathan D. (17 de noviembre de 2022). "La legislación sobre el cannabis es aprobada por primera vez en el Congreso y se dirige a Biden" . NJ.com . Archivado del original el 22 de noviembre de 2022. Consultado el 22 de noviembre de 2022 .
  74. 1 2 Scotten, Marin (26 de julio de 2023). "La búsqueda obsesiva de un demócrata por cambiar la forma en que se cultiva y alimenta a Estados Unidos" . The Guardian . Archivado del original el 26 de julio de 2023. Recuperado el 18 de junio de 2025 .
  75. ↑ Douglas, Leah (16 de noviembre de 2017). "Nace una ley agrícola radical" . Civil Eats . Archivado del original el 28 de febrero de 2018. Recuperado el 18 de junio de 2025 .
  76. ↑ "Informe sobre el estado de las políticas globales de 2021" (PDF) . The Good Food Institute. Archivado del original (PDF) el 11 de junio de 2025. Consultado el 18 de junio de 2025 .
  77. ↑ Klein, Ezra (24 de abril de 2021). "Lancemos un proyecto ambicioso para la carne sin carne" . The New York Times . Archivado del original el 7 de enero de 2025. Recuperado el 18 de junio de 2025 .
  78. ↑ "Blumenauer lideró la protección animal" . Oregon Live . The Oregonian . 5 de noviembre de 2023. Consultado el 14 de junio de 2025 .
  79. ↑ Downs, Garrett (21 de agosto de 2023). "La oposición a EATS golpea al Congreso" . Politico . Archivado del original el 25 de agosto de 2023. Recuperado el 14 de junio de 2025 .
  80. ↑ "HR80 Ley de Seguridad para Primates en Cautiverio" . OpenCongress . Archivado del original el 13 de febrero de 2009.
  81. ↑ "Blumenthal, Blumenauer y Fitzpatrick presentan legislación bipartidista y bicameral para prohibir la posesión privada de primates" . Richard Blumenthal (senador de EE. UU.) . 1 de mayo de 2024. Consultado el 3 de septiembre de 2024 .
  82. ↑ Pope, Charles (24 de febrero de 2009). "La Cámara aprueba el proyecto de ley Blumenauer para restringir la venta de primates" . The Oregonian. Archivado del original el 27 de febrero de 2009. Recuperado el 27 de febrero de 2009 .
  83. ↑ "Margaret D. Kirkpatrick - Pearl Legal Group" . Archivado del original el 24 de diciembre de 2019. Consultado el 24 de diciembre de 2019 .
  84. ↑ Dean, Cornelia (12 de enero de 2009). "Un evangelista de la bicicleta con el viento a su favor" . The New York Times . Archivado del original el 24 de diciembre de 2019. Recuperado el 24 de diciembre de 2019 .
  85. ↑ "El Caucus Ciclista del Congreso" . 13 de septiembre de 2016. Archivado del original el 24 de diciembre de 2019. Recuperado el 24 de diciembre de 2019 .
  86. ↑ Archivado en Ghostarchivey la Wayback Machine" El pastel de frutas alegra a ambos lados del hemiciclo en el Congreso" . YouTube . 23 de diciembre de 2018.
  87. ↑ "Pastel de frutas y 1000 bicicletas" . 25 de noviembre de 2015. Archivado del original el 24 de diciembre de 2019. Consultado el 24 de diciembre de 2019 .
  88. ↑ "Estadísticas electorales, 1920 hasta la actualidad" . Historia, arte y archivos de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos . Oficina del Historiador de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos. Archivado del original el 3 de enero de 2013. Consultado el 25 de marzo de 2019 .
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