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List of tsunamis

A tsunami hitting a coastline This article lists notable tsunamis , which are sorted by the date and location that they occurred. Because of seismic and volcanic activity associ...

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A tsunami hitting a coastline

This article lists notable tsunamis, which are sorted by the date and location that they occurred.

Because of seismic and volcanic activity associated with tectonicplate boundaries along the Pacific Ring of Fire, tsunamis occur most frequently in the Pacific Ocean,[1] but are a worldwide natural phenomenon. They are possible wherever large bodies of water are found, including inland lakes, where they can be caused by landslides and glacier calving. Very small tsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable without specialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minor earthquakes and other events.

Around 1600 BC, the eruption of Thira devastated Aegean sites including Akrotiri (prehistoric city). Some Minoan sites in eastern Crete may have been damaged by ensuing tsunamis.

The oldest recorded tsunami occurred in 479 BC. It destroyed a Persian army that was attacking the town of Potidaea in Greece.[2]

As early as 426 BC, the Greek historian Thucydides inquired in his book History of the Peloponnesian War (3.89.1–6) about the causes of tsunamis. He argued that such events could only be explained as a consequence of ocean earthquakes, and could see no other possible causes.[3]

Prehistoric

Before 1000 AD

1000–1700 AD

1700s

1800s

1900–1950

1950–2000

2000–2010

2011–2020

2021–present

Highest or tallest

  • The tsunami with the highest run-up was the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami, which had a record height of 524 m (1,719 ft).
  • The only other recent megatsunamis are the 1963 Vajont Dam megatsunami, which had an initial height of 250 m (820 ft), the 1980 Spirit Lake megatsunami, which measured 260 m (850 ft) tall, the 2015 megatsunami in Taan Fiord, a finger of Icy Bay in Alaska, which had an estimated initial height of 100 metres (330 ft) and a run-up of 193 metres (633 ft), and the 2025 megatsunami in Tracy Arm, with an estimated run-up of 470–500 m (1,540–1,640 ft).[223]
  • A tsunami caused by a landslide during the 1964 Alaska earthquake reached a height of 70 m (230 ft), making it one of the largest tsunamis in recorded history.[227]

Deadliest

The deadliest tsunami in recorded history was the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which killed almost 230,000 people in fourteen countries including (listed in order of confirmed fatalities) Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Somalia, Myanmar, Maldives, Malaysia, Tanzania, Seychelles, Bangladesh, South Africa, Yemen and Kenya.[228] There were also many injuries and extensive property damage.

