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Kyiv Pechersk Lavra

Coordinates : 50°26′3″N 30°33′33″E / 50.43417°N 30.55917°E / 50.43417; 30.55917 The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra [ 1 ] [ 2 ] or Kyievo-Pecherska Lavra ( Ukrainian : Києво-Печерська лавра...

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Coordinates: 50°26′3″N30°33′33″E / 50.43417°N 30.55917°E / 50.43417; 30.55917

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra[1][2] or Kyievo-Pecherska Lavra (Ukrainian: Києво-Печерська лавра), also known as the Kyiv Monastery of the Caves, is a historic lavra or large monastery of Eastern Christianity that gave its name to the Pecherskyi District where it is located in Kyiv.

Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1051, the Lavra has been a preeminent center of Eastern Christianity in Eastern Europe.[3]

Etymology and other names

Ukrainian: печера, romanized: pechera means lit.cave, which in turn derived from Proto-Slavic*реktera with the same meaning. Ukrainian: лавра, romanized: lavra is used to describe high-ranking male monasteries for monks of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Therefore, the name of the monastery is also translated as Kyiv Cave Monastery, Kyiv Caves Monastery or the Kyiv Monastery of the Caves (from Ukrainian: на печерах).

History

Foundation and early history

The Primary Chronicle contains contradictory information as to when the monastery was founded: in 1051, or in 1074.[4]Anthony, a monk on Mount Athos, originally from Liubech of the Principality of Chernigov, returned to Rus' and settled in Kyiv as a missionary of monastic tradition to Kyivan Rus'. He chose a cave at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the Dnipro river and a community of disciples soon grew. PrinceIziaslav I of Kyiv (1024–1078) ceded the whole mount to the Anthonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from Constantinople.

In 1096 the monastery was plundered by the Cumans. Later it fell victim to the Mongolian invaders, and in 1416 was burned down by forces of Golden Horde ruler Edigey, being rebuilt only in 1470.[5]

At the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra were buried some high-importance personalities from the period when Kyiv was a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Prince of Kyiv Vladimir Olgerdovich and his son Aleksandras Olelka, the Lithuanian and Ruthenian Grand Duke Švitrigaila, Feodor Ostrogski, Uliana Olshanska (a second wife of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas the Great), and the Lithuanian Grand Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski, known for commanding the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army in the victorious Battle of Orsha (1514) versus the Grand Principality of Moscow Army.[6]Mayors of Kyiv, members of the szlachta and Cossack starshyna, as well as church hierarchs also found their burial place in the monastery.[5]

Baroque era and Russian rule

In the 17th century, under the leadership of archimandritesEliseus Pletenetsky, Zacharias Kopystensky and Peter Mohyla, the monastery stood at the heart of Ukrainian national identity. Kyiv Caves Patericon, which was created by Lavra's monks and soon became a popular reading around the whole Eastern Europe, contributed to the emergence of the symbolic image of Kyiv as a capital of Eastern Orthodoxy. Lavra's printing house, established by Pletenetskyi in the 1620s, started the process of Kyiv's cultural revival, and the monastery's school, founded by Mohyla, introduced European educational trends of the time, leading to a radical reform of education. During the Baroque era Kyiv Pechersk Lavra flourished as a centre of arts and spirituality, and pilgrimage to Kyiv was seen by some as more preferable than visiting Jerusalem.[5]

According to a legend published by polemicist and preacher Joannicius Galiatovsky, in 1630 the monastery was besieged by a Polish army, but the Holy Mother of God protected its monks by turning a "fiery rain" against the invaders.[7]

Despite the patronage of powerful figures, including Ivan Mazepa and Raphael Zaborovsky, the Annexation of the Metropolis of Kyiv by the Moscow Patriarchate in 1685 started a process of subjugation of the monastery to Russian imperial authority. In 1722, by the decree of Peter I of Russia, the Metropolis of Kyiv was lowered in status to an archbishopric, which made it equal to other subdivisions of the Russian Synodal Church. In the following years, Russian religious traditions, axiology and language were imposed on the Orthodox Church in Ukraine.[8]

