Las relaciones exteriores de Turquía se refieren a los lazos diplomáticos y comerciales entre Turquía y otras naciones. [ 1 ] A diciembre de 2024, Turquía mantiene relaciones diplomáticas con 189 Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Antes de declarar la guerra a las potencias del Eje el 23 de febrero de 1945, [ 5 ] el principal aliado de Turquía había sido Estados Unidos , y ambos países buscaban contener la expansión soviética . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] En apoyo a las Naciones Unidas , Turquía aportó personal a la Guerra de Corea en 1950 y se unió a la OTAN en 1952. [ 8 ]
Las relaciones de Turquía con el mundo árabe e Irán se han visto tensas debido a su reconocimiento de Israel en 1949 y su alianza con Israel durante el conflicto israelí-palestino . [ 9 ] [ 1 ] Esto posteriormente condujo al apoyo abierto de Siria a las operaciones de militantes palestinos y armenios contra diplomáticos turcos en el extranjero hasta 1990. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
Historia
Históricamente, las relaciones exteriores del Imperio Otomano y, posteriormente, de Turquía, equilibraron a las potencias regionales y globales entre sí, formando alianzas que protegían mejor los intereses del régimen de turno. [ 13 ] La Unión Soviética desempeñó un papel importante en el suministro de armas y la financiación de la facción de Mustafa Kemal Atatürk durante la Guerra de Independencia turca , pero Turquía siguió un camino de relativo aislamiento internacional durante el período de las reformas de Atatürk en las décadas de 1920 y 1930. Las conferencias internacionales otorgaron a Turquía el control total de los estratégicos estrechos que conectan el Mar Negro y el Mediterráneo mediante el Tratado de Lausana de 1923 y la Convención de Montreux de 1936. [ 14 ]
A finales de la década de 1930, la Alemania nazi realizó un gran esfuerzo para promover propaganda antisoviética en Turquía. En respuesta, Gran Bretaña y Francia negociaron un tratado tripartito con Turquía en 1939, en el que le otorgaron una línea de crédito para comprar material bélico a Occidente y un préstamo para facilitar la compra de materias primas. [ 15 ] Tras las amenazas de Alemania y la Unión Soviética, Turquía mantuvo la neutralidad. [ 16 ] Vendió cromo —un importante material bélico— a ambos bandos, pero en 1944, a medida que la eventual derrota alemana se hacía más evidente, las ventas de cromo a Alemania cesaron. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ]
Después de 1945

Turquía se convirtió en uno de los primeros miembros del Consejo de Europa en 1950. Solicitó su ingreso pleno en la CEE en 1987, se unió a la Unión Aduanera Europea en 1995 e inició las negociaciones de adhesión a la Unión Europea en 2005. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] En una votación no vinculante del 13 de marzo de 2019, el Parlamento Europeo instó a los gobiernos de la UE a suspender las conversaciones de adhesión con Turquía, alegando violaciones de los derechos humanos y del estado de derecho. Las negociaciones, que han estado efectivamente paralizadas desde 2018, siguen activas a partir de 2025. [ 23 ]
Según el gobierno de Estados Unidos, otro aspecto definitorio de la política exterior de Turquía ha sido la alianza estratégica de larga data del país con Estados Unidos . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] La Doctrina Truman de 1947 enunció las intenciones estadounidenses de garantizar la seguridad de Turquía y Grecia durante la Guerra Fría , y resultó en un amplio apoyo militar y económico de Estados Unidos a estos países. En 1948, tanto Turquía como Grecia fueron incluidas en el Plan Marshall y la OEEC para la reconstrucción de las economías europeas. [ 26 ]
Turquía se unió a la OTAN en 1952, fortaleciendo sus lazos bilaterales con Estados Unidos. En las décadas siguientes, Turquía se benefició del apoyo político, económico y diplomático estadounidense, especialmente en asuntos cruciales como su persistente candidatura a la adhesión a la Unión Europea. [ 27 ] En la era posterior a la Guerra Fría, la importancia geoestratégica de Turquía se desplazó hacia su proximidad a Oriente Medio , el Cáucaso y los Balcanes. [ 28 ]
La independencia de los estados túrquicos de la Unión Soviética en 1991, con los que Turquía comparte un patrimonio cultural, histórico y lingüístico común , permitió a Turquía extender sus relaciones económicas y políticas profundamente en Asia Central . [ 29 ] La Organización Internacional de la Cultura Túrquica (TURKSOY) se estableció en 1993, y la Organización de los Estados Túrquicos (OTS) se estableció en 2009. El oleoducto Bakú-Tiflis-Ceyhan , un oleoducto de petróleo y gas natural multimillonario que se extiende desde Bakú en Azerbaiyán hasta el puerto de Ceyhan en Turquía, es parte del objetivo de la política exterior de Turquía de convertirse en un conducto energético desde la cuenca del Mar Caspio hacia Europa. Turquía selló su frontera terrestre con Armenia en un gesto de apoyo a Azerbaiyán (un estado túrquico en la región del Cáucaso) durante la Primera (1993) y la Segunda (2020) Guerra de Nagorno-Karabaj. La frontera permanece cerrada a partir de 2025, abriéndose solo dos veces para permitir el paso de ayuda. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] En 2022, Armenia y Turquía iniciaron conversaciones diplomáticas para normalizar la relación entre ambos países. Turquía y Armenia también reanudaron los vuelos comerciales entre ambos países. [ 32 ]
Bajo el gobierno del AKP (2002-presente), la economía de Turquía ha crecido rápidamente y la influencia del país se ha expandido en Oriente Medio basándose en una doctrina de profundidad estratégica, aunque esta doctrina ha sido acusada de neo-otomanismo . [ 33 ] [ 34 ] El debate sobre las relaciones exteriores de Turquía es controvertido tanto dentro de Turquía como a nivel internacional. En Occidente, existe una división entre quienes están preocupados por el supuesto alejamiento de Turquía de Occidente hacia una orientación menos democrática, más islámica o más prorrusa y prochina [ 35 ] y quienes no ven la cambiante estructura política de Turquía, su creciente poder regional y la diversificación de sus relaciones con países como Rusia como una amenaza. [ 36 ]
Relaciones con la Unión Europea
