Articulo de referencia

Existential closedness conjecture

Domain colouring plot of exp ⁡ ( z ) − z {\displaystyle \exp(z)-z} in the complex plane. Black points represent the zeroes of the function. In mathematics , specifically in the ...

Domain colouring plot of exp(z)z{\displaystyle \exp(z)-z} in the complex plane. Black points represent the zeroes of the function.

In mathematics, specifically in the fields of model theory and complex geometry, Existential Closedness problems aim to determine when systems of equations in several variables involving addition, multiplication, and some special meromorphic transcendental functions (e.g. exponential or modular functions) have solutions in the complex numbers. This question arises naturally in model theory of analytic functions. For certain transcendental functions, this question is conjecturally answered by the Existential Closedness conjecture for the function under consideration. These conjectures can be seen as generalisations of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra and Hilbert's Nullstellensatz which are about solvability of (systems of) polynomial equations in the complex numbers.

An Existential Closedness conjecture was first proposed by Boris Zilber in his work on the model theory of complex exponentiation.[1][2] Zilber's conjecture is known as Exponential Closedness or Exponential Algebraic Closedness and covers the case of Existential Closedness when the transcendental function involved is the complex exponential function. It was later generalised to exponential functions of semiabelian varieties,[3] and analogous conjectures were proposed for modular functions[4] and Shimura varieties.[5]

Statement

Informally, given a complex transcendental function f{\displaystyle f}, the Existential Closedness conjecture for f{\displaystyle f} states that systems of equations involving field operations and f{\displaystyle f} always have solutions in C{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } unless the existence of a solution would trivially contradict the (hypothetical) algebraic and transcendental properties of f{\displaystyle f}. Two precise cases are considered below.

Exponential Closedness

In the case of the exponential functionexp:CC×:zez{\displaystyle \exp :\mathbb {C} \to \mathbb {C} ^{\times }:z\mapsto e^{z}} , the algebraic property referred to above is given by the identity exp(z1+z2)=exp(z1)exp(z2){\displaystyle \exp(z_{1}+z_{2})=\exp(z_{1})\cdot \exp(z_{2})}. Its transcendental properties are assumed to be captured by Schanuel's conjecture. The latter is a long-standing open problem in transcendental number theory and implies in particular that e{\displaystyle e} and π{\displaystyle \pi } are algebraically independent over the rationals.

Some systems of equations cannot have solutions because of these properties. For instance, the system z2=2z1+1,exp(z2)=(exp(z1))2{\displaystyle z_{2}=2z_{1}+1,\exp(z_{2})=(\exp(z_{1}))^{2}} has no solutions, and similarly for any non-zero polynomial p(X,Y){\displaystyle p(X,Y)} with rational coefficients the system exp(z)=1,p(z,exp(1))=0{\displaystyle \exp(z)=-1,p(z,\exp(1))=0} has no solution if we assume e{\displaystyle e} and π{\displaystyle \pi } are algebraically independent.[6] The latter is an example of an overdetermined system, where we have more equations than variables. Exponential Closedness states that a system of equations, which is not overdetermined and which cannot be reduced to an overdetermined system by using the above-mentioned algebraic property of exp{\displaystyle \exp }, always has solutions in the complex numbers. Formally, every free and rotund system of exponential equations has a solution. Freeness and rotundity are technical conditions capturing the notion of a non-overdetermined system.

Modular Existential Closedness

In the modular setting the transcendental function under consideration is the j{\displaystyle j}-function. Its algebraic properties are governed by the transformation rules under the action of GL2+(Q){\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} _{2}^{+}(\mathbb {Q} )} – the group of 2×2{\displaystyle 2\times 2} rational matrices with positive determinant – on the upper half-plane. The transcendental properties of j{\displaystyle j} are captured by the Modular Schanuel Conjecture.[4]

Modular Existential Closedness states that every free and broad system of equations involving field operations and the j{\displaystyle j}-function has a complex solution, where freeness and broadness play the role of freeness and rotundity mentioned above.

La existencia de cierre puede considerarse una afirmación dual de la conjetura de Schanuel o su análogo en el contexto adecuado. Schanuel implica que ciertos sistemas de ecuaciones no pueden tener soluciones (o soluciones que sean independientes en algún sentido, por ejemplo, linealmente independientes), como demuestra el ejemplo anterior de ecuaciones exponenciales. Entonces, la existencia de cierre puede interpretarse, en términos generales, como la afirmación de que existen soluciones a menos que su existencia contradiga la conjetura de Schanuel. Este es el enfoque utilizado por Zilber. [ 2 ] Su axiomatización de la pseudoexponenciación incluye prominentemente a Schanuel y una versión fuerte de la existencia de cierre, que de hecho es dual a Schanuel. Esta versión fuerte predice la existencia de soluciones genéricas y se deduce de la combinación de las conjeturas de existencia de cierre, Schanuel y Zilber-Pink . [ 7 ] Sin embargo, la existencia de cierre es una conjetura natural por derecho propio y tiene sentido sin asumir necesariamente la conjetura de Schanuel (ni ninguna otra conjetura). De hecho, la conjetura de Schanuel se considera inalcanzable [ 8 ], mientras que el cierre existencial parece ser mucho más manejable, como lo demuestran los desarrollos recientes, algunos de los cuales se discuten a continuación.