Under Russian rule, Pechersk Lavra became a popular place of mass pilgrimage for both the common folk and figures of authority, including the royal family. During the late 19th century numerous guides for pilgrims visiting the monastery were published in Tsarist Russia, contributing to its inclusion into the empire's symbolic space. Among prominent figures buried in Lavra's walls under the Russian rule are Natalia Dolgorukova, Pyotr Rumyantsev and Pyotr Stolypin.[8][5]

Modern history

During the Ukrainian Revolution of the early 20th century attempts to Ukrainize the Lavra failed due to political instability.[8] On 25 January 1918 Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev was tortured and murdered in the monastery by Bolshevik troops. Eventually, the monastery was disbanded, and in 1926 a museum was opened on its territory.[5] Under German occupation religion services in the monastery were resumed.[8] On 3 November 1941 the main Dormition Cathedral was blown up by Soviet NKVD;[9] Soviet press would falsely accuse the Germans of committing that act. The demolition of the cathedral's ruins continued into the 1960s. After a long period of reconstruction, on 24 August 2000 the reconstructed Dormition Cathedral was solemnly reopened.[5]

Starting from the end of the Second World War, the monastery resumed its activities as part of the Russian Orthodox Church. Over 100 monks lived on Lavra's premises until its next closure by the authorities in 1961.[10]

En 1988, las actividades de la Lavra de las Cuevas de Kiev se reanudaron como parte de las celebraciones del milenario de la cristianización de la Rus de Kiev . A principios de la década de 1990, el monasterio estuvo dirigido por el metropolitano Filaret de Kiev , cuya residencia se encontraba en sus instalaciones. Sin embargo, en 1992, la propiedad de la Lavra se transfirió a la Iglesia Ortodoxa Ucraniana (Patriarcado de Moscú) con el apoyo de la dirección política de Kiev . [ 8 ] Bajo la administración del Patriarcado de Moscú, la Lavra se convirtió en epicentro de varios escándalos relacionados con la afición de sus líderes por los coches de lujo y otros símbolos de riqueza, así como con las conexiones de sus monjes con el FSB ruso , la veneración del zar Nicolás II y la difusión de propaganda antiucraniana . [ 5 ]

Junto con la Catedral de Santa Sofía , el Monasterio de las Cuevas de Kiev (Kyiv Pechersk Lavra) fue inscrito como Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en 1990. [ 11 ] [ nb 1 ] El complejo monástico se considera una reserva histórico-cultural nacional independiente (santuario), cuyo estatus nacional se le otorgó el 13 de marzo de 1996. [ 13 ] El Monasterio no solo se encuentra en otra parte de la ciudad, sino que forma parte de un santuario nacional distinto al de la Catedral de Santa Sofía. Si bien es una atracción cultural, el monasterio está nuevamente activo, con más de 100 monjes residentes. Fue nombrado una de las Siete Maravillas de Ucrania el 21 de agosto de 2007.

Until the end of 2022, jurisdiction over the site had been divided between the state museum, National Kyiv-Pechersk Historic-Cultural Preserve,[14] and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) as the site of the chief monastery of that Church and the residence of its leader, Onufrius, Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine.[15][16] In January 2023, the Ukrainian government terminated the UOC-MP's lease of the Dormition Cathedral and the Refectory Church (also known as the Trapezna Church), returning those properties to direct state control.[17][18] It also announced that the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) had been granted permission to celebrate a Christmas service in the Dormition Cathedral, on 7 January 2023, Orthodox Christmas by the Old Calendar,[18] a service which was celebrated by Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kyiv at 9am that day.[19]

