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Roman Palestine

Hasmonean Judea , a Roman dominion after 63 BCE Herodian kingdom of Judea (37-4 BCE) at its greatest extent Herodian Tetrarchy Territory under Herod Archelaus Territory ...

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Hasmonean Judea, a Roman dominion after 63 BCE
Herodian kingdom of Judea (37-4 BCE) at its greatest extent
Herodian Tetrarchy
  Territory under Herod Archelaus
  Territory under Herod Antipas
  Territory under Philip
  Territory under Salome I
The province of Judaea within the Roman Empire in 125 CE

Roman Palestine is the term used by historians for the region of Palestine during the period in its history when it stood, to varying degrees, under the rule of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. Historians typically trace the period from the Roman intervention in the Hasmonean civil war in 63 BCE (uncontested), up until the transition from the pagan Roman to the Christian Byzantine Empire with the consolidation of Constantine's rule in 324 CE,[1] but this end date varies from author to author. The Roman period can be subdivided into early and late phases, transitioning at either the First Jewish–Roman War c. 70 CE or the Bar Kokhba Revolt c. 135 CE.[2][3] Some add a Middle Roman period to the Early and Late subsets.

Durante el período romano, Palestina pasó por una serie de cambios administrativos, comenzando como una sucesión de estados clientes romanos inicialmente centrados en Jerusalén y Judea , bajo la dinastía judía de los asmoneos , seguida por los herodianos , antes de ser anexionada gradualmente al Imperio romano como la provincia romana de Judea plenamente incorporada . Sus áreas periféricas incorporaron partes del Reino nabateo , que experimentó una evolución similar de estado cliente a provincia romana, Arabia Pétrea (establecida en 106). Después del 135 d. C., la Palestina romana fue reorganizada en la provincia romana de Siria Palestina , [ 4 ] que recibió alrededor del 300 d. C., durante las reformas de Diocleciano , territorios adicionales que anteriormente formaban parte de Arabia Pétrea: el Néguev , el Sinaí y el sur de Transjordania . [ 5 ] Aproximadamente seis décadas después, ya durante el siguiente período bizantino, la provincia se dividió en dos, la parte norte se denominó Palaestina Prima y la parte sur pasó a formar parte más tarde de una Palaestina Tertia más amplia .

Gobernadores conocidos de Judea y Siria Palestina

Los gobernadores de las provincias romanas en la región de Palestina tenían un gran poder administrativo; sin embargo, tanto ellos como la provincia que dirigían estaban —en grados que variaban con el tiempo— bajo la autoridad del legatus romano (legado) que gobernaba Siria desde Antioquía (véase Siria romana y Celesiria (provincia romana) para la provincia bajo su administración directa). [ 6 ]

During the early imperial period (from 6 CE), Judaea was governed locally by equestrian[note 1] prefects[note 2] (later also styled procurators[note 3]), but remained under the authority of the consular governor[note 4] of Roman Syria, whose seat was at Antioch.[7] After the First Jewish-Roman War, the arrangement changed: from 70 CE Judaea was a praetorian[note 5] province governed by a legatus Augusti pro praetore[note 6], who also commanded the legion stationed in the province (Legio X Fretensis).[8]

Province of Judaea

For the time period between the first dissolution of the Herodian client statelets into the empire during Herod's immediate successors, to the change of name for the province from Judaea to Palaestina after the Bar Kokhba Revolt, see Roman administration of Judaea (AD 6–135).

Province of Syria Palaestina

  • Aufidius Priscus (293/305)[9]
  • Aelius Flavianus (303)[10]
  • Urbanus (304–307)[10]
  • Valerius Firmilianus (308/9–310/11)[10]
  • Valentinianus (310/311)[11]

Economy

The study of the ancient economy is based on a mixture of the archaeological and historical (including epigraphic) records. For the Roman period, these typically focus on the activities and lives of the rich. The Talmud offers perspectives on rural life in Roman Palestine. The historian Daniel Sperber suggested that the region's economy declined during the Crisis of the Third Century.[12]

The economy of Roman Palestine was based primarily on agriculture, with cereals, olives, wine and other crops forming the basis of rural life. Livestock, fishing, craft production, and local trade also contributed significantly to the provincial economy. Archaeological evidence shows that agriculture was supported by extensive networks of villages, agricultural areas, and regional markets, while cities and ports connected Palestine to wider trade networks around the Mediterranean.[13]