Terminología

El nombre de Cerradura Existencial proviene de la propiedad de las estructuras propia de la teoría de modelos, conocida como cierre existencial , que describe el caso en que fórmulas sin cuantificadores, cuya realización en un modelo mayor ya existe en el modelo original. En el contexto de las funciones complejas, la conjetura de la Cerradura Existencial no implica que el cuerpo complejo dotado de la función dada sea existencialmente cerrado en un sentido de primer orden; en cambio, es existencialmente cerrado en ciertas extensiones autosuficientes .

Resultados parciales y casos especiales

La conjetura de la clausura existencial está abierta en su totalidad general tanto en el contexto exponencial como en el modular, pero se han demostrado muchos casos especiales y versiones débiles. Por ejemplo, la conjetura (en ambos contextos) se ha demostrado asumiendo una proyección dominante : cualquier sistema de ecuaciones polinómicas en las variablesz1,...,znorte{\displaystyle z_{1},...,z_{n}}yexp(z1),...,exp(znorte){\displaystyle \exp(z_{1}),...,\exp(z_{n})}(oj(z1),...,j(znorte){\displaystyle j(z_{1}),...,j(z_{n})}), lo cual no implica ninguna relación algebraica entrez1,...,znorte{\displaystyle z_{1},...,z_{n}}, tiene soluciones complejas. [ 9 ] [ 6 ] [ 10 ] Otro caso especial importante es la resolubilidad de sistemas de tipo elevación a potencias . [ 11 ] También se han demostrado análogos diferenciales/funcionales de la conjetura de cierre existencial. [ 12 ]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Zilber, Boris (2002), "Ecuaciones de sumas exponenciales y la conjetura de Schanuel", J. London Math. Soc. , 65 (2): 27– 44, doi : 10.1112/S0024610701002861.
  2. 1 2 Zilber, Boris (2005), "Pseudoexponenciación en cuerpos algebraicamente cerrados de característica cero." , Ann. Pure Appl. Logic. , 132 (1): 67–95 , doi : 10.1016/j.apal.2004.07.001.
  3. Bays, Martin; Kirby, Jonathan (2018), "Mapas pseudoexponenciales, variantes y cuasiminimalidad", Álgebra y Teoría de Números , 12 (3): 493– 549, arXiv : 1512.04262 , doi : 10.2140/ant.2018.12.493.
  4. 1 2 Aslanyan, Vahagn; Kirby, Jonathan (2022), "Desenfoques de laj{\displaystyle j}-función", Quarterly Journal of Mathematics , 72 (2): 461– 475, arXiv : 2005.10167 , doi : 10.1093/qmath/haab037.
  5. Eterović, Sebastian; Zhao, Roy (2025), "Variedades algebraicas y funciones automorfas", International Mathematics Research Notices (4), arXiv : 2107.10392 , doi : 10.1093/imrn/rnaf029
  6. 1 2 Aslanyan, Vahagn; Kirby, Jonathan; Mantova, Vincenzo (2023), "Un enfoque geométrico para algunos sistemas de ecuaciones exponenciales", International Mathematics Research Notices , 2023 (5): 4046– 4081, arXiv : 2105.12679 , doi : 10.1093/imrn/rnab340.
  7. Kirby, Jonathan; Zilber, Boris (2014), "Campos exponencialmente cerrados y la conjetura sobre intersecciones con toros", Annals of Pure and Applied Logic , 165 (11): 1680–1706 , arXiv : 1108.1075 , doi : 10.1016/j.apal.2014.06.002.
  8. Aslanyan, Vahagn (2024), "The Existential Closedness and Zilber–Pink conjectures", Model Theory , 3 (2): 599– 624, arXiv : 2403.09304 , doi : 10.2140/mt.2024.3.599.
  9. Brownawell, Dale; Masser, David (2017), "Zero estimates with moving targets"(PDF), J. Lond. Math. Soc., 95 (2): 441–454, doi:10.1112/jlms.12014.
  10. Eterović, Sebastian; Herrero, Sebastián (2021), "Solutions of equations involving the modular j{\displaystyle j}-function", Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 374 (6): 3971–3998, arXiv:1907.09858, doi:10.1090/tran/8244.
  11. Gallinaro, Francesco (2023), "Exponential sums equations and tropical geometry", Selecta Mathematica, 29 (49), arXiv:2203.13767, doi:10.1007/s00029-023-00853-y.
  12. Aslanyan, Vahagn; Eterović, Sebastian; Kirby, Jonathan (2021), "Differential existential closedness for the j{\displaystyle j}-function", Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 149: 1417–1429, arXiv:2003.10996, doi:10.1090/proc/15333.