El 14 de abril de 1987, Turquía solicitó su ingreso en la Comunidad Económica Europea (actualmente la Unión Europea ). El 12 de diciembre de 1999, en la Cumbre de Helsinki, el Consejo Europeo otorgó a Turquía el estatus de país candidato a la adhesión a la UE , siguiendo la recomendación de la Comisión en su segundo Informe Ordinario sobre Turquía. El 3 de agosto de 2002, el Parlamento turco abolió la pena de muerte para allanar el camino al inicio de las negociaciones de adhesión a la UE. El 16 de diciembre de 2004, el Consejo Europeo decidió iniciar las negociaciones de adhesión para que Turquía se convirtiera en miembro de pleno derecho de la Unión Europea. [ 37 ] El 3 de octubre de 2005, la Unión Europea decidió abrir oficialmente las negociaciones de adhesión con Turquía. [ 38 ] El 24 de noviembre de 2016, el Parlamento Europeo votó a favor de suspender las negociaciones de adhesión con Turquía debido a preocupaciones relacionadas con los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho. [ 39 ] El 25 de abril de 2017, la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa (PACE) adoptó por unanimidad un llamamiento para que Turquía volviera a estar bajo supervisión debido a los retrocesos en materia de democracia, derechos humanos, Estado de derecho, libertad de expresión e independencia judicial. Turquía salió oficialmente del proceso de supervisión por última vez en 2004, cuando inició las negociaciones de adhesión a la Unión Europea. [ 40 ] El 26 de junio de 2018, el Consejo de Asuntos Generales de la UE declaró que «el Consejo observa que Turquía se ha ido alejando cada vez más de la Unión Europea. Por consiguiente, las negociaciones de adhesión de Turquía se han estancado de hecho y no se pueden considerar nuevos capítulos para su apertura o cierre, ni se prevé ningún trabajo adicional para la modernización de la Unión Aduanera UE-Turquía ». El Consejo añadió que está «especialmente preocupado por el continuo y profundamente inquietante retroceso en materia de Estado de derecho y derechos fundamentales, incluida la libertad de expresión». [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] El 19 de mayo de 2021, el Parlamento Europeo aceptó por unanimidad la petición de suspender las negociaciones de adhesión entre la Unión Europea y Turquía. [ 44 ] Si bien Turquía mantiene oficialmente relaciones diplomáticas con 26 Estados miembros de la UE , no mantiene relaciones diplomáticas con 1 Estado miembro de la UE ( Chipre ).
Relaciones diplomáticas
A pesar de ser uno de los primeros países en reconocer la independencia de Armenia , Turquía nunca ha establecido relaciones diplomáticas formales con ella. [ 45 ] Turquía mantuvo anteriormente relaciones diplomáticas con Chipre y Taiwán .
Lista de países con los que Turquía mantiene relaciones diplomáticas:
Relaciones bilaterales
Multilateral
África
Tras 1998, se ha producido un resurgimiento de las relaciones de Turquía con África, siendo la sociedad civil el factor principal en este proceso. [ 230 ] Inicialmente, este resurgimiento se manifestó como un intento pasivo, pero después de 2005 se convirtió en un interés proactivo por desarrollar relaciones con el continente. La Cumbre de Cooperación Turquía-África de 2008 marcó una nueva etapa en el interés de Turquía por desarrollar relaciones con África. [ 231 ] Desde su intervención en Somalia en 2011, Turquía aspira a ser considerada un actor político en el continente. [ 232 ] [ 233 ]
África del Norte
África subsahariana
Desde 2008, las relaciones económicas y diplomáticas con África han florecido debido a un fuerte sentimiento de hermandad entre el pueblo turco hacia los africanos . El comercio exterior entre el África subsahariana y Turquía aumentó de 581 millones de dólares [ 255 ] en 1998 a 5.080 millones de dólares [ 256 ] en 2015.
Las relaciones de Turquía con el África subsahariana, que se remontan a 1800, florecieron desde la década de 1860 —cuando el Imperio Otomano comenzó a enviar imanes capacitados a la región— hasta 1885, cuando otras potencias coloniales europeas bloquearon la influencia otomana . [ 257 ] Las relaciones se restablecieron en la década de 1950, [ 258 ] y cobraron impulso cuando el emperador Haile Selassie visitó Turquía en marzo de 1967 y diciembre de 1969. [ 259 ]
Desde 2008, Turquía ha contribuido a la región mediante la participación en misiones de mantenimiento de la paz, incluyendo la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Costa de Marfil (UNOC), la República Democrática del Congo , Liberia , la República Centroafricana y Chad . [ 260 ]
Turquía también ha incrementado drásticamente la ayuda financiera a la región, [ 255 ] proporcionando un total de US$6.38 mil millones a la región solo entre 2006 y 2011 [ 261 ] incluyendo la donación de US$200 millones en 2011 para combatir la hambruna en África Oriental. [ 260 ]
América
Cono Sur
América del norte
caribe
América Central
América Latina, resto de
Asia y Oceanía
estados turcos
Asia-Pacífico
Asia occidental
Europa
International organizations
Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),[658] the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),[659] the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (1969),[660] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),[661] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.[662]
Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as a strategic eastern anchor. Its strategic importance lies in its control of the Turkish Straits, which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its borders with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir and the United States has maintained a military presence via the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.[663]
Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership[664] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.[665]
See also
References
- 12Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
- ↑"Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank". Lowy Institute. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ↑England, Andrew (26 October 2020). "UAE vs Turkey: the regional rivalries pitting MBZ against Erdoğan". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ↑Gardner, David (30 September 2020). "Erdoğan is in danger of overreaching with foreign interventions". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑Çağlar, İsmail, and Kevser Hülya Akdemir. "Turkey and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization." Turkey and Transatlantic Relations. Washington DC: Centre for Transatlantic Relations (2017): 35-48. https://archive.transatlanticrelations.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ch03-1.pdf
- ↑Migdalovitz, Carol. "Turkey: Ally in a Troubled Region." Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 93-835F. Washington: 14 September 1993.
