Articulo de referencia

Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2020

The denominator included U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens or due to a criminal conviction, and excluded U.S. citizens residing in other countries...

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Las elecciones presidenciales se celebraron en Estados Unidos el 3 de noviembre de 2020. [ a ] La fórmula demócrata del exvicepresidente Joe Biden y la senadora junior de California Kamala Harris derrotó al presidente republicano en funciones Donald Trump y al vicepresidente Mike Pence . [ 9 ] La elección registró la mayor participación electoral en porcentaje desde 1900. Biden recibió más de 81 millones de votos, [ 10 ] la mayor cantidad de votos jamás emitidos para un candidato presidencial en la historia de Estados Unidos. [ 11 ] 

En unas primarias competitivas que contaron con la mayor cantidad de candidatos de cualquier partido político en la era moderna de la política estadounidense , Biden se aseguró la nominación presidencial demócrata . La compañera de fórmula de Biden, Harris, se convirtió en la primera mujer afroamericana, la primera mujer asiático-americana y la tercera mujer [ d ] nominada a la vicepresidencia en una candidatura de un partido importante. Trump se aseguró fácilmente la reelección con una oposición mínima en las primarias republicanas . Jo Jorgensen se aseguró la nominación presidencial libertaria con Spike Cohen como su compañero de fórmula, y Howie Hawkins se aseguró la nominación presidencial verde con Angela Nicole Walker como su compañera de fórmula.

Los temas centrales de la elección incluyeron los impactos económicos y de salud pública de la pandemia de COVID-19 , los disturbios civiles en reacción al asesinato policial de George Floyd , la Corte Suprema tras la muerte de Ruth Bader Ginsburg y la confirmación de Amy Coney Barrett , y el futuro de la Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible . [ 12 ] Debido a la pandemia en curso, se emitió un número récord de votos anticipados y por correo . [ 13 ] Treinta y ocho estados tuvieron más de la mitad de todos los votos emitidos mediante estos métodos, y solo tres estados tuvieron menos del 25%. [ 14 ] Como resultado de una gran cantidad de votos por correo, algunos estados indecisos experimentaron retrasos en el recuento y la publicación de votos; esto llevó a que los principales medios de comunicación retrasaran su proyección de Biden y Harris como presidente electo y vicepresidenta electa hasta la mañana del 7 de noviembre de 2020. [ 15 ]

Biden derrotó a Trump, obteniendo 306 votos del Colegio Electoral y el 51,3% del voto popular frente a los 232 votos electorales y el 46,8% del voto popular de Trump. Trump fue el primer presidente en perder la reelección desde George H. W. Bush en 1992. La clave de la victoria decisiva de Biden fueron sus triunfos en los estados del Cinturón Industrial, de tendencia demócrata, como Michigan , Pensilvania y Wisconsin , que Trump ganó por un estrecho margen en 2016 y cuyos 46 votos electorales combinados fueron suficientes para inclinar la balanza a favor de cualquiera de los dos candidatos. Esta elección marcó la primera vez desde 1948 que el candidato demócrata ganó el voto popular en cuatro elecciones consecutivas.

Trump se negó a aceptar los resultados; él y sus aliados hicieron acusaciones de fraude que luego fueron refutadas, presionaron a los funcionarios electorales, presentaron varias demandas infructuosas, [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] e intentaron directamente anular los resultados a nivel de condado, estado y federal. Esto culminó en el ataque al Capitolio de los Estados Unidos , el 6 de enero de 2021, por el cual Trump fue sometido a juicio político por segunda vez . Al día siguiente del ataque, Trump declaró que una "nueva administración" sucedería a la suya, sin mencionar al presidente electo Biden por su nombre, en un video publicado en Twitter . [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ]

Fondo

Donald Trump , el presidente en ejercicio en 2020, cuyo primer mandato no consecutivo expiró al mediodía del 20 de enero de 2021.

La Legislatura de Maine aprobó un proyecto de ley en agosto de 2019 que adoptaba el voto por orden de preferencia (RCV) tanto para las primarias presidenciales como para las elecciones generales. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] La gobernadora Janet Mills permitió que el proyecto de ley se convirtiera en ley sin su firma, lo que retrasó su entrada en vigor hasta después de las primarias demócratas de 2020 en marzo y convirtió a Maine en el primer estado en utilizar el RCV para unas elecciones generales presidenciales. El Partido Republicano de Maine presentó firmas para un referéndum de veto para impedir el uso del RCV para las elecciones de 2020, pero el secretario de Estado Matthew Dunlap determinó que no había suficientes firmas válidas para calificar para la boleta electoral. Una impugnación en el Tribunal Superior de Maine tuvo éxito para el Partido Republicano de Maine, pero el Tribunal Supremo Judicial de Maine [ 24 ] [ 25 ] suspendió el fallo pendiente de apelación el 8 de septiembre de 2020. [ 26 ] Sin embargo, las papeletas comenzaron a imprimirse más tarde ese día sin el referéndum de veto e incluyendo RCV para la elección presidencial, [ 27 ] [ 28 ] y el Tribunal falló a favor del secretario de estado el 22 de septiembre, permitiendo que se utilizara RCV. [ 29 ] Una apelación de emergencia ante el Tribunal Supremo fue denegada el 6 de octubre. [ 30 ] La ley continúa utilizando el método del distrito congresional para la asignación de los electores de Maine ( Nebraska es el único otro estado que distribuye sus votos electorales de esta manera). [ 31 ] Si bien no fueron necesarias varias rondas de recuento de votos debido a que un solo candidato recibió la mayoría de los votos de primera preferencia en todo el estado y en cada distrito, el uso del RCV complica la interpretación del voto popular nacional porque los votantes son más propensos a votar por candidatos de terceros partidos o independientes. [ 32 ]