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑Mofjeld, H. (13 March 2005). "FAQ Results". NOAA Center for Tsunami Research. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  2. 12Smid, T. C.: "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature", Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 17, No. 1 (April 1970), pp. 100–04 (102f.)
  3. ↑Thucydides: "A History of the Peloponnesian War", 3.89.1–5Archived 5 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑Sleep, Norman H.; Lowe, Donald R. (3 March 2014). "Physics of crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by asteroid impact, ∼3.26 Ga, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 15 (4): 1054–1070. Bibcode:2014GGG....15.1054S. doi:10.1002/2014GC005229. S2CID 129591235. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  5. 12Minami, Hiroki; Tani, Kenichiro (1 November 2024). "Morphological evidence of an explosive eruption event in October 2023 at Sofu Seamount in the Izu-Bonin Arc". Marine Geology. 477 107405. Bibcode:2024MGeol.47707405M. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107405. ISSN 0025-3227.
  6. 12Obana, Koichiro; Ito, Aki; Fujiwara, Toshiya; Obayashi, Masayuki; Imai, Kentaro; Nakamura, Yasuyuki; Yoshida, Kenta; Tada, Noriko; Nakajima, Tomoya; Matsumoto, Hiroyuki; Fujie, Gou; Tanaka, Satoru; Ono, Shigeaki; Kodaira, Shuichi (28 April 2025). "Earthquake activity in the Torishima Rift and Sofu Seamount, and its relationship to the October 2023 tsunamis in Japan". Earth, Planets and Space. 77 (1): 56. Bibcode:2025EP&S...77...56O. doi:10.1186/s40623-025-02185-x. ISSN 1880-5981.
  7. 12Sandanbata, Osamu; Satake, Kenji; Takemura, Shunsuke; Watada, Shingo; Maeda, Takuto; Kubota, Tatsuya (2024). "Enigmatic Tsunami Waves Amplified by Repetitive Source Events Near Sofugan Volcano, Japan". Geophysical Research Letters. 51 (2) e2023GL106949. Bibcode:2024GeoRL..5106949S. doi:10.1029/2023GL106949. ISSN 1944-8007.
  8. ↑Goto, Kazuhisa; Tada, Ryuji; Tajika, Eiichi; Bralower, Timothy J.; Hasegawa, Takashi; Matsui, Takafumi (2004). "Evidence for ocean water invasion into the Chicxulub crater at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 39 (8): 1233–1247. Bibcode:2004M&PS...39.1233G. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x. S2CID 55674339.
  9. ↑Matsui, Takafumi; Imamura, F.; Tajika, Eiichi; Nakano, Y.; Fujisawa, Y. (2002). "Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event". Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: Impacts and beyond. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.69. ISBN 978-0-8137-2356-3.
  10. ↑Gulick, Sean P. S.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Ormö, Jens; Hall, Brendon; Grice, Kliti; Schaefer, Bettina; Lyons, Shelby; Freeman, Katherine H.; Morgan, Joanna V.; Artemieva, Natalia; Kaskes, Pim (24 September 2019). "The first day of the Cenozoic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (39): 19342–19351. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11619342G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909479116. PMC 6765282. PMID 31501350.
  11. ↑"Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Created A Mile-High Tsunami That Swept Through The World's Oceans". iflscience.com. 8 January 2019.
  12. ↑"Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact". Eos. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  13. ↑Shonting, David; Ezrailson, Cathy (2017). Chicxulub: The Impact and Tsunami. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39487-9. ISBN 978-3-319-39485-5.
  14. ↑Sanford, Jason C.; Snedden, John W.; Gulick, Sean P. S. (March 2016). "The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary deposit in the Gulf of Mexico: Large-scale oceanic basin response to the Chicxulub impact". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (3): 1240–1261. Bibcode:2016JGRB..121.1240S. doi:10.1002/2015JB012615. S2CID 130978191.
  15. ↑DePalma, Robert A.; Smit, Jan; Burnham, David A.; Kuiper, Klaudia; Manning, Phillip L.; Oleinik, Anton; Larson, Peter; Maurrasse, Florentin J.; Vellekoop, Johan; Richards, Mark A.; Gurche, Loren (23 April 2019). "A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (17): 8190–8199. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.8190D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817407116. PMC 6486721. PMID 30936306.
  16. ↑Silva, P.G.; Elez, Javier; Huerta, Pedro; Llovera, Jorge; Perucha, Maria Angeles; Roquero, Elvira; Rodriguez-Pascua, Miguel; Martínez-Graña, A; Azcárate, Teresa; Reicherter, Klaus (6 November 2017). "Sedimentary record of pre-Quaternary tsunamis in the Gibraltar Strait area after the Zanclean flooding"(PDF). IX Reunião do Quaternário Ibérico, Faro: 137–140 – via ResearchGate.
  17. ↑"Hawaiian landslides have been catastrophic". mbari.org. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  18. ↑Culliney, John L. (2006) Islands in a Far Sea: The Fate of Nature in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.
  19. ↑"Kalaupapa Settlement Boundary Study. Along North Shore to Halawa Valley, Molokai"(PDF). National Park Service. 2001. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  20. ↑Paris, Raphaël; Bravo, Juan J. Coello; González, María E. Martín; Kelfoun, Karim; Nauret, François (15 May 2017). "Explosive eruption, flank collapse and megatsunami at Tenerife ca. 170 ka". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 15246. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815246P. doi:10.1038/ncomms15246. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5440666. PMID 28504256.
  21. ↑Carracedo, J. C., Rodríguez Badioloa, E., Guillou, H., Paterne, M., Scaillet, S., Pérez Torrado, F. J., Paris, R., Fra-Paleo, U., Hansen, A., 2007. "Eruptive and structural history of Teide Volcano and rift zones of Tenerife, Canary Islands." Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 119(9–10). 1027–1051
  22. ↑Johnson, Carl; Mader, Charles L. (January 1995). "Modeling the 105 KA Lanai Tsunami". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  23. ↑Ramalho, Ricardo S.; Winckler, Gisela; Madeira, José; Helffrich, George R.; Hipólito, Ana; Quartau, Rui; Adena, Katherine; Schaefer, Joerg M. (2 October 2015). "Hazard potential of volcanic flank collapses raised by new megatsunami evidence". Science Advances. 1 (9) e1500456. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0456R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500456. PMC 4646801. PMID 26601287.