- ↑Karasapan, Omer. "Turkey and US Strategy in the Age of Glasnost," Middle East Report, No. 160, September–October 1989, pp. 4–10, 22.
- ↑Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
- ↑Fuller, Graham E., Ian O. Lesser, Paul B. Henze, and J.F. Brown. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.
- ↑United States. Department of Defense. Terrorist Group Profiles. Washington: GPO, 1988.
- ↑United States. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1992. Washington: 1993.
- ↑United States. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism 1993. Washington: 1994.
- ↑William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
- ↑J.M. Hakov, "The Great States, Turkey and Issue Concerning the New Regime of the Straits during the First Years of World War Two." Archiv Orientální 54 (1986): 47–60.
- ↑Yücel Güçlü, "Turco-British relations on the eve of the Second World War." Middle Eastern Studies 39.4 (2003): 159–205.
- ↑Onur Isci, "The Massigli Affair and its Context: Turkish Foreign Policy after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact." Journal of Contemporary History (2019): DOI: 10.1177/0022009419833443. onlineArchived 6 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑Gül İnanç, "The politics of 'active neutrality' on the eve of a new world order: The case of Turkish chrome sales during the Second World War." Middle Eastern Studies 42.6 (2006): 907–915.
- ↑S. Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality (Cambridge 1989).
- ↑N. Tamkin, Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union, 1940–1945 (London 2009).
- ↑US Congressional Research Service, July 11, 2024 https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/IF10487.pdf
- ↑"Chronology of Turkey-EU relations". Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
- ↑"Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM"(PDF). European Commission. 15 October 2006. Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 November 2006. Retrieved 17 December 2006.
- ↑"European Parliament votes to suspend Turkey's EU membership bid". Deutsche Welle. 13 March 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ↑"U.S. Relations With Turkey". state.gov. U.S. Department of State. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ↑"Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations"(PDF). fas.org. 22 December 2022. Archived(PDF) from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ↑Huston, James A. (1988). Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953. Susquehanna University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-941664-84-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
- ↑Ziya Öniş, ŞuhnazYılmaz. "Turkey-EU-US Triangle in Perspective: Transformation or Continuity?"(PDF). istanbul2004.ku.edu.tr/. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ↑Mitrovic, Marija (24 March 2014). Steinsdorff, Silvia Von; Altunisik, Meliha (eds.). Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans(PDF). Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. doi:10.18452/3090. Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014– via edoc.hu-berlin.de Open access publication server of the Humboldt University.
- ↑İdris Bal (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era. Universal-Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ↑Elanchenny, Susae (2010). Breaking the Ice The Role of Civil Society and Media in Turkey-Armenia Relations An Evaluation of the 'Dialogue-Building between Turkey and Armenia' Project. Istanbul: Istanbul Kültür University. p. 9. ISBN 978-605-4233-80-9.
- ↑nikama (21 March 2025). "Armenia–Turkey border opens for 10 days - what's next?". Jamnews in English. Retrieved 19 June 2025.
- ↑"Turkey, Armenia hold 2nd diplomatic talks aimed at normalization". Daily Sabah. March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- ↑Taspinar, Omer (September 2008). "Turkey's Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 15 September 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ↑Murinson, Alexander (2009). Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Caucasus (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics). Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-415-77892-3.
- ↑Taylor, Adam (16 May 2017). "U.S. ally Turkey may have a new best friend in Beijing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ↑Kubilay Yado Arin: The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2013. ISBN 9783865737199.
- ↑"EU agrees to Turkey entry talks". cnn.com. 16 December 2004.
- ↑"European Union Formally Opens Talks on Turkey's Joining". The New York Times. 4 October 2005. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ↑"Freeze EU accession talks with Turkey until it halts repression, urge MEPs". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ↑"Turkey's EU bid in jeopardy after Council of Europe vote". Euractiv. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ↑"EU Council issues strong message about Turkey's obligations". Cyprus Mail. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ↑"EU will Zollunion mit der Türkei nicht ausbauen". Die Zeit (in German). 27 June 2018. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ↑"Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process Council conclusions"(PDF). Council of the European Union. 26 June 2018. Archived(PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ↑"EU-Turkey relations are at a historic low point, say MEPs". European Parliament. 19 May 2021.
- ↑"Armenia and Turkey: From normalization to reconciliation". Brookings. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
- ↑"100 Years of Diplomatic Relations between Albania and Türkiye". 26 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- 123"Büyükelçilik". Turkish Embassy in London. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
- 1234567Hariciye Vekâleti Yıllığı 1959(PDF) (in Turkish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. pp. 11–12, 17–18 and 20.
- 12British Documents on Atatürk, 1919-1938, Volume 6. 1973. pp. 270–273.
- ↑Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 101.
- ↑"Japan-Türkiye Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ↑"Ficha de paises y territorios" (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- ↑"Büyükelçilik". Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ↑Hariciye Vekâleti Yıllığı 1959(PDF) (in Turkish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. p. 189.
- 1234British Documents on Atatürk, 1919-1938, Volume 7. 1973. pp. 5–6.
- ↑"The Treaty of Friendship establishing political relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Republic of Finland was signed on 9 December 1924..."Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Denmark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- 1234Hariciye Vekâleti Yıllığı 1959(PDF) (in Turkish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. pp. 182–190.
- ↑Between East and West: Studies on Turkish Foreign Relations. Isis Press. 2001. p. 266.
- 12"Relaciones Bilaterales Chile - Turquía".
- ↑"Relations between Türkiye and Portugal". Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- 12"Biblioteca Digital de Tratados".
- ↑"All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ↑"Promulga o Tratado de amizade, entre o Brasil e a Turquia, assignado em Roma á 8 de setembro de 1927".
- ↑Dr. Mustafa BOSTANCI (2017). "IRAK'TA MONARŞİNİN SONU (1958 IRAK İHTİLALİ): III. İHTİLALE KADAR TÜRKİYE-IRAK İLİŞKİLERİ" (in Turkish). p. 251. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- 12"Relaciones diplomáticas México - Turquía (Gobierno de Mexico)". Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ↑British Documents on Atatürk, 1919-1938, Volume 6. 1973. p. 484.
