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Un fonestema ( / f oʊ . ˈ n ɛ s . θ iː m / , foh- NESS -theem ; [ 1 ] phonaestheme en inglés británico) es un patrón de sonidos sistemáticamente emparejados con un significado d...

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Un fonestema ( / f oʊ . ˈ n ɛ s . θ iː m / , foh- NESS -theem ; [ 1 ] phonaestheme en inglés británico) es un patrón de sonidos sistemáticamente emparejados con un significado determinado en una lengua . El concepto fue propuesto en 1930 por el lingüista británico JR Firth , quien acuñó el término a partir del griego φωνή phone , "sonido", y αἴσθημα aisthema , "percepción" (de αίσθάνομαι aisthanomai , "yo percibo"). [ 2 ] Por ejemplo, la secuencia "sl-" aparece en palabras inglesas que denotan movimiento de baja fricción, como "slide", "slick" y "sled". [ 3 ]

Un fonestema es diferente de un fonema (unidad básica de sonido que diferencia palabras) o un morfema (unidad básica de significado) porque no cumple con el criterio normal de composicionalidad . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

Dentro de la "teoría de los signos" de C.S. Peirce, el fonema se considera un " icono " en lugar de un " símbolo " o un " índice ". [ 6 ]

Identificación

Los fonestemas revisten un interés crucial para los estudiosos de la estructura interna de las palabras, ya que parecen constituir un caso en el que la estructura interna de la palabra no es composicional; es decir, una palabra con un fonestema contiene otros elementos que no son morfemas. Los fonestemas «fascinan a algunos lingüistas», como lo expresó Ben Zimmer , en un proceso que puede volverse «místico» o «poco científico». [ 7 ]

For example, the English phonestheme "gl-" occurs in a large number of words relating to light or vision, like "glitter", "glisten", "glow", "gleam", "glare", "glint", "glimmer", "gloss", and so on; yet, despite this, the remainder of each word is not itself a phonestheme (i.e., a pairing of form and meaning); i.e., "-isten", "-ow", and "-eam" do not make meaningful contributions to "glisten", "glow", and "gleam".[8] There are multiple main ways in which phonesthemes are empirically identified.[9]

Corpus studies

The first is through corpus studies, where the words of a language are subjected to statistical analysis, and the particular form-meaning pairing, or phonestheme, is shown to constitute a statistically unexpected distribution in the lexicon or not.

Corpus studies can inform a researcher about the current state of the lexicon, a critical first step, but importantly are completely uninformative when it comes to questions of whether and how phonesthemes are represented in the minds of language users.

Study of patterns in neologisms

The second type of approach makes use of the tendency for phonesthemes to participate in the coinage and interpretation of neologisms (i.e., new words in a language). Various studies have demonstrated that, when asked to invent or interpret new words, subjects tend to follow the patterns that are predicted by the phonesthemes in their language. It is known, for example, that the word bangle is a loan from Hindi but speakers tend to associate it with English onomatopoeia like bang. While this approach demonstrates the vitality of phonesthemic patterns, it does not provide any evidence about whether (or how) phonesthemes are represented in the minds of speaker-hearers.

Study of linguistic processing patterns

The final type of evidence uses the methods of psycholinguistics to study exactly how phonesthemes participate in language processing. One such method is phonesthemic priming — akin to morphological priming — which demonstrates that people represent phonesthemes much as they do typical morphemes, despite the fact that phonesthemes are non-compositional.

Several experiments have been conducted to assess the psychological reality of phonesthemes in English and in Swedish. One such experiment was conducted by Margaret Magnus in 2000 tested subjects' production and recognition of phonesthemes.[10]

Discussions of phonesthesia are often grouped with other phenomena under the rubric of sound symbolism.

Cross-linguistic similarities

While phonesthemes may be language-specific, it has been pointed out that people may be sensitive to some phonesthemes (e.g. /fl-/, or /tr-/) irrespective of where sound-meaning correspondences are exemplified in the lexicon of their mother tongue (e.g. English, French, Spanish or Macedonian).[11]

Distribution

Phonesthemes have been documented in numerous languages from diverse language families, among them English, Swedish, and other Indo-European languages, Austronesian languages, and Japanese.

While phonesthemes have mostly been identified in the onsets of words and syllables, they can have other forms. There has been some argument that sequences like "-ash" and "-ack" in English also serve as phonesthemes, due to their patterning in words that denote forceful, destructive contact ("smash", "crash", "bash", etc.) and abrupt contact ("smack", "whack", "crack", etc.), respectively.[12]

In addition to the distribution of phonesthemes, linguists consider their motivation. In some cases, there may appear to be good sound-symbolic reasons why phonesthemes would have the form they have. In the case of "-ack", sharing the phonestheme may be the result of such events potentially producing a similar sound. However, critically there are many phonesthemes for which there can be no sound-symbolic basis, such as "gl-", for the simple reason that their meanings (such as 'pertaining to light or vision') entail no sound.