On 10 March 2023, the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historic-Cultural Preserve announced that the 2013 agreement on the free use of churches by the UOC-MP would be terminated on the grounds that the church had violated their lease by making alterations to the historic site, and other technical infractions.[20][21] The UOC-MP was ordered to leave the territory by 29 March.[21] The UOC-MP answered back that there were no legal grounds for the eviction and called it "a whim of officials from the Ministry of Culture."[21] On 17 March 2023 Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary for Russian President Vladimir Putin, stated that the decision of the Ukrainian authorities not to extend this lease to representatives of the UOC-MP "confirms the correctness" of the (24 February 2022) Russian invasion of Ukraine.[21] The UOC-MP did not fully leave Kyiv Pechersk Lavra following 29 March 2023.[22][23]

On 23 July 2025, a religious service in the Ukrainian language, the first of its kind in many years, was performed in the Far Caves of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra by Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kyiv.[8]

2026 drone attacks

Cathedral on fire, 15 June 2026
The cathedral roof after the attack

On 24 January 2026, a Russian drone attack shattered windows and damaged two buildings of the complex, marking the first time it sustained war-related damage since World War II.[25]

On 14 June 2026, a Russian drone attack caused significant damage to the complex, as part of a targeted attack that also damaged other cultural elements in Kyiv.[26][27] The damage, likely from Geran-2 drones ("the Russian version of the Iranian Shahed-type kamikaze drone"[28]), included destruction of a significant portion of the roof, damage to the main dome and cupola, and significant fires within the structure of the Dormition Cathedral.[9] This was the first time the structure was targeted in an armed conflict since World War II. The Security Service of Ukraine published photos of debris from the Geran-2 drone.[28] By 15 June, the remains of two Shahed-type drones had been found at the UNESCO World Heritage site by state security officials, suggesting at least two drones targeted the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra complex around 04:55 a.m. Kyiv time.[27] Russia denied responsibility and blamed a US-made Patriot air-defence missile,[27][29] but the Kremlin spokesperson offered no evidence of this claim,[29] and no explanation why the remains of Russian-made Shahed-type Geran-2 drones were found at the site instead.[27]

La primera ministra de Ucrania, Yulia Svyrydenko, publicó una foto del monasterio en llamas y escribió: «Un brutal ataque contra nuestro pueblo y nuestro patrimonio. Esta es la verdadera cara de los valores ortodoxos de Rusia. Pedimos oraciones por la salvación del santuario de la destrucción. Otro crimen ruso contra la humanidad, contra la historia, contra el cristianismo». [ 27 ] El presidente de Ucrania, Volodymyr Zelensky, lo calificó como «uno de los crímenes más graves de Rusia contra la cultura cristiana hasta la fecha», [ 27 ] [ 29 ] y añadió: «Es vital que el mundo no permanezca en silencio ante este último acto de barbarie rusa». [ 29 ] El ataque a la Lavra fue ampliamente condenado por los líderes europeos, y la presidenta de la Comisión Europea , Ursula von der Leyen, lo calificó de «violencia sin sentido»: «Rusia ha demostrado una vez más que solo le interesa la violencia y la destrucción». [ 29 ] El presidente francés Emmanuel Macron declaró que «nada justifica este ataque contra nuestro patrimonio universal», [ 29 ] a lo que el ministro de Asuntos Europeos y Exteriores de Francia, Jean-Noël Barrot, añadió: «Es como si Notre-Dame o la catedral de Saint-Denis fueran bombardeadas en Francia». [ 29 ] [ 27 ] La jefa de Asuntos Exteriores de la UE, Kaja Kallas, emitió un comunicado calificando los ataques contra el monasterio, al igual que los ataques contra civiles ucranianos, como crímenes de guerra , y anunció otra ronda de sanciones contra Rusia. [ 29 ] El Patriarcado rumano expresó su «profunda preocupación y tristeza» por el ataque que «representa una pérdida para toda la cristiandad y para el patrimonio universal de la humanidad». [ 30 ]