- 12"Türkiye - Suudi Arabistan Siyasi İlişkileri". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- 12"Today we celebrate the 90th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Türkiye and Uruguay with the determination to strengthen our cooperation!". Turkish MFA. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- 12"Republic of Turkey Embassy in Ottawa". Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- 12"Bilateral Political Relations between Turkey and the Yemen". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon". The New York Times. 9 March 1946. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ↑"Turkey appoints charge d'affaires at its embassy in Damascus". 13 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ↑"Bulletin d'information (1946/7)"(PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 11. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ↑Robert L. Jarman (2001). Political Diaries of the Arab World: 1947. Archive Editions. p. 601.
- 123"Turkey – India Political Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey, Pakistan celebrate the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations". Diplomatic News Agency Pakistan. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ↑"Sri Lanka and Turkey Relations: A Flourishing Partnership in Asia". 5 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ↑"Treaty of Friendship between the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Turke"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- ↑"75 Years Of Diplomatic RI-Turkey Relations, President Prabowo And Erdogan: Historical Milestone Of Bilateral Relations". VOI.ID. 12 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
- 12"No: 192, 21 September 2025, Regarding the 75th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Türkiye and the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 22 September 2025.
- 12"Costa Rica y Turquía marcan el 70 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto Republica de Costa Rica (in Spanish). 21 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ↑"Establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la República Dominicana y la República de Turquía" (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2024.
- ↑"Türkiye y Ecuador celebran 75 años de lazos, modernizando la Academia Diplomática a través de TIKA". TRT Español (in Spanish). 11 September 2025. Retrieved 17 September 2025.
- 123"La política de apertura de Turquía hacia América Latina en el 70º aniversario de sus relaciones" (in Spanish). 17 October 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
- ↑"Honduras recibe de manera virtual las Copias de Estilo de nueve embajadores concurrentes". sreci.gob.hn (in Spanish). 7 August 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
- ↑"La política de apertura de Turquía hacia América Latina en el 70º aniversario de sus relaciones" (in Spanish). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ↑"Conmemoramos el 74 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre la República de Panamá y la República de Türkiye". Embajada de Panamá en Turquía on Facebook (in Spanish). 21 September 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ↑"La política de apertura de Turquía hacia América Latina en el 70º aniversario de sus relaciones". aa.com.tr (in Spanish). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
- ↑"Relations between Türkiye and Peru". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
- ↑"Ierland en Turkije knopen diplomatieke betrekkingen aan". Ons Noorden (in Dutch). 15 March 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
- ↑"Türkei: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 6 March 2025.
- 12"Viceministro cubano de Relaciones Exteriores sostiene encuentro con el Canciller de Turquía". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Republica de Cuba (in Spanish). 19 May 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ↑DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI(PDF) (in Turkish). ANKARA BASIM VE CÎLTEVÎ. 1968. p. 870. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- 12"A un año de abrir la embajada de Turquía en Paraguay, ambos países profundizan sus relaciones" (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ↑"Relations between Türkiye and Morocco". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- ↑"Countries & Regions". Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- 12345"Relations between Turkey and Sudan". Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ↑"Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ↑"อื่นๆ" (in Thai). Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ↑"Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
- 12Daily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts · Issues 146-150. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1958. p. B-27.
- ↑"Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑Dışişleri Bakanlığı Yıllığı 1967(PDF) (in Turkish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. 1967. p. 856. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑@moigovgh (30 October 2018). "Oppong Nkrumah made the call at a reception in Accra to mark the 95th Anniversary of the Foundation of the republic of Turkey. The programme also coincided with the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Ghana and Turkey" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ↑"Turkish envoy meets Haitian idol after 28 years". Haiti Sun. 16 November 1958. pp. 1, 13. Archived from the original on 27 December 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
... He arrived here on Thursday and will present his letters of credence to President Duvalier tomorrow.
- 12"Asuntos Políticos (Embajada de Colombia en Turquia)". Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ↑"Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ↑Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 229.
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 866. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑"Türkiye - Kamerun İlişkileri". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- 12Ahmet Emin Dağ. "Afrika Konusunda Türkiye'de Artan Akademik İlgi: Üniversite Tezleri Üzerinden Bir Analiz" (in Turkish). p. 4. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ↑"Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 872. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑Madagascar renouveau Issues 2-6 (in French). Ministère de l'information, de l'animation idéologique et des relations avec les institutions, Direction de la presse et des publications, Service de production. 1977. p. 12.
Pays avec lesquels la République Démocratique de Madagascar entretient des relations diplomatiques ... Turquie 30 Janvier 1963
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 869. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 830. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑"Büyükelçilik Tarihi ve Önceki Büyükelçilerimiz" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 856. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 855. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑Chronology of Arab Politics - Volume 2, Issues 1-3 - Page 42. Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut. 1964.
- ↑Milletlerarası münasebetler Türk yıllığı (in Turkish). Vol. 5. Dış Münasebetler Enstitüsü, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Ankara Üniversitesi. 1964. p. 217.
- 12Milletlerarası münasebetler Türk yıllığı, Volume 5. Dış Münasebetler Enstitüsü, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1964. p. 223.
- 12Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 236-240. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965.
- 12345"Relations between Turkey and Gambia". Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ↑"Büyükelçilik". Republic of Türkiye Turkish Embassy in Canberra. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- 12Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell, 1967. p. 747.
- ↑"President of Malta, Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, met the Vice President of the Republic of Turkey". 24 January 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- 12Zeki Kuneralp and the Turkish Foreign Service. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. p. 410.
- ↑"Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ↑Etudes Cambodgiennes (in French). 1969. p. 11.
- ↑"List of Countries Maintaining Diplomatic Relations with Mongolia"(PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- 12Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 4.
- 12Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell, 1969. p. 1537.
- ↑"No: 26, 27 Janvier 2020, Communiqué De Presse Concernant Le 50ème Anniversaire De L'établissement Des Relations Diplomatiques Entre La République De Turquie Et La République Du Tchad (l'ambassade de Turquie à Paris)" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ↑Middle East Economic Digest - Volume 14. 1970. p. 479.
- 12Middle East Economic Digest Volume 14. 1970. p. 509.
- 12Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell, 1971. p. 2025.
- 12List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1972. p. 3.
- 12"Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ↑"中土关系概况". www.mfa.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- 12Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 101-110. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1972. p. 18.
