Hispanopedia Wiki
Articulo de referencia

Mohammad Beheshti

Head of [[Supreme Court of Iran]]"},"image":{"wt":"Beheshti-10.jpg"},"appointer":{"wt":"[[Ruhollah Khomeini]]"},"successor":{"wt":"[[Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili]]"},"term_start...

Hispanopedia WikiContenido en espanolLectura gratuita

Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti (Persian: محمد حسینی بهشتی; 24 October 1928 – 28 June 1981) was an Iranian jurist, poetic philosopher, cleric and politician who was known as the second person in the political hierarchy of Iran after the Revolution.[2] Beheshti is considered to have been the primary architect of Iran's post-revolution constitution, as well as the administrative structure of the Islamic republic. Beheshti is also known to have selected and trained several prominent politicians in the Islamic Republic, such as former presidents Hassan Rouhani and Mohammad Khatami, Ali Akbar Velayati, Mohammad Javad Larijani, Ali Fallahian, and Mostafa Pourmohammadi.[3] Beheshti also served as the Secretary General of the Islamic Republic Party, and was the head of the Iranian judicial system. He further served as Chairman of the Council of Islamic Revolution, and the Assembly of Experts. Beheshti earned a PhD in philosophy, and was fluent in English, German and Arabic.

On 28 June 1981, Beheshti was assassinated in the Hafte tir bombing by the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK), along with more than 70 members of the Islamic Republic Party, including four cabinet ministers and 23 members of parliament.[4] The Iranian government implicated Mohammad Reza Kolahi as the MEK operative involved in the incident.[5] Following his death, Ayatollah Khomeini referred to Beheshti as a person who was "as a nation for us."[6]

Early years and education

Beheshti was born in Isfahan in 1928.[7] He studied both at the University of Tehran and under Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei in Qom. Between 1965 and 1970, he led the Islamic Center in Hamburg where he was responsible for the spiritual leadership of religious Iranian students in Germany and western Europe. In Hamburg, he also worked with Mohammad Khatami and was among his influences. From the early 1960s he was involved in activities against the monarchy and was arrested several times by the Shah's secret police, the SAVAK.

Beheshti joined Ayatollah Khomeini in Najaf, Iraq, where the latter was in exile. There he became part of Khomeini's underground movement.[8]

Career

Following the Islamic revolution, Beheshti became one of the original members of the Council of Revolution of Iran and soon its chairman. As vice-president, he played a particularly important role in promoting the principle of velayat-e faqih as the basis for the new constitution. In the first post-revolutionary Iranian parliament, he led the Islamic Republic party together with Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. (However, he never campaigned for the parliament, for he was already the head of Iran's Supreme Judicial System). Beheshti was the founding member, first general secretary and a central committee member of the party.[9] He was also planning to run for the presidency in the first presidential elections, but withdrew after Ayatollah Khomeini told a delegation of Rafsanjani and Khamenei that he preferred non-clerics as presidents, which led to the Islamic Republic party's endorsement of (firstly) Jalaleddin Farsi and (subsequently) Hasan Habibi as candidate.[10]

Assassination

On 28 June 1981, Beheshti was killed in the Hafte tir bombing during a party conference. A spokesman for Iran's revolutionary guards said in an interview that a People's Mujahedin of Iran member, Mohammad Reza Kolahi, had been responsible.[11][5]

According to James Buchan, the Islamic Republic of Iran first blamed the Tudeh Party, SAVAK, and the Iraqi regime. Two days later, Ruhollah Khomeini accused the MEK.[12] A few years later, a Kermanshah tribunal executed four "Iraqi agents" for the incident. Another tribunal in Tehran executed Mehdi Tafari for the same incident. In 1985, the head of military intelligence informed the press that this had been the work of royalist army officers. Iran's security forces blamed the United States and "internal mercenaries".[13]

Along with Beheshti, many clerics, ministers, and officials also died in the bombing.[14]Supreme LeaderAyatollah Khomeini was reportedly very moved by Beheshti's death.[15] A commemoration ceremony is organized each year on the day of Beheshti's assassination.[16]

Works

Beheshti authored numerous books during his life. After his death, around 24 books were written about him during 30 years. Some of the books are the product of his lectures.[17] Some of his works were translated into Arabic. Some of them are as follows:

  • Background of the birth of Islam (translated to English)
  • Philosophy of Islam[18]
  • Dos and Don'ts
  • Al Ghavaed Va Al Feghhiyat
  • Islamic Economy
  • Right and Fault
  • Pilgrimage in Quran
  • Unity in Quran
  • The Problem of Property
  • God from the Viewpoint of the Quran
  • Banking and Financial Laws in Islam
  • What Do We Know about the Political Party?
  • Review and Analysis of Jihad, Justice, Liberalism, Imamate
  • School and Specialty
Ayatollah KhameneiFriday prayer with the presence of Ayatollah Beheshti and Akbar Hashemi

Opinions

Beheshti desempeñó un papel importante en la redacción de la constitución de Irán, particularmente en la sección económica. Creía en las empresas cooperativas (Ta'avoni) en el ámbito económico, así como en la colaboración y cooperación en lugar de la competencia en los asuntos económicos. Según él, en las empresas Ta'avoni no existe intermediario entre productor y consumidor. También afirma que en dichas entidades, los derechos legales pertenecen a los miembros, no a los accionistas. [ 19 ] Sostiene que el fundamento de la Constitución de Irán es islámico, y que el sistema revolucionario islámico de Irán es, al mismo tiempo, un sistema orientado al pueblo, de acuerdo con la voluntad del pueblo iraní. Este sistema está diseñado para el progreso y la evolución de la humanidad. [ 20 ] Según Beheshti, uno de los pilares más importantes del pensamiento político es que el ser humano puede transitar por el camino correcto con fe en la verdad. [ 21 ]

Filosofía de la jurisprudencia

Según Beheshti, el origen de la propiedad y la posesión en el Islam radica en el trabajo.

Epistemología

Beheshti planteó algunas cuestiones epistemológicas en su obra El conocimiento desde la perspectiva del Corán . Creía que el conocimiento no tiene definición y que no se puede encontrar ninguna. Beheshti sostenía que solo existen cuatro fuentes de conocimiento: la percepción, la introspección, la razón y la revelación (o Vahy). En su estructura del conocimiento, combinó una actitud empírica con el fundacionalismo. [ 22 ]

Antropología

Beheshti, opuesto al modernismo , creía que existe una relación estricta entre los aspectos individuales y colectivos del ser humano. Según él, aunque la historia de la humanidad muestra una tendencia constante hacia la falsedad (o Batil), el Corán afirma que existe un fuerte vínculo entre la humanidad y la verdad. Beheshti también hizo hincapié en la teoría de Fitarat (naturaleza innata o primaria) en antropología. Asimismo, creía que el alma humana debía considerarse en su totalidad, no en partes. De acuerdo con la teoría de la naturaleza primaria, una de las características del alma humana es la voluntad y la capacidad de elección. Al mismo tiempo, los seres humanos asumen la responsabilidad de sus actos. Los seres humanos poseen dos cualidades importantes: la libertad de elección y la responsabilidad. En otras palabras, Beheshti considera que el islam tiene una perspectiva realista respecto a los seres humanos, ya que los concibe como una combinación de libertad de elección y responsabilidad. Si bien los seres humanos tienen la capacidad de elegir, la fe desempeña un papel importante en este sentido y puede ayudarlos a tomar decisiones. [ 23 ]

Posiciones políticas

Beheshti supported a state which protects its citizens.[24] He combined conservatism with his own Brand of "Islamic Marxism".[25] However, he is also considered a progressive cleric, distinguishing himself from right-wing conservatives.[26]

Museum

Seyyed Mohammad Beheshti's house in the Gholhak neighborhood was turned into a museum in July 1992. The house consists of two parts and the artists tried to show both parts; A part of Beheshti's social life is like the meeting room, where many things happened before and after the Islamic Revolution, and he was arrested at least twice by SAVAK agents; There are also several meetings between religious modernists, the Revolutionary Council, the Council of Fighting Clergy that have been formed in this place, which are related to his social life in this house. The other part is the family part of the building, which evokes memories of his behavior with the family.[27][28]