El Patriarcado Ecuménico de Constantinopla emitió un comunicado oficial condenando enérgicamente el ataque, calificándolo de asalto «inaceptable y profano» contra un monumento sagrado del patrimonio cultural compartido del cristianismo, y señalando que «ninguna persona racional ni ningún argumento pueden justificar este ataque bárbaro y destructivo». [ 31 ] [ 32 ] El 15 de junio de 2026, el Patriarca Ecuménico Bartolomé I mantuvo comunicaciones telefónicas con el Metropolitano Epifanio de Kiev y de toda Ucrania y con el Presidente de Ucrania, Volodímir Zelenski . Durante estas llamadas, el Patriarca Ecuménico expresó su repudio al «acto de barbarie e irrespeto», transmitiendo el pleno apoyo y la solidaridad de la Iglesia Madre de Constantinopla al pueblo ucraniano asolado por la guerra, y ofreciendo también sus condolencias a las familias de las víctimas y los heridos. [ 33 ] [ 34 ]

Priores

A continuación se enumeran los priores del Monasterio de las Cuevas de Kiev.

Buildings and structures

Pechersk Lavra, Kyiv, in 1889, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C.

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra contains numerous architectural monuments, ranging from bell towers to cathedrals to cave systems and to strong stone fortification walls. The main attractions of the Lavra include the Great Lavra Belltower, and the Dormition Cathedral, destroyed in fighting the Germans World War II, and fully reconstructed in the 1990s after the fall of Soviet Union by Ukraine.

Other churches and cathedrals of the Lavra include: the Refectory Church, the Church of All Saints, the Church of the Saviour at Berestove, the Church of the Exaltation of Cross, the Church of the Trinity, the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, the Church of the Conception of St. Anne, and the Church of the Life-Giving Spring. The Lavra also contains many other constructions, including: the St. Nicholas Monastery, the Kyiv Theological Academy and Seminary, and the Debosquette Wall.

Great Lavra Belltower

The Great Lavra Belltower is one of the most notable features of the Kyiv skyline and among the main attractions of the Lavra. 96.5 meters in height, it was the tallest free-standing belltower at the time of its construction in 1731–1745, and was designed by the architect Johann Gottfried Schädel. It is a Classical style construction and consists of tiers, surmounted by a gildeddome.

Dormition Cathedral

The restored Dormition Cathedral

Built in the 11th century, the main church of the monastery was destroyed during the World War II, a couple of months after the Nazi Germany troops occupied the city of Kyiv, during which the Soviet Union conducted the controversial 1941 Khreshchatyk explosions. Withdrawing Soviet troops practiced the tactics of scorched earth and blew up all the Kyiv bridges over Dnieper as well as the main Khreshchatyk street and Kyiv Pechersk Lavra.[48] The destruction of the cathedral followed a pattern of Soviet disregard for cultural heritage, as they previously blew up the ancient St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery nearby in the 1930s.[49]

In 1928, the monastery was converted into an anti-religious museum park by the Soviet authorities and after their return no efforts were provided to restore the church. The temple was finally restored in 1995 after Ukraine obtained its independence and the construction was accomplished in two years. The new Dormition Church was consecrated in 2000.[48]

Gate Church of the Trinity

La Iglesia de la Puerta de la Trinidad se encuentra sobre las Puertas Sagradas, que albergan la entrada al monasterio. Según la leyenda, esta iglesia fue fundada por el príncipe Sviatoslav II de Cherníhiv . Se construyó sobre una antigua iglesia de piedra que se alzaba en su lugar. Tras el incendio de 1718, la iglesia fue reconstruida, y sus veneradas fachadas y muros interiores se enriquecieron con elaborados trabajos de estuco realizados por el artesano V. Stefaovych. En el siglo XVIII, se construyó una nueva cúpula dorada en forma de pera, y la fachada y los muros exteriores se decoraron con ornamentos vegetales de estuco moldeado, además de un vestíbulo de piedra adosado al extremo norte. A principios del siglo XX, las fachadas y los muros que flanquean la entrada fueron pintados por iconógrafos bajo la dirección de V. Sonin. El interior de la Iglesia de la Puerta de la Trinidad contiene murales del pintor de principios del siglo XVIII Alimpy Galik.