- 12"List of countries with which Barbados has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- 12ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 137.
- ↑Record of the Arab World Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics · Volume 1. Research and Publishing House. 1973. p. 181.
- ↑"Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- 12"COUNTRIES WITH WHICH GUYANA HAS ESTABLISHMENT DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS (MFA GUYANA)". Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ↑Translations on Near East and North Africa Issues 1002-1010. Joint Publications Research Service. 1973. p. 37.
- ↑"Büyükelçilik". Embassy of the Republic of Türkiye in Dhaka. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ↑Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1450-1459. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 9. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- 12Milletlerarası münasebetler Türk yıllığı, Volume 14. Dış Münasebetler Enstitüsü, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1976. p. 150.
- 12"Türkiye - Grenada Siyasi İlişkileri". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey (in Turkish). Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- 12Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 5021-5096. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
- ↑"Formal diplomatic relations list"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ↑The Europa Year Book 1975 A World Survey Vol.-ii. Europa Publications Limited. 1975. p. 600.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Tonga". Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ↑"Türkiye – Nauru Relations". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ↑"Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschffingsovereenkomsten"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 April 2019.
- 12Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 5326-5361. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1976. p. 3.
- ↑"Asia". Government of Vietnam. April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ↑"Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Turkey"(PDF). The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 25 January 1979 No. 6. p. 155. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Solomon Islands". Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ↑"Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Samoa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ↑"Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations"(PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Papua New Guinea". Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ↑Sub-Saharan Africa Report - Issues 2144-2147. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1979. p. 11.
- 12The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras. 1982. p. 3.
- ↑"Relations between Türkiye and Tuvalu". Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ↑The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras. 1979. p. 4.
- ↑FBIS Daily Report--Sub-Saharan Africa. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 30 January 1980. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ↑Daily Report Western Europe February-April, 1980 Vol.2 No.2. NewsBank, inc. p. 59.
- ↑FBIS Daily Report--Western Europe. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1980. p. 46. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ↑Diplomatic relations between Angola and Turkey as of 9 July 1980 (United Nations Digital Library). 9 July 1980.
- 12Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 6511-6563. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service · 1980. p. 6.
- 12"Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations Lesotho". Facebook. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ↑Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library). 20 January 1981.
- ↑Swaziland; Turkey (20 January 1981). "Diplomatic relations between Swaziland and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library)". United Nations Digital Library System.
- ↑Diplomatic relations between Mozambique and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library). 20 January 1981.
- 12Le Mois en Afrique, Issues 186-193. Le Mois en Afrique., 1981. p. 155.
- ↑"Yüksel Söylemez büyükelçi". biyografi.net (in Turkish and English). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- 12The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras, 1982. p. 5.
- 12"Cyprus Negotiation Process: Historical Background". 3 March 2014.
- ↑"Bilateral Relations". Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ↑"Suleyman Gokce is Turkey's new Ambassador to Belize". 12 July 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- 12The Diplomatic Pulse, Issues 416-431. Vedat Uras, 1990. p. 3.
- ↑"List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ↑"Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ↑"Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ↑Köni, Hasan (1995). The Contribution of Turkey for Reconstruction and Development of Palestine. p. 18.
- ↑"Foreign policy - bilateral relations". Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ↑"Türkiye - Kırgızistan Siyasi İlişkileri". mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 March 2025.
- ↑"LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS"(PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ↑"Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ↑"STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ↑"Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ↑"European countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
- ↑"States with Which the Republic of Uzbekistan Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
- ↑"Political Relations". Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ↑"Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ↑"Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ↑"Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- ↑Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije"(PDF) (in Slovenian). Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ↑"Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein". Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ↑"Turkey and South Africa: The Development of Relations,1860–2005 Page 3"(PDF).
- ↑"Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- 12"Embassy". Turkish Embassy in Asmara. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
- ↑Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Seychelles as of 22 June 1995 (United Nations Digital Library). 22 June 1995.
- ↑Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific. BBC. 1995. p. 6.
- ↑"Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- 12"Antigua and Barbuda to benefit from diplomatic cooperation with friendly countries". CARICOM. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ↑"DPRK Diplomatic Relations"(PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ↑"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Diplomatic and Consular List"(PDF). p. 110. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and East Timor". Archived from the original on 4 September 2017.
- 12"Türkiye - Saint Lucia Siyasi İlişkileri". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey (in Turkish). Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and San Marino". Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- 12"Diplomatic Relations Between Dominica and Turkey as of 13 Apr. 2006". United Nations Digital Library. 13 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ↑"Countries with which Palau has Diplomatic Relations"(PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original(PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ↑"Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ↑"FSM Diplomatic Relations List". Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ↑Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
- ↑"LISTING OF ALL COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (As of 13 February 2019)". Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ↑"Actus de Monaco et de la Region: Le corps diplomatique s'enrichit encore". Le Podcast Journal (in French). 12 July 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
- ↑"Turkey establishes diplomatic relations with Kiribati" (in Turkish). 20 August 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ↑Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Turkish Republic (2011). "Türkiye–Cook Adaları Siyasi İlişkileri"[Turkey-Cook Islands Political Relations] (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- ↑"St. Kitts and Nevis to benefit from regional cooperation with Turkey". 3 June 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- 12"Turkish Embassy in Juba". Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ↑"Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ↑"Foreign Minister Davutoğlu "In the last six years, we have taken significant steps to strengthen our relations with Pacific Island States"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014."Joint Declaration concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Niue, ...were signed."
- ↑Mehmet Ozkan and Birol Akgun, "Turkey's Opening to Africa", The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol 48, No 4 (2010): 525–546, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=mehmetozkanArchived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑Mehmet Ozkan, "What drives Turkey's Involvement in Africa?", Review of African Political Economy, Vol 37, No 126 (2010): 533–540, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=mehmetozkan
- ↑Mehmet Ozkan, "A New Actor or Passer-By? The Political Economy of Turkey's Engagement with Africa", Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol 14, No 1 (2012): 113–133, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=mehmetozkan
- ↑Genin, Aaron (30 April 2019). "FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP". The California Review. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ↑"Büyükelçilik Tarihi ve Önceki Büyükelçilerimiz" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Cezayir Büyükelçiliği". cezayir.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- 12"Turkey-Algeria Economic and Trade Relations".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey–Algeria".