El 14 de diciembre de 2020, los electores comprometidos con cada candidato, conocidos colectivamente como el Colegio Electoral de los Estados Unidos , se reunieron en las capitales de sus estados para emitir sus votos oficiales. De conformidad con los procesos establecidos por la Ley de Recuento Electoral de 1887, se distribuyeron certificados de verificación que enumeran los nombres de los electores y certificados separados que registran sus votos a varios funcionarios de las distintas ramas del gobierno. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] El Congreso recién elegido, con el vicepresidente en su papel de presidente del Senado presidiendo, se reunió en sesión conjunta para abrir formalmente los certificados y contar los votos, lo que comenzó el 6 de enero de 2021, fue interrumpido por el ataque al Capitolio de los Estados Unidos del 6 de enero y terminó al día siguiente. [ 36 ]

Nominaciones

Partido Demócrata

El Partido Demócrata eligió a su candidato en las primarias presidenciales del Partido Demócrata de 2020. Joe Biden se convirtió en el presunto candidato del Partido Demócrata el 8 de abril de 2020, después de que el senador Bernie Sanders de Vermont se retirara de la contienda. [ 37 ] El 5 de junio de 2020, Biden obtuvo suficientes delegados para asegurar su nominación en la convención nacional. [ 38 ] Biden eligió a Kamala Harris como su candidata a la vicepresidencia, y la fórmula fue nominada formalmente en la convención el 18 de agosto. [ 39 ]

Partido Republicano

El presidente en funciones Donald Trump y el vicepresidente en funciones Mike Pence lograron fácilmente la nominación frente al exgobernador de Massachusetts Bill Weld después de que Trump obtuviera suficientes delegados en las primarias presidenciales republicanas de 2020. Fueron nominados formalmente en la Convención Nacional Republicana el 24 de agosto de 2020. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Trump ganó 2549 delegados (de 2550), uno de los mayores en la historia de las primarias presidenciales . [ 42 ]

Partido Libertario

Jo Jorgensen , quien fue compañera de fórmula del autor Harry Browne en 1996 , recibió la nominación libertaria en la convención nacional el 23 de mayo de 2020. [ 43 ] Logró acceso a las boletas electorales en los 50 estados y el Distrito de Columbia. [ 44 ]

Partido Verde

Howie Hawkins se convirtió en el presunto candidato del Partido Verde el 21 de junio de 2020, y fue nominado oficialmente por el partido el 11 de julio de 2020. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Hawkins obtuvo acceso a las papeletas electorales en 29 estados y el Distrito de Columbia, que representan 381 votos electorales, y acceso por escrito en otros 16 estados, que representan 130 votos electorales. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ e ]

campañas para las elecciones generales

Acceso a la boleta electoral

convenciones de partidos

Mapa de los Estados Unidos que muestra Milwaukee, Charlotte, Austin y Detroit.
Milwaukee
Milwaukee
Charlotte
Charlotte
Virtual
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  Partido Demócrata
  Partido Republicano
  Partido Libertario (virtual)
  Partido Verde (virtual)

La Convención Nacional Demócrata de 2020 estaba originalmente programada del 13 al 16 de julio en Milwaukee , Wisconsin , [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] pero se retrasó del 17 al 20 de agosto debido a los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 . [ 53 ] El 24 de junio de 2020, se anunció que la convención se celebraría en un formato mixto en línea y presencial, con la mayoría de los delegados asistiendo de forma remota, pero algunos aún asistiendo al lugar físico de la convención. [ 54 ] El 5 de agosto, la parte presencial de la convención se redujo aún más; los discursos principales, incluido el de Biden, se cambiaron a un formato virtual. [ 55 ]

La Convención Nacional Republicana de 2020 tuvo lugar del 24 al 27 de agosto en Charlotte, Carolina del Norte , y en varias ubicaciones remotas. Originalmente, se planeó una convención de tres días en Carolina del Norte, pero debido a la insistencia de Carolina del Norte en que la convención cumpliera con las normas de distanciamiento social por COVID-19, los discursos y las celebraciones se trasladaron a Jacksonville, Florida (los asuntos oficiales de la convención aún debían realizarse en Charlotte por contrato). [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Debido al empeoramiento de la situación con respecto a la COVID-19 en Florida, los planes allí se cancelaron y la convención se trasladó de nuevo a Charlotte con una capacidad reducida. [ 58 ]

