Convención sobre los Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales, 1989

El Convenio sobre los Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales de 1989 es un convenio de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo ( OIT ), también conocido como Convenio 169 de la OIT o C169 . Es el principal convenio internacional vinculante relativo a los pueblos indígenas y tribales , y precursor de la Declaración sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas .

Se estableció en 1989, con el preámbulo que dice: ^{[ 1 ]}

La convención contiene cuarenta y cuatro artículos, divididos en diez partes. Estos son: ^{[ 2 ]}

• Parte I. Política general
• Parte II. Tierra
• Parte III. Reclutamiento y condiciones de empleo
• Parte IV. Formación profesional, artesanía e industrias rurales
• Parte V. Seguridad Social y Salud
• Parte VI. Educación y medios de comunicación
• Parte VII. Contactos y cooperación transfronteriza
• Parte VIII. Administración
• Parte IX. Disposiciones generales
• Parte X. Disposiciones finales

Esta convención revisó la Convención C107, la Convención sobre Poblaciones Indígenas y Tribales de 1957. Algunas de las naciones que ratificaron la Convención de 1989 " denunciaron " la Convención de 1957. ^{[ 3 ]}

The ILO 169 convention is the most important operative international law guaranteeing the rights of Indigenous and tribal peoples. Its strength, however, is dependent on a high number of ratifications among nations.^[4][5][6]

The revision to the Convention 107 forbade governments from pursuing approaches deemed integrationist and assimilationist.^[7] It asserts the rights of Indigenous and tribal peoples to choose to integrate or to maintain their cultural and political independence. Articles 8–10 recognize the cultures, traditions, and special circumstances of Indigenous tribal peoples.

In November 2009, a court decision in Chile, considered to be a landmark in Indigenous rights concerns, made use of the ILO convention law. The court ruled unanimously in favor of granting a water flow of 9 liters per second to Chusmiza and Usmagama communities. The legal dispute had dragged on for 14 years, and centers on community water rights in one of the driest deserts on the planet. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upholds rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.^[8] Before this decision, some protests had escalated over the failure to respect the Convention 169 in Chile. Mapuche leaders filed an injunction against Michelle Bachelet and minister of the presidency José Antonio Viera Gallo, who is also coordinator of Indigenous affairs, with the argument that the government had failed to fully comply with the Convention 169 clause on the right to "prior consultation", which must be carried out "in good faith and in a form appropriate to the circumstances, with the objective of achieving agreement or consent to the proposed measures," such as logging, agribusiness or mining projects in Indigenous territories. There were already several examples of the successful use of the ILO Convention in Chile, like the case of a Machi woman who brought legal action to protect a plot of land with herbs used for medicinal purposes, which was threatened by the forest industry. Some concerns were however raised at the time over the political framework of the government being brought in line with the convention, and not the other way around.^[9]

• Convenio 169 de la OIT (inglés) - Sitio web de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo
• Campaña para la ratificación del Convenio de la OIT de 1989 – Petición de la UNPO para la OIT 169
• Derecho internacional y pueblos indígenas: Posturas históricas y desarrollos contemporáneos – S. James, Anaya , Supervivencia cultural
• Derecho Internacional – Supervivencia Internacional