Cámaras del refectorio con la Iglesia de los Santos Antonio y Teodosio.

Iglesia del refectorio

El refectorio de la Iglesia de los Santos Antonio y Teodosio es el tercero de una serie de templos. El templo original se construyó en el siglo XII y no se conservan dibujos ni representaciones visuales del mismo. El segundo templo se construyó durante el Hetmanato cosaco y fue desmantelado por las autoridades rusas en el siglo XIX. Fue reemplazado por el templo actual, conocido comúnmente como el Refectorio del Monasterio de las Cuevas de Kiev.

La Iglesia de Todos los Santos

La iglesia de Todos los Santos, erigida entre 1696 y 1698, es un magnífico ejemplo de la arquitectura barroca ucraniana. Sus fachadas se caracterizan por una rica ornamentación arquitectónica. En 1905, estudiantes de la escuela de arte de Lavra pintaron las paredes interiores de la iglesia. El iconostasio de madera tallada, de varios niveles, fue realizado para la iglesia de Todos los Santos a principios del siglo XVIII.

Iglesia del Salvador en Berestove

Vista lateral de la Iglesia del Salvador en Berestove , con su campanario , diseñada por el arquitecto Andrei Melenskyi en estilo clásico .

La Iglesia del Salvador de Berestove se encuentra al norte del Monasterio de las Cuevas de Kiev. Fue construida en la aldea de Berestove a principios del siglo XI, durante el reinado del príncipe Vladimir Monomakh . Posteriormente, sirvió como mausoleo de la dinastía Monomakh, incluyendo a Yuri Dolgoruki , fundador de Moscú. A pesar de estar fuera de las fortificaciones del Monasterio, la Iglesia del Salvador de Berestove forma parte del complejo del Monasterio de las Cuevas de Kiev.

cuevas

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra caverns are a system of narrow underground corridors (about 1-1½ metres wide and 2-2½ metres high), along with numerous living quarters and underground chapels. In 1051, the monk Anthony settled in an old cave in a hill near the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. This cave received additions including corridors and a church, and is now the Far Caves. In 1057, Anthony moved to a cave near the Upper Lavra, now called the Near Caves.

Foreign travellers in the 16th–17th centuries wrote that the catacombs of the Lavra stretched for hundreds of kilometres, reaching as far as Moscow and Novgorod,[50] spreading awareness of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra.

Library

The notable library of the Lavra was burned during the reign of Peter the Great. On the night of April 21-22, 1718, Orthodox monks — tsarist agents — set fire to the premises of the Lavra, where its library and archive with unique documents and books from the historical past of Ukraine were located.

In 1988, after the restoration of the monastery's activities, library work was resumed. The funds began to be replenished with those publications that the Lavra monks and parishioners managed to save. New books began to be purchased, and some of the books that began to be published by the Lavra printing house restored in 1995 were transferred to the library.

Over 20 years of activity after the revival of the monastery, more than 10 thousand volumes were collected. In 2008, the library was moved to premises that allow the best placement and organization of library funds. Accounting and cataloging of the Lavra library funds were digitized.

Necropolis

There are over a hundred burials in the Lavra. Below are the most notable ones

During the Soviet era, the bodies of the saints that lay in the caves were left uncovered due to the regime's disregard for religion. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the bodies were covered with a cloth and to this day remain in the same state.

Museum

Eastern Orthodox pilgrim in Kyiv Pechersk Lavra – women must cover their head when entering the lavra.

