El tombak ( en persa : تمبک ), tonbak ( تنبک ) o zarb ( ضرب ) es un tambor de copa iraní . [ 1 ] Se considera el principal instrumento de percusión de la música persa . El tombak se coloca normalmente en diagonal sobre el torso, mientras que el intérprete usa uno o más dedos y/o la(s) palma(s) de la(s) mano(s) sobre el parche, a menudo (para un timbre resonante) cerca del borde del parche. A veces, los intérpretes de tombak usan anillos de metal en los dedos para un "clic" percusivo adicional en el casco del tambor. Los virtuosos del tombak a menudo interpretan solos que duran diez minutos o más.
Descripción

El tombak es un tambor de copa de una sola membrana, de aproximadamente 45 centímetros de altura y 28 centímetros de diámetro. Su caja de resonancia está tallada a partir de un solo bloque de madera (a veces con vetas muy marcadas, nudos o marmoladas), posiblemente con un diseño tallado o un patrón geométrico (como surcos, estrías, rombos o espirales; suele ser un instrumento musical costoso, de tipo reliquia familiar o antiguo).
La parte inferior del casco es algo más gruesa que la superior para mayor resistencia (ya que el parche contribuye a reforzar la parte superior). El grosor de la pared del casco es de aproximadamente 2 centímetros. La garganta es casi cilíndrica y conecta la cavidad superior (el cuerpo) con la base hueca (la garganta propiamente dicha, cuyo interior forma la pequeña abertura).
La piel de oveja o cabra se estira y se fija con pegamento, tachuelas o ambos. La abertura superior, bastante amplia, permite obtener un tono grave completo , así como diversos tonos agudos (véase más abajo). Se han fabricado experimentalmente tombaks con afinación ajustable, pero la tensión de la piel se fija normalmente antes de la actuación, prestando especial atención a la temperatura y la humedad.
Técnica de juego
The player may heat or cool or dampen or dry the membrane to reach a desired fundamental pitch. The pitch can be raised somewhat during a performance by applying finger pressure but a variety of tapping and clicking timbres reduce overall focus on the drum's pitch. Typically, two or three clearly contrasting timbres (through varying finger placement or clacking of a ring against the drum shell) are played in an antiphonal style.
Goblet-shaped drums are played in different regions of Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Although similarities exist among all goblet drums, the techniques for playing the tombak are different from most other goblet drums. The modern tombak described in this page is most closely associated with the music of Iran. The tombak was not considered a virtuoso solo instrument until the pioneering work of Hossein Tehrāni in the 1950s, as well as innovations of Nasser Farhangfar and others. Modern tombak players are exponentially expanding the techniques used in playing the instrument.
Main performers

Hossein Tehrāni
The Tombak was considered an accompanying instrument until the pioneering work of Hossein Tehrāni in the 1950s. Tehrani added to the instrument's possibilities with added "beating methods". He also played his instrument with different "sonorities".[1]
His pupils included Mohammad Esmaili (born 1934), Jahangir Malek (born 1931), Jamshid Chemirani (born 1942), Amir Nasser Eftetah (1925–1977) renowned teacher whose disciple Bahman Rajabi, develop modern technology.
Farhangfar Nasser
Farhangfar Nasser (1947–1997) revolutionized the principles of accompaniment, often away much of the melody without ever interfering, he drew on many styles of play of Zarb-e zourkhâné (especially that of Morshed Moradi) that accompanies Varzesh-e Pahlavani (ورزش پهلوانی), traditional martial gymnastics practiced in Zurkhaneh ("house of strength") and motrebs (popular musicians playing accents in a particular way). His knowledge of poetry and a clear and powerful voice make an improviser and especially an outstanding accompanist, always anticipating phrases soloist. Very few players assimilate his art.
Modern players
Modern players open new perspectives amount to the game of Tombak, as Madjid Khaladj, Jamshid Mohebbi, Morteza Aayan, Mohammad Akhavan, Dariush Zargari, Navid Afghah, Farbod Yadollahi, Dariush Es'haghi, Ahmad Mostanbet, Sahab Torbati, Khâvarzamini Pedram, Siamak Barghi, Pezhham Akhavass, and Pejman Haddadi.
See also
References
- Hossein Téhérâni, Méthode de zarb, Institut Mâhour.
- DVD of Tombak / Madjid Khaladj - Coproduction : Le Salon de Musique & École de Tombak | Langues : français, anglais, espagnol | Livret de 80 pages (français/anglais.)| EDV 937 CV.
- CD Infinit Breath / Madjid Khaladj, NAFAS / Bâ Music Records.
- Rhythm revolution: Young Iranians revive ancient drumming traditions, Ruairi Glasheen for CNN, September 18, 2018
External links
- CNN article about the modern instrument.
- Persian musical instruments
- Membranophones
- Hand drums
- Goblet-shaped drums
- Percussion instruments played with specialised beaters
- Asian percussion instruments
- European percussion instruments
- Iranian inventions