While there are numerous studies on living languages, research is lacking about ancient languages, although the first documented example of phonesthemes dates back to at least the fourth century B.C.: Plato's Cratylus clearly mentioned a gl- phonestheme (a different one from that discussed previously, as those words are not of Greek origin) as well as an st- one and gave an explanation in terms of phonosemantics.[13]

Examples

Examples of phonesthemes in English include:

"cl-": related to a closing motion of a single object, such as "clam", "clamp", "clap", "clasp", "clench", "cling", "clip", "clop", "close", "clutch".

"fl-": related to movement, such as "flap", "flare", "flee", "flick", "flicker", "fling", "flip", "flit", "flitter", "flow", "flutter", "fly", "flurry".[14]

"gl-": related to light, as in "glade", "glance", "glare", "glass", "gleam", "glimmer", "glint", "glisten", "glitter", "gloaming", "gloom", "gloss", "glow".[4][15]

"kn-": related to protrusion, such as "knee", "knob", "knife", "knot", "knead", "knuckle".

"sl-": appears in words denoting frictionless motion, like "slide", "slick", "sled", and so on. These are themselves a subset of a larger set of words beginning with “sl-“ that are pejorative behaviours, traits, or events: slab, slack, slang, slant, slap, slash, slate, slattern, slay, sleek, sleepy, sleet, slime, slip, slipshod, slit, slither, slobber, slog, slope, sloppy, slosh, sloth, slouch, slough, slovenly, slow, sludge, slug, sluggard, slum, slump, slur, slut, sly.[16][5]

"sn-": related to the nose or mouth, as in "snack", "snarl", "sneer", "sneeze", "snicker/snigger", "sniff", "sniffle", "snivel", "snoot", "snore", "snorkel", "snort", "snot", "snout", "snub" (as an adjective), "snuff", "snuffle".[14]

"st-": appears in three families of meanings:[17]

  • a family of words referring to stability, as in "stable", "stadium", "standard", "stage", "staid", "stake", "stalk", "stall", "stance", "stanchion", "stand", "stare", "stasis", "state", "static", "station", "stationary", "stator", "statue", "stature", "status", "stay", "steady", "stet", "still", "stoll", "store", etc.
  • a family of words referring to the idea of strength, of rigidity, as "stout", "steel", "staff", "stave", "staple", etc.
  • another family referring to the idea of something pointed or sharp, as in "stab", "staple", "stiletto", "sting", "stitch", "stylet", "stylo", etc.

"str-": que denota algo largo y delgado, como en "straight", "strand", "strap", "straw", "streak", "stream", "string", "strip", "stripe". [ 18 ]

"sw-": relacionado con un movimiento pendular, como en "sway", "sweep", "swerve", "swing", "swipe", "swirl", "swish", "swoop".

"tw-": connota un movimiento de torsión, como en "twist", "twirl", "tweak", "twill", "tweed", "tweezer", "twiddle", "twine", "twinge". [ 15 ]

"-ow(e)l": connota algo siniestro, como en "búho", "merodear", "ceñir", "gruñir", "aullar", "relinchar", "intestinos", "mandíbula". [ 15 ]

"-ump": relacionado con una forma hemisférica o montón, como en "bump", "clump", "dump", "jump", "hump", "lump", "mump", "rump", "stump". [ 14 ]

Véase también

  • Palabra compuesta : palabra formada por dos palabras. Páginas que muestran descripciones breves de destinos de redireccionamiento. 
  • Efecto Bouba/Kiki : Asociación no arbitraria de sonidos a formas de objetos. 
  • Fonetestésica : Agradabilidad asociada a los sonidos de las palabras o partes de las palabras. 
  • Fonosemántica – Estudio en lingüística Páginas que muestran breves descripciones de destinos de redireccionamiento 
  • Reduplicación – Fenómeno lingüístico 
  • Simbolismo sonoro : estudio en lingüística 
  • Sphoṭa – Cómo la mente ordena las unidades lingüísticas en un discurso y significado coherentes. 