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra is one of the largest museums in Kyiv. The exposition is the actual ensemble of the Upper (Near Caves) and Lower (Far Caves) Lavra territories, which house many architectural relics of the past. The collection within the churches and caves includes articles of precious metal, prints, higher clergy portraits and rare church hierarchy photographs.[52] The main exposition contains articles from 16th to early 20th centuries, which include chalices, crucifixes, and textiles from 16th–19th centuries, with needlework and embroidery of Ukrainian masters. The remainder of the collection consists of pieces from the Lavra's Printing House and the Lavra's Icon Painting Workshop.[52]

The museum provides tours of the catacombs, which contain remains of Eastern Orthodox saints or their relics. The Caves are of geological interest because they are excavated into loess ground. They form one of the most extensive occurrences of loess caves in the world.

The Lavra museums include:

Images

See also

Notes

  1. ↑Late 2010 a monitoring mission of UNESCO was visiting the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra to check on situation of the site. At the time the Minister of CultureMykhailo Kulynyak stated the historic site along with the Saint Sophia Cathedral was not threatened by the "black list" of the organisation.[12] The World Heritage Committee of UNESCO decided in June 2013 that Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, and St. Sofia Cathedral and related monastery buildings would remain on the World Heritage List.[11]

References

  1. ↑"Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  2. ↑"Правильне написання столиці України англійською мовою закріплено в документі ЮНЕСКО – МЗС України"[The correct spelling of the capital of Ukraine in English is enshrined in a UNESCO document - MFA of Ukraine]. gordonua.com (in Ukrainian). 9 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  3. ↑Magocsi P.R. A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1996. p 98.
  4. ↑Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 7.
  5. 1234567"Метаморфози Києво-Печерської лаври". Український Тиждень. 5 August 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2025.
  6. 1234567"Kijevo Pečorų lauros vienuolyno kompleksas". Valstybinė kultūros paveldo komisija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 25 January 2025.
  7. ↑Нетудихаткін, Ігор (1 January 2024). Cофійська колядка: у пошуках мелодії Різдва XVII століття[Sofia Carol: In Search of a 17th-Century Christmas Melody]. Український Тиждень[Ukrainian Week] (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 22 October 2025.
  8. 123456"Українська молитва в лаврських печерах". Український Тиждень. 25 July 2025. Retrieved 14 August 2025.
  9. 12Basmat, Dmytro; Fenbert, Abbey (15 June 2026). "Kyiv's historic Pechersk Lavra burns as large-scale Russian strikes kill 5, injure 29 in capital". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  10. 1234567891011121314151617"Kyivan Cave Monastery". Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  11. 12https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/157947.html/ Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, St. Sophia Cathedral remain on UNESCO's World Heritage List], Interfax-Ukraine (20 June 2013)
  12. ↑""Софії Київській та Києво-Печерській лаврі "чорний список" ЮНЕСКО не загрожує" – Міністр культури Михайло Кулиняк"["Sophia of Kyiv and Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra are not threatened by the UNESCO "black list" - Minister of Culture Mykhailo Kulinyak]. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  13. ↑"Про надання статусу національного Києво-Печерському держав... - від 13.03.1996 № 181/96"[On granting the status of national Kyiv-Pechersk State... - dated 03.13.1996 No. 181/96]. zakon1.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  14. ↑"Сайт Національного Києво-Печерського історико-культурного заповідника"[Site of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve]. www.kplavra.kyiv.ua. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  15. ↑"General information — Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra". 14 November 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  16. ↑"Head of UOC led solemnities on Synaxis of Near Caves' Venerable Fathers". Kyiv Holy Dormition Caves Lavra. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  17. ↑"Historical churches of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra returned to Ukrainian state from Russia-affiliated church". Euromaidan Press. 5 January 2023.