Palestine's location between Egypt and Syria made it an important area for trade within the Roman Empire. The economy was influenced by Roman taxation, imperial administration, and Roman infrastructure such as roads and ports. Modern studies reconstruct the economy through archaeological remains, inscriptions, and literary sources like rabbinic texts, although the surviving evidence is inconsistent. [14]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑"Equestrian" refers to members of the Roman equestrian order (ordo equester), a social rank below the senatorial order.
  2. ↑A prefect (Latin praefectus) was an appointed official; the earliest governors of Judaea after 6 CE are commonly described as equestrian prefects.
  3. ↑A procurator (Latin procurator) was an imperial administrative official; the title usage for Judaea's governors varies over time in the evidence and in modern scholarship.
  4. ↑"Consular" indicates the governor's rank (a senator who had been consul). Roman Syria was normally governed by a consular imperial legate.
  5. ↑"Praetorian" here means "of praetorian rank" (linked to the Roman office of praetor): a senatorial rank above equestrian governors but below consular governors.
  6. ↑Legatus Augusti pro praetore was the emperor's senatorial governor of a province; in Judaea after 70 CE this governor also held military command.

Citations

  1. ↑Chancey & Porter 2001, p. 165.
  2. ↑Keddie 2018, pp. 4–5.
  3. ↑Dauphin, Claudine (3 July 2018). "Rabbinic texts and the history of late-Roman Palestine (Proceedings of the British Academy 165)". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 150 (3): 253–258. doi:10.1080/00310328.2018.1496985.
  4. ↑"Roman Palestine". Palestine - Roman Rule, Jewish Revolts, Crusades. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  5. ↑Tsafrir, Yoram (1986). "The Transfer of the Negev, Sinai and Southern Transjordan from "Arabia" to "Palaestina"". Israel Exploration Journal. 36 (1/2): 77–86. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27926015.
  6. ↑Deutsch, Gotthard; Krauss, Samuel (1906). "Procurators (Governors, Roman, of Judea)". Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  7. ↑Hall, John F. (1996–1997). "The Roman Province of Judea: A Historical Overview"(PDF). BYU Studies Quarterly. 36 (3): 321–330. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  8. ↑Cotton, Hannah M.; Eck, Werner; Isaac, Benjamin (2003). "A Newly Discovered Governor of Judaea in a Military Diploma from 90 CE"(PDF). Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology. 2: 17–32. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  9. ↑"Columnar base for statue of Constantius I, emperor. Caesarea Maritima (Palaestina I). 293-303". 'Last Statues of Antiquity (LSA)' Database. University of Oxford. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  10. 123Davenport 2010, p. 351.
  11. ↑Barnes 1982, p. 152.
  12. ↑Safrai 2003, pp. 1–2.
  13. ↑Keddie, Anthony, ed. (2019), "Introduction", Class and Power in Roman Palestine: The Socioeconomic Setting of Judaism and Christian Origins, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–15, ISBN 978-1-108-49394-9, retrieved 2026-07-27{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  14. ↑"The Roman Agricultural Economy: Organisation, Investment, and Production". OUP Academic. 2013-05-30. doi:10.1093/acprof:o.

Bibliography

  • Barnes, Timothy David (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-28066-3.
  • Chancey, Mark Alan; Porter, Adam Lowry (2001). "The Archaeology of Roman Palestine". Near Eastern Archaeology. 64 (4): 164–203. doi:10.2307/3210829. JSTOR 3210829.
  • Davenport, Caillan (2010). "The building inscription from the fort at Udruh and Aelius Flavianus, tetrarchic praeses of Palaestina". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 23: 349-357. doi:10.1017/S1047759400002440. ISSN 1047-7594.
  • Keddie, Anthony (2018). Revelations of Ideology: Apocalyptic Class Politics in Early Roman Palestine. doi:10.1163/9789004383647. ISBN 978-90-04-38364-7.
  • Safrai, Ze'ev (2003) [1994]. The Economy of Roman Palestine. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203204863. ISBN 978-1-134-85187-4.

Further reading

  • Horsley, Richard (2010). "Jesus and the Politics of Roman Palestine". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 8 (2): 99–145. doi:10.1163/174551910X504882.
  • Jacobs, Theuns (2018). "Social Conflict in Early Roman Palestine: A Heuristic Model". Neotestamentica. 52 (1): 115–140. doi:10.1353/neo.2018.0005. hdl:10520/EJC-fc761d21b. JSTOR 26499215. Project MUSE 700501.
  • Sperber, Daniel (1978). Roman Palestine, 200–400: The Land. Bar-Ilan University.
  • Stiebel, Guy Daniel (2007). Armis et litteris: The military equipment of early Roman Palestine, in light of the archaeological and historical sources (Thesis).
  • Udoh, Fabian E. (2020). To Caesar What Is Caesar's: Tribute, Taxes, and Imperial Administration in Early Roman Palestine. Brown Judaic Studies. ISBN 978-1-951498-57-3. Project MUSE book 75385.