  24. ↑Shtienberg, Gilad; Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Norris, Richard D.; Lazar, Michael; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tamberino, Anthony; Gadol, Omri; Cantu, Katrina; Arkin-Shalev, Ehud; Ward, Steven N.; Levy, Thomas E. (23 December 2020). "A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel". PLOS ONE. 15 (12). e0243619. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1543619S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243619. PMC 7757801. PMID 33362214.
  25. ↑Baptista, M. A.; Miranda, J. M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis"(PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  26. ↑Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Mazzarini, Francesco; Favalli, Massimiliano (July 2006). "Large submarine landslides offshore Mt. Etna". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (13) 2006GL026064. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3313302P. doi:10.1029/2006GL026064.
  27. ↑Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Favalli, Massimiliano (November 2006). "Lost tsunami". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (22) 2006GL027790. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3322608P. doi:10.1029/2006GL027790.
  28. ↑CISEM News (December 2006). "From the Etna to the Levantine shore – an ancient tsunami?". ciesm.org. CISEM: The Mediterranean Science Commission. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  29. ↑Pareschi, Maria Teresa; Boschi, Enzo; Favalli, Massimiliano (28 August 2007). "Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (16) 2007GL030717. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3416317P. doi:10.1029/2007GL030717.
  30. ↑Frébourg, Gregory; Hasler, Claude-Alain; Davaud, Eric (March 2010). "Catastrophic event recorded among Holocene eolianites (Sidi Salem Formation, SE Tunisia)". Sedimentary Geology. 224 (1–4): 38–48. Bibcode:2010SedG..224...38F. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.12.006.
  31. ↑Bondevik, Stein; Dawson, Sue; Dawson, Alastair; Lohne, Øystein (5 August 2003). "Record-breaking Height for 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic"(PDF). Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 84 (31): 289, 293. Bibcode:2003EOSTr..84..289B. doi:10.1029/2003EO310001. hdl:1956/729. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-08-07.
  32. ↑Bondevik, S; Lovholt, F; Harbitz, C; Stormo, S; Skjerdal, G (2006). "The Storegga Slide Tsunami – Deposits, Run-up Heights and Radiocarbon Dating of the 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic". American Geophysical Union meeting.
  33. ↑Bondevik, S; Stormo, SK; Skjerdal, G (2012). "Green mosses date the Storegga tsunami to the chilliest decades of the 8.2 ka cold event". Quaternary Science Reviews. 45: 1–6. Bibcode:2012QSRv...45....1B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.020.
  34. 12Korsgaard, Niels J.; Svennevig, Kristian; Søndergaard, Anne S.; Luetzenburg, Gregor; Oksman, Mimmi; Larsen, Nicolaj K. (13 March 2023). "Giant mid-Holocene landslide-generated tsunamis recorded in lake sediments from Saqqaq, West Greenland". copernicus.org. European Geosciences Union. doi:10.5194/nhess-24-757-2024. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  35. ↑Cain, Genevieve; Goff, James; McFadgen, Bruce (1 June 2019). "Prehistoric Coastal Mass Burials: Did Death Come in Waves?". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 26 (2): 714–754. doi:10.1007/s10816-018-9386-y.
  36. ↑Cambero, Fabian Andres; Esposito, Anthony (6 April 2022). "Some 3,800 years ago, a mega earthquake, tsunami hit Chile's Atacama desert". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  37. ↑Marshall, Michael (6 April 2022). "Ancient Chilean tsunami scared local people away for 1000 years". New Scientist. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  38. ↑Mörner, Nils-Axel; Ambrosiani, Björn; Anderson Ambrosiani, Phyllis (2020). "A mega-tsunami in the Baltic Sea 1171 BC: geological records with special reference to the Lake Mälaren area in Sweden". Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  39. ↑Wegmann, Karl (12 January 2021). "HazBlog-007: Landslide generated tsunami – the 2007 Chehalis Lake, B.C. Canada Example". hazmapper.org. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  40. ↑Herodotus: "Herodotus, The Histories, Book 8, chapter 129, section 1". Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2008-02-16. "The Histories", 8.129
  41. ↑Antonopoulos, John (1992). "The Tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos Gulf, Eastern Greece". Natural Hazards. 5 (1): 83–93. Bibcode:1992NatHa...5...83A. doi:10.1007/BF00127141. S2CID 129459786.
  42. ↑Smid, T. C.: "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature", Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 17, No. 1 (Apr. 1970), pp. 100–04 (103f.)
  43. ↑Paul Kronfield. "The Lost Cities of Ancient Helike: Principal Ancient Sources". Helike.org. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
  44. 12345678910NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) (20 September 2005). "NOAA/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database". Archived from the original on 2013-02-14. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
  45. ↑Cf. tsunami-ID 01, in: Tinti S., Maramai A., Graziani L. (2007). The Italian Tsunami Catalogue (ITC)Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Version 2 (Windows database software).
  46. ↑Reinhardt, E. G.; Goodman, B. N.; Boyce, J. I.; Lopez, G.; van Hengstum, P.; Rink, W. J.; Mart, Y.; Raban, A. (2006). "The tsunami of 13 December A.D. 115 and the destruction of Herod the Great's harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel". Geology. 34 (12): 1061–1064. Bibcode:2006Geo....34.1061R. doi:10.1130/G22780A.1.
  47. ↑Altınok, Y.; Alpar, B.; Özer, N.; Aykurt, H. (2011). "Revision of the tsunami catalogue affecting Turkish coasts and surrounding regions". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 11 (2): 273–291. Bibcode:2011NHESS..11..273A. doi:10.5194/nhess-11-273-2011.
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