See also

References

  1. ↑"خادم بقعه شهید بهشتی اهل مزار شریف هست". farsnews. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  2. ↑"BEHESHTI WAS SEEN AS NO. 2 FIGURE IN IRAN AFTER THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION". The New York Times. 29 June 1981.
  3. ↑"Mohammad Hosayn Beheshti". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 October 2003.
  4. ↑Rubin, Barry M.; Rubin, Judith Colp (2008), "The Iranian Revolution and The War in Afghanistan", Chronologies of Modern Terrorism, M.E. Sharpe, p. 246, ISBN 9780765622068, In Tehran, Iran, a bomb set by the Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK), a leftist group with a philosophy combining Marxism and Islam, explodes at the headquarters of the ruling Islamic Republican Party, killing 73 people, including the party's founder, chief justice Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti, four cabinet ministers and 23 parliament members.
  5. 12"IRANIAN GOVERNMENT EXECUTES 27 IN CRACKDOWN ON LEFTIST GROUPS (1981)". The New York Times. 7 July 1981.
  6. ↑"Imam Khomeini – Beheshti Was Himself a Nation for Us: Imam Khomeini". en.imam-khomeini.ir.
  7. ↑Jessup, John E. (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 62. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  8. ↑Samii, Abbas William (1997). "The Shah's Lebanon policy: the role of SAVAK". Middle Eastern Studies. 33 (1): 66–91. doi:10.1080/00263209708701142.
  9. ↑Asayesh, Hossein; Adlina Ab. Halim; Jayum A. Jawan; Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei (March 2011). "Political Party in Islamic Republic of Iran: A Review". Journal of Politics and Law. 4 (1). doi:10.5539/jpl.v4n1p221. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  10. ↑Rouleau, Eric (1980). "Khomenei's Iran". Foreign Affairs. 59 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/20040651. JSTOR 20040651.
  11. ↑Boffey, Daniel (14 January 2019). "Death of an electrician: how luck run out for dissident who fled Iran in 1981". the guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  12. ↑James Buchan (2013). Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences. Simon & Schuster. p. 293. ISBN 978-1416597773.
  13. ↑"33 HIGH IRANIAN OFFICIALS DIE IN BOMBIMG AT PARTY MEETING; CHIEF JUDGE IS AMONG VICTIMS", The New York Times, 29 June 1981
  14. ↑Ganji, Manouchehr (21 September 2017). Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275971878– via Google Books.
  15. ↑Video Iran Negah
  16. ↑Mahtafar, Tara (28 June 2009). "Beheshti's Ghost". PBS. Tehran. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  17. ↑"report of Beheshti's work". hawzah. Fars news. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
  18. ↑"Philosophy of Islam". al-islam. Islamic Seminary Publications. 27 January 2013.
  19. ↑Beheshti, An unpublished lecture by Shahid Beheshti, referenced in Ta'avon Magazine, number 28, pp. 4–6, 1375 solar (in Persian)
  20. ↑theoretical foundations of Iran's constitution, a fragment of Beheshti's book "theoretical foundations of Iran's constitution, special monthly magazine of Voice in Islamic republic of Iran, 9th year, number 54
  21. ↑Mohammadmahdi, Ghammamy Seyed; Hasan, Hoseini Seyed (1 January 2020). "Theoretical Foundations of the Basic Constitutional Review Emphasizing the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran". 50 (1): 139–158.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ↑"نقد تحلیلی شناخت از دیدگاه قرآن اثر آیت الله دکتر بهشتی". پرتال جامع علوم انسانی.
  23. ↑The dignity of human in political system, Sayyed Alireza Hoseini Beheshti, the recognizing the one thought (Baz Shenasi Yek Andisheh, 1380 solar, foundation of publication of Beheshti's thought, p.109-112
  24. ↑https://doaj.org/article/0641ace4cfe3461e8591bafd8dc0b019
  25. ↑https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP81B00401R000500110012-5.pdf#:~:text=Beheshti%20clearly%20diminishes%20the%20concept%20of%20religious,of%20the%20people%20and%20guaranteeing%20their%20freedom.
  26. ↑"The power behind the scene: Khoeiniha". PBS. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2026. Ayatollah Seyyed Mahmoud Taleghani (1911-1979), a progressive cleric immensely popular among both revolutionaries and ordinary people, together with Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti (1928-1981), Iran's first judiciary chief after the Revolution, and their followers had already made their differences with the right-wing ayatollahs clear. Unfortunately, both left the scene too early.
  27. ↑"خانه موزه‌ شهید بهشتی افتتاح شد". ایسنا. 3 July 2013.
  28. ↑"موزه سرای شهید بهشتی افتتاح شد". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency. 3 July 2013.
  • Ayatollah Dr. Beheshti on the elections on YouTube
  • Ayatollah Dr. Beheshti on the constitution on YouTube
  • Ayatollah Dr. Beheshti on the Velayat-e faqih on YouTube