- ↑Between East and West: Studies on Turkish Foreign Relations. Isis Press, 2001. p. 266.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of Turkey in Cairo". kahire.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Alexandria". iskenderiye.bk.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- 12"Turkey-Egypt Economic and Trade Relations".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Egypt". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051"Turkey: Commercial Guide". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI(PDF) (in Turkish). ANKARA BASIM VE CÎLTEVÎ. 1968. p. 870. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Tripoli". trablus.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Consulate General of the Republic of Turkey in Misrata". misurata.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Turkey-Libya Economic and Trade Relations".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Mauritania".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Morocco (MFA of Turkey)".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Rabat Büyükelçiliği". rabat.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- 12"Turkey-Morocco Economic and Trade Relations".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Tunisia".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı T.C. Tunus Büyükelçiliği". tunus.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Tunisia Economic and Trade Relations".
- 12Özkan, M. "Turkey's 'New' engagements in Africa and Asia: Scope, content and implications." Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, XVI(3), pp. 115–137. 2011.
- ↑"Afrika'ya Yatırım Atağı." Ekonomist, 26(152273), pp. 17–21. 2016.
- ↑Kavas, A. Osmanlı-Afrika İlişkileri. İstanbul: Tasam Yayınları. 2006.
- ↑Aydın, M. "Determinants of Turkish foreign policy: Changing patterns and conjectures during the Cold War." Middle Eastern Studies, 36(1), pp. 105–121. 2000.
- ↑Ataman, M. "Leadership change: Özal leadership and restructuring in Turkish foreign policy." Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 1(1), pp. 132–151. 2002.
- 12İpek, V. "Turkey's foreign policy implementation in Africa: A post international approach." New Perspectives on Turkey, 49(Fall), pp. 121–156. 2013.
- ↑Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Turkey's development cooperation. Retrieved 12 February 2016, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ turkiyenin-kalkinma-isbirligi.tr.mfa. 2016.
- ↑Diplomatic relations between Angola and Turkey as of 9 July 1980 (United Nations Digital Library). 9 July 1980.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Angola".
- ↑"THY'den yeni hat duyurusu". 25 August 2021.
- ↑Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1450-1459. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 9. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Benin". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library). 20 January 1981.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Botswana".
- ↑Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 3343-3419. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 7.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Burkina Faso". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑Almanac. İ. Çevik. 1981. p. 43.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Burundi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 157-158. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Cameroon".
- ↑Sub-Saharan Africa Report - Issues 2144-2147. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1979. p. 11.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Cape Verde". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑Daily Report:Western Europe February-April, 1980 Vol.2 No.2. NewsBank, inc. p. 9.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and the Central African Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"No: 26, 27 Janvier 2020, Communiqué De Presse Concernant Le 50ème Anniversaire De L'établissement Des Relations Diplomatiques Entre La République De Turquie Et La République Du Tchad (l'ambassade de Turquie à Paris)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Chad".
- ↑The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras. 1979. p. 4.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and the Comoros".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Congo".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Côte d'Ivoire".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and the Democratic Republic of Congo".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Djibouti".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Eritrea".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Equatorial Guinea".
- ↑Swaziland; Turkey (20 January 1981). "Diplomatic relations between Swaziland and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library)". United Nations Digital Library System.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Eswatini". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"Disisleri Bakanligi yilligi 1964-1965. Page 289"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Ethiopia".
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 869. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Gabon".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Ghana".
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - 1234"Relations between Turkey and Guinea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Guinea Bissau". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Kenya".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Lesotho". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Liberia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Madagascar".
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 830. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Mali". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Malawi".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Mauritius". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑Diplomatic relations between Mozambique and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library). 20 January 1981.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Mozambique". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Namibia".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Niger".
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 866. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Nigeria".
- ↑Daily Report Western Europe February-April, 1980 Vol.2 No.2. NewsBank, inc. p. 59.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Rwanda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and São Tomé and Príncipe". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 855. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Senegal".
- ↑Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Seychelles as of 22 June 1995 (United Nations Digital Library). 22 June 1995.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Seychelles".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Sierra Leone".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Somalia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"Turkey and South Africa: The Development of Relations,1860–2005 Page 3"(PDF).
- 12345"Relations between Turkey and the Republic of South Africa".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and South Sudan".
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 856. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Tanzania".
- ↑"DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI"(PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 872. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Togo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 123"Turkey-Uganda Relations".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Zambia".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Zimbabwe". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Argentina".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Chile".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Paraguay".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Uruguay".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Canada".
- ↑Embassy of Mexico in Ankara
- ↑Consulate of Mexico in Istanbul
- ↑"Embassy of Turkey in Mexico City (in Spanish and Turkish)". Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Mexico".
- ↑"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Turkey".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Antigua and Barbuda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and the Commonwealth of Bahamas". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Barbados".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and the Republic of Cuba".
- ↑Kutlu, M. N. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Latin Amerika (Başlangıç Dönemi). Ankara: LAMER Yayınları. 2012
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Dominica". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"República Dominicana y Turquía establecieron Relaciones Diplomáticas el 28 de noviembre del año 1951". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores R.Dominicana (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Dominican Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Grenada". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Haiti". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Jamaica".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and St. Kitts and Nevis". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and St. Lucia".
- ↑"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Diplomatic and Consular List"(PDF). p. 110. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- 12"Relations Between Turkey and St. Vincent and Grenadines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Trinidad and Tobago".
- ↑"Suleyman Gokce is Turkey's new Ambassador to Belize". 12 July 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Belize".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Costa Rica".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and El Salvador".
- ↑"Disisleri Bakanligi yilligi 1964-1965. Page 312"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Guatemala".
- ↑Memoria ... Honduras Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Gobernación. 1951. p. 96.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Honduras".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Nicaragua".
- ↑"VICEMINISTRA RECIBE VISITA DE LA EMBAJADORA DE TURQUÍA". April 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Panama".
- ↑"BOLIVIA Y TURQUÍA FORTALECEN RELACIÓN BILATERAL CON INTERCAMBIO DE EXPERIENCIAS LEGISLATIVAS". Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Bolivia".