  18. 12"Ukraine reclaims Kyiv cathedral amid church dispute". ABC News. 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  19. ↑"Epiphanius for the first time conducts Christmas service in Holy Dormition Cathedral". www.ukrinform.net. 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  20. ↑"Orthodox leader in Kyiv ordered under house arrest by Ukrainian court". PBS NewsHour. 1 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  21. 1234"Kremlin says Ukrainian authorities' decision on Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate justifies "special operation"". Ukrainska Pravda. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  22. ↑"Metropolitan Epiphany urges calm after arrest of abbot". Church Times. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  23. ↑"Lavra. What's next?". Lb.ua (in Ukrainian). 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  24. ↑Department of Image Collections
  25. ↑Kollen Post (26 January 2026). "Ukraine war latest: Russian air attack damages Kyiv's holiest site". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 26 January 2026.
  26. ↑"Cathedral burns at Unesco-listed Kyiv Pechersk Lavra after Russian attack". The Guardian. 15 June 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  27. 1234567Beaumont, Peter (15 June 2026). "Kyiv monastery set on fire in night of Russian attacks across Ukraine". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  28. 12Stern, David L.; Galouchka, Anastacia (15 June 2026). "Russian attack kills at least five and damages historic monastery in Kyiv". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  29. 12345678"Europa spreekt schande van Russische aanval op historisch klooster in Kyiv"[Europe condemns Russia’s attack on a historic monastery in Kyiv]. NOS (in Dutch). 15 June 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  30. ↑"Patriarhia Română deplânge atacul asupra Lavrei Pecerska din Kiev" (in Romanian). Agerpres. 15 June 2026.
  31. ↑"Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο καταδικάζει την επίθεση στη Λαύρα του Κιέβου - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο" (in Greek). 15 June 2026. Retrieved 16 June 2026.
  32. ↑"Patriarch Bartholomew condemns attack on Kyiv religious landmark | eKathimerini.com". www.ekathimerini.com. 15 June 2026. Retrieved 16 June 2026.
  33. ↑"Τηλεφωνική επικοινωνία του Οικουμενικού Πατριάρχου με τον Πρόεδρο της Ουκρανίας - Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο" (in Greek). 15 June 2026. Retrieved 16 June 2026.
  34. ↑https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/prezident-ukrayini-ta-vselenskij-patriarh-obgovorili-rosijsk-104917
  35. ↑"Saint Anthony of the Caves". 1993. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  36. ↑"Varlaam". Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  37. ↑"Saint Theodosius of the Caves". 1993. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  38. ↑"Stefan of Kyiv". 1993. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  39. ↑"Boniak". 1984. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  40. ↑"Povist' vremennykh lit". 1993. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  41. ↑"Kyivan Cave Patericon". Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  42. ↑"Polikarp, monk". Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  43. ↑"Kopystensky, Zakhariia". 1989. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  44. ↑"Gizel, Innokentii". 1988. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  45. ↑"Krokovsky, Yoasaf". 1988. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  46. ↑"Shcherbatsky, Tymofii". Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  47. ↑"Khrapovitsky, Antonii". 1989. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  48. 12"1941: уничтожение Успенского собора в Лавре". BBC News Україна (in Russian). 3 November 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  49. ↑Гогун, Александр (20 September 2021). "Вандалы-орденоносцы. Как Красная армия взрывала Киев". Радио Свобода (in Russian). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  50. ↑Malikenaite, Ruta (2003). Guidebook: Touring Kyiv. Kyiv: Baltia Druk. ISBN 966-96041-3-3.
  51. ↑Jučas, Mečislovas. "Aleksandras". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 25 January 2025.
  52. 12Kyiv Sightseeing Guide. Kyiv/Lviv: Centre d'Europe. 2001. ISBN 966-7022-29-3.

Sources

Primary sources

  • Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953) [1930]. The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor(PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325. (The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction).
  • John Herbinius (1675). Religious Kyivan caves or the underground Kyiv (Religiosae Kijovienses Cryptae, Sive Kijovia Subterranea).

Secondary sources

  • Holy Dormition Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra – Official site(in English, Russian, and Ukrainian)
  • National Kyiv-Pechersk Historico-Cultural Preserve
  • Drawings and Sketches by Students of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Monastery Workshop
  • M. Z. Petrenko. Cave labyrinths on the territory of the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. Photo essay. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1974.
  • National Kyiv-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. A set of postcards. Kyiv, Mystetstvo, 1977.
  • Video "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (4k UltraHD)"