Notas

  1. ↑ "phonestheme" . Diccionario Merriam-Webster.com . Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871 . 
  2. ↑ Firth, JR (1964) [1930]. Las lenguas de los hombres y el habla . Londres: Oxford University Press. pág. 211 . 
  3. ↑ "Todo sobre los fonemas, también conocidos como sonidos y significados de las palabras" . ThoughtCo . Consultado el 16 de octubre de 2023 .
  4. 1 2 Bergen, Benjamin K. (2004). "La realidad psicológica de los fonestemas" (PDF) . Language . 80 (2): 290– 311. doi : 10.1353/lan.2004.0056 . ISSN 1535-0665 . S2CID 16182026 .  
  5. 1 2 Kwon, Nahyun; Round, Erich R. (2015). "Fonaestemas en la teoría morfológica" . Morfología . 25 (1): 1– 27. doi : 10.1007/s11525-014-9250-z . ISSN 1871-5621 . S2CID 255314943 .  
  6. ↑ Waugh, Linda R.; Newfield, Madeleine (31 de diciembre de 1995), «Iconicidad en el léxico y su relevancia para una teoría de la morfología» , en Landsberg, Marge E. (ed.), Iconicidad sintáctica y congelamientos lingüísticos , DE GRUYTER MOUTON, pp. 189–222 , doi : 10.1515/9783110882926.189 , ISBN  978-3-11-014227-3, consultado el 16 de octubre de 2023
  7. ↑ Bob Garfield y Mike Vuolo (2014-10-20). "¿De dónde viene la palabra 'snark '?" . Lexicon Valley (Podcast). Slate. El evento ocurre en 0:27:30 . Recuperado el 2015-12-06 .
  8. ↑ Abramova, Ekaterina; Fernández, Raquel; Sangati, Federico (2013). "Etiquetado automático de sentidos fonestémicos" . Actas de la Reunión Anual de la Sociedad de Ciencias Cognitivas . 35 (35).
  9. ↑ Hutchins, Sharon Suzanne. "La realidad psicológica, la variabilidad y la composicionalidad de los fonemas en inglés" . ProQuest 304472389. Consultado el 16 de octubre de 2023 . 
  10. ↑ Bergen, Benjamin K. (2004). "La realidad psicológica de los fonestemas". Language . 80 : 294.
  11. ↑ Mompean, Jose A, Amandine Fregier, Javier Valenzuela (2020). "Iconicidad y sistematicidad en los fonestemas: un estudio translingüístico". Lingüística Cognitiva . 31 (3): 515– 548. doi : 10.1515/cog-2018-0079 . S2CID 216295143 . {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: varios nombres: lista de autores ( enlace )
  12. ↑Bolinger, Dwight (1980). Language, the Loaded Weapon: The use and abuse of language today. New York: Longman. p. 20. ISBN 0582291089.
  13. ↑Leonardi, Filippo Maria (2015). Phonesthemes in Latin Language. Academia.edu.
  14. 123Waugh, Linda R. (1994-07-01). "Degrees of iconicity in the lexicon". Journal of Pragmatics. Special Issue 'Metaphor and iconicity', edited by Masako K. Hiraga and Joanna Radwan´ska-Williams. 22 (1): 55–70. doi:10.1016/0378-2166(94)90056-6. ISSN 0378-2166.
  15. 123Bolinger, Dwight L. (1950). "Rime, Assonance, and Morpheme Analysis". WORD. 6 (2): 117–136. doi:10.1080/00437956.1950.11659374. ISSN 0043-7956.
  16. ↑Marchand, Hans (1960). The Categories and types of present-day English word-formation a synchronic-diachronic approach. Internet Archive. Wiesbaden Harrassowitz.
  17. ↑Poncet, Danièle (1981). A Study on the ST-Phonaestheme. France: University of Grenoble III. p. 137.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  18. ↑"Cross Linguistic Phonethemes". www.trismegistos.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.

References

  • Marchand, Hans (1959), "Phonetic Symbolism in English Word-Formation", Indogermanische Forschungen, Volume 64, pp. 146–168, 256-277 ,
  • Marchand, Hans, The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word Formation: A Synchronic-Diachronic Approach, 2nd ed, C.H.Beck'she Verlagsbuchhandlung, (München), 1969. Chapter 7 ("Phonetic symbolism") and chapter 8 ("Motivation by linguistic form: Ablaut and rime combinations"), pp. 397–439.
  • Leonardi, Filippo Maria (2015), "Phonesthemes in Latin language"
  • Poncet, Danièle, A Study on the ST-Phonaestheme, Mémoire de maîtrise, Université de Grenoble III, France, University year 1980–1981, directed by Mr. Chevillet.
  • English phonesthemes
  • Linguist List discussion of phonesthesia
  • Overview of term