- ↑"Promulga o Tratado de amizade, entre o Brasil e a Turquia, assignado em Roma á 8 de setembro de 1927".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Brazil".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Colombia".
- ↑Oner, Imdat. "Turkey's Ambitious Overture to Latin America". www.institude.org. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ↑"DISCURSO DEL CANCILLER JOSÉ VALENCIA, CON OCASIÓN DE LA CONMEMORACIÓN DEL 95 ANIVERSARIO DE LA PROCLAMACIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE TURQUÍA"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ↑"Embajador turco presenta cartas credenciales a Patiño". 9 February 2012.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Ecuador".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Guyana".
- ↑"Las relaciones diplomáticas con Turquía, establecidas en 1952 (Cancillería Perú)".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Peru".
- ↑"Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschffingsovereenkomsten"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 April 2019.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Suriname".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Venezuela".
- ↑Oner, Imdat (26 March 2020). "Turkey and Venezuela: An Alliance of Convenience". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Turkmenistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Turkmenistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"No: 77, 28 February 2021, Press Release Regarding the 100th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the Republic of Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ↑"Turkey-Afghanistan Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 12345"Relations between Turkey and Australia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Australia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Bangladesh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Bangladesh Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Bhutan Establishes diplomatic relations with the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Turkey (MFA Bhutan)".
- ↑"Economic Development and Social Changes in Bhutan." pp. 82–99 in Urmila Phadnis, S.D. Muni, and Kalim Bahadur (eds.), Domestic Conflicts in South Asia. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1986.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Bhutan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"Marking 37 years of diplomatic ties". 31 December 2021.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Brunei Darussalam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Brunei". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Cambodia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Cambodia Bilateral Economic and Commercial Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and China". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti T.C.Guanco Başkonsolosluğu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hong Kong Başkonsolosluğu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Şanhay Başkonsolosluğu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and China". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Cook Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and East Timor". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Republic of Fiji". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-India Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Türkiye and Indonesia".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Indonesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Indonesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Japan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tokyo Büyükelçiliği". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey opens consulate in Japan's Nagoya city". Hürriyet Daily News. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Japan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Kiribati". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Laos". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Laos Bilateral Economic and Commercial Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 1234"Turkey-Maldives Political Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Maldives Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Malaysia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Malaysia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Marshall Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑Of), Micronesia (Federated States (6 August 2007). Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Federated States of Micronesia as of 6 Aug. 2007 (United Nations Digital Library).
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Micronesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Mongolia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Mongolia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Myanmar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Myanmar Bilateral Economic and Commercial Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Nauru". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Turkey"(PDF). The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 25 January 1979 No. 6. p. 155. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Foreign Minister Davutoğlu "In the last six years, we have taken significant steps to strengthen our relations with Pacific Island States"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014."Joint Declaration concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Niue, ...were signed."
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Pakistan Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İslamabad Büyükelçiliği". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Karaçi Başkonsolosluğu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Türkiye dünyada en çok temsilciliği olan 6. ülke". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Pakistan Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Palau". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Papua New Guinea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Dışişleri Bakanı Fidan, bazı büyükelçilikler için yeni görevleri tebliğ etti".
- 12345"Relations between Turkey and the Philippines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Philippines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Singapore". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Singapore". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Solomon Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and South Korea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Turkey-Republic of South Korea Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Turkey-Sri Lanka Political Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Sri Lanka Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Tajikistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Tajikistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 12345"Relations between Turkey and Thailand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Thailand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Tonga". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Tuvalu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Vanuatu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Vietnam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Vietnam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ↑"Turkey-Bahrain Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lefkoşa Büyükelçiliği". lefkosa.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Political Relations between Türkiye and Georgia". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Georgia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic Relations between Turkey and Georgia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Embassy History and Previous Ambassadors". Turkish Embassy in Tehran. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Iran". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic and Commercial Relations with Iran". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑Dr. Mustafa BOSTANCI (2017). "IRAK'TA MONARŞİNİN SONU (1958 IRAK İHTİLALİ): III. İHTİLALE KADAR TÜRKİYE-IRAK İLİŞKİLERİ" (in Turkish). p. 251. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Iraq". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic and Commercial Relations with Israel". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"David Ben-Gurion". Jewishmag.com. 14 May 1948. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Türkiye and Jordan". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Jordan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Jordan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑Chronology of Arab Politics - Volume 2, Issues 1-3. Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut. 1964. p. 42.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Kuwait". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 12"Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon". The New York Times. 9 March 1946. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Lebanon". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1973. p. 278.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Oman". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Political Relations with the Palestinian National Authority". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Economic and Commercial Relations with Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Qatar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Erdogan: Turkey-Qatar military base serves regional 'stability'". Al Jazeera. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ankara". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Embassy of Turkey in Riyadh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 18 August 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Consulate–General of Turkey in Jeddah". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Turkey-Saudi Arabia Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Bilateral Political Relations between Turkey and the UAE". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ↑"Turkey's Commercial and Economic Relations with United Arab Emirates". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Yemen". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑"Türkiye, Albania mark century of diplomatic relations". 15 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- 12"Türkiye-Arnavutluk İlişkileri".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Andorra".
- ↑Lonnie Johnson (1989). Introducing Austria: a short history. Ariadne Press. ISBN 978-0-929497-03-7.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Austria".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Tirana". tiran.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Bregenz Başkonsolosluğu". bregenz.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Salzburg Başkonsolosluğu". salzburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Economic Relations between Turkey and Austria".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Belarus".
- 12"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Minsk Büyükelçiliği". minsk.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Belgium".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Brussels". bruksel.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Antwerpen". anvers.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Time: Bulgaria". 23 January 2012.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Sofya Büyükelçiliği". sofya.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Burgaz Başkonsolosluğu". burgaz.bk.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Filibe Başkonsolosluğu". filibe.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Bulgaria".
- ↑"Foreign Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina".
- ↑"Türkiye-Bosna-Hersek Siyasi İlişkileri".
- ↑"Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Croatia".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and the Czech Republic".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Prague". prag.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Danish Business Delegation to Turkey"(PDF). Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
Trade between our two countries can be dated centuries back. In 1756, Denmark and the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty on commerce and friendship, which paved the way for closer ties—both human and commercial—between our two people...
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Copenhagen". kopenhag.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Denmark".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Estonia".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Tallinn". tallin.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Finland".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Helsinki". helsinki.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and France".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Paris Büyükelçiliği". paris.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Bordo Başkonsolosluğu". bordo.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Liyon Başkonsolosluğu". lyon.bk.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Marsilya Başkonsolosluğu". marsilya.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı T.C. Nant Başkonsolosluğu". nant.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Strazburg Başkonsolosluğu". strazburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and France".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Germany".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Berlin Büyükelçiliği". berlin.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Köln Başkonsolosluğu". koln.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Düsseldorf Başkonsolosluğu". dusseldorf.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Essen Başkonsolosluğu". essen.bk.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Frankfurt Başkonsolosluğu". frankfurt.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Hamburg Başkonsolosluğu". hamburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Hannover Başkonsolosluğu". hannover.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı T.C. Karlsruhe Başkonsolosluğu". karlsruhe.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Mainz Başkonsolosluğu". mainz.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Münih Başkonsolosluğu". munih.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Münster Başkonsolosluğu". munster.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Nürnberg Başkonsolosluğu". nurnberg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stuttgart Başkonsolosluğu". stuttgart.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Federal Republic of Germany".
- ↑"Greece Liberated: Ottoman Empire". Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Service of Diplomatic & Historical Archives. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Athens". atina.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Gümülcine Başkonsolosluğu". gumulcine.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Athens". atinapire.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Rodos Başkonsolosluğu". rodos.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Selanik Başkonsolosluğu". selanik.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Greece".
- ↑"Turkish Minority of Western Thrace".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and the Holy See".
- ↑Miklós Molnár (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Budapest". budapeste.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Hungary".
- ↑"İzlanda'nın Siyasi Görünümü".
- ↑"From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- ↑"Bakan Fidan tebliğ etti: Türkiye ilk kez Reykjavik'e büyükelçi atadı".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Iceland".
- ↑"Dáil Éireann debate -Wednesday, 10 Feb 1960 Vol. 179 No. 1 Written Answers. - Irish Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices". oireachtas.ie. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of the Republic of Turkey". dublin.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Ireland".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Ireland".
- ↑Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 59. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Ambasciata della Repubblica di Turchia a Roma". roma.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Milano Başkonsolosluğu". milano.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Italy".
- ↑"Türkiye – Kosova İlişkileri".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Kosovo".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Latvia".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Riga". riga.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein".
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Lithuania".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Vilnius". vilnius.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Luxembourg (MFA of Turkey)".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lüksemburg Büyükelçiliği". luksemburg.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg".
- ↑"Congratulations to friendly Republic of Malta on the 57th Anniversary of the Independence Day".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Malta". valetta.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Malta".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Moldova".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Kişinev Büyükelçiliği". kisinev.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Turkey to Continue Supporting Gagauzia and Moldova". Anadolu Agency.
- ↑"Gagauzia's Head urges Russia, Turkey and Azerbaijan to be guarantors of its survival". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation: Global Research and Analysis.
- 123"Relations between Turkey and the Principality of Monaco".
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Montenegro".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Podgorica". podgorica.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and the Netherlands". Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in The Hague". lahey.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Amsterdam". amsterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Consulate General of Deventer". deventer.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Rotterdam". rotterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- 123"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Netherlands".
- ↑"Министерство за надворешни работи". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011.
- 12"Kuzey Makedonya Cumhuriyeti'nin Ekonomisi".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Norway".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Poland".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Warsaw". varsova.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Poland".
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Portugal".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lisboa". lizbon.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Portugal".
- ↑"Republic of Turkey: Bilateral Relations".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bucharest". bukres.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Köstence Başkonsolosluğu". kostence.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Romania".
- ↑Edward J. Phillips (1995). The Founding of Russia's Navy: Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688–1714. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-313-29520-1.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Moskova Büyükelçiliği". moskova.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Kazan Başkonsolosluğu". kazan.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Novorossisk Başkonsolosluğu". novorossisk.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı St. Petersburg Başkonsolosluğu". stpetersburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation".
- ↑"Turkey". mfa.gov.rs.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Belgrade". belgrad.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Serbia".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Slovakia".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bratislava". bratislava.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Slovenia".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Ljubljana". ljubljana.be.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ↑"Relations between Turkey and Spain".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Madrid Büyükelçiliği". madrid.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Barselona Başkonsolosluğu". barselona.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Spain".
- 1234"Relations between Turkey and Sweden".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Stockholm". stokholm.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and Switzerland".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bern". bern.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Cenevre Başkonsolosluğu". cenevre.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Zürih Başkonsolosluğu". zurih.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
- 12"Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Switzerland".
- 123"Relations between Turkey and Ukraine".
- ↑"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Kyiv". kiev.be.mfa.gov.tr.
- ↑"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Odessa Başkonsolosluğu". Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ↑"Türkiye-Ukrayna Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması iş insanlarına yeni iş birliği kapıları açacak". Aa.com.tr. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ↑"British Embassy Ankara". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
- ↑HM Revenue and Customs (18 August 2006). "Turkey: tax treaties". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 July 2025. Retrieved 27 November 2025.
- ↑"Turkey - United Kingdom BIT (1991)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ↑Pitel, Laura; Payne, Sebastian (27 December 2020). "UK and Turkey to sign free trade deal this week". Financial Times. Ankara; London. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- 12"Relations between Turkey and the United Kingdom".
- ↑"Member States of the United Nations". United Nations. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ↑"Organisation for European Economic Co-operation". Oecd.org. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ↑"The organization of Islamic Conference". Archived from the original on 9 November 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
- ↑"About – Participating States". OSCE. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ↑"EU trade relations with Türkiye". policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. 11 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ↑"NATO Headquarters Allied Land Command Izmir Assumption of Command Ceremony". www.incirlik.af.mil. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ↑"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑"Turkey's Relations with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012.
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
External links
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
- Örmeci, Ozan & Işıksal, Hüseyin (2015), Turkish Foreign Policy in the New Millennium, Frankfurt am Main: Peter LangArchived 8 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Foreign relations of Turkey
- Euromediterranean Partnership