La Convención Nacional Libertaria de 2020 estaba originalmente programada para celebrarse en Austin, Texas , durante el fin de semana del Día de los Caídos , del 22 al 25 de mayo, [ 59 ] [ 60 ] pero todas las reservas en el JW Marriott Downtown Austin para la convención fueron canceladas el 26 de abril debido a la pandemia de COVID-19. [ 61 ] El Comité Nacional Libertario finalmente decidió que el partido celebraría dos convenciones: una en línea del 22 al 24 de mayo para seleccionar a los candidatos a presidente y vicepresidente, y otra en una convención presencial en Orlando, Florida , del 8 al 12 de julio para otros asuntos. [ 62 ]

La Convención Nacional Verde de 2020 se iba a celebrar originalmente en Detroit , Michigan , del 9  al 12 de julio. [ 52 ] Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19, la convención se celebró en línea, sin cambio de fecha. [ 63 ]

Cuestiones exclusivas de las elecciones

Acusación

La Cámara de Representantes votó a favor de destituir a Trump por dos cargos el 18 de diciembre de 2019. [ 64 ] El juicio en el Senado comenzó el 21 de enero de 2020, [ 65 ] y terminó el 5 de febrero, resultando en la absolución por parte del Senado de los Estados Unidos . [ 66 ]

Esta es la segunda vez que un presidente ha sido sometido a juicio político durante su primer mandato mientras se postulaba para un segundo mandato. [ 67 ] [ i ] Trump continuó realizando mítines de campaña durante el juicio político. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Esta es también la primera vez desde que se establecieron las primarias presidenciales modernas en 1911 que un presidente ha sido sometido a juicio político mientras la temporada de primarias estaba en curso. [ 71 ] El proceso de juicio político se superpuso con las campañas de primarias, lo que obligó a los senadores que se postulaban para la nominación demócrata a permanecer en Washington para el juicio en los días previos y posteriores a los caucus de Iowa. [ 72 ] [ 73 ]

Efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19

Estados y territorios con al menos una fecha o método de votación para elecciones primarias locales, estatales o federales modificados a partir del 5 de agosto de 2020.

Varios eventos relacionados con las elecciones presidenciales de 2020 fueron alterados o pospuestos debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 en curso en los Estados Unidos y sus efectos, tales como órdenes de quedarse en casa y pautas de distanciamiento social por parte de los gobiernos locales. El 10 de marzo, después de las elecciones primarias en seis estados, los candidatos demócratas Joe Biden y Bernie Sanders cancelaron eventos de campaña nocturnos planeados y más campañas y mítines de campaña en persona. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] El 12 de marzo, Trump también declaró su intención de posponer más mítines de campaña. [ 76 ] El 11.º debate demócrata se llevó a cabo el 15 de marzo sin público en los estudios de CNN en Washington, DC. [ 77 ] Varios estados también pospusieron sus primarias para una fecha posterior, incluyendo Georgia, [ 78 ] Kentucky, [ 79 ] Louisiana, [ 80 ] Ohio, [ 81 ] y Maryland. [ 82 ] A partir del 24 de marzo de 2020, todos los candidatos presidenciales de los principales partidos habían suspendido las campañas presenciales y los mítines electorales debido a la preocupación por la COVID-19. En ese momento, los analistas políticos especularon que la moratoria en las campañas tradicionales, junto con los efectos de la pandemia en el país, podría tener consecuencias impredecibles para el electorado y, posiblemente, para la forma en que se llevarían a cabo las elecciones. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ]

Algunas elecciones primarias presidenciales se vieron gravemente afectadas por problemas relacionados con la COVID-19, como largas filas en los centros de votación, un aumento considerable en las solicitudes de voto por correo y problemas tecnológicos. [ 86 ] Debido a la escasez de trabajadores electorales capaces o dispuestos a trabajar durante la pandemia, el número de centros de votación se redujo considerablemente. La mayoría de los estados ampliaron o fomentaron el voto por correo como alternativa, pero muchos votantes se quejaron de no haber recibido nunca las papeletas de voto por correo que habían solicitado. [ 87 ]

La Ley de Ayuda, Alivio y Seguridad Económica ante el Coronavirus de marzo de 2020 incluyó fondos para que los estados aumentaran el voto por correo. En mayo, Trump y su campaña se opusieron firmemente al voto por correo, alegando que causaría un fraude electoral generalizado, una creencia que ha sido desacreditada por varios medios de comunicación. [ 88 ] [ 89 ] La respuesta del gobierno al impacto de la pandemia por parte de la administración Trump, junto con las diferentes posturas adoptadas por los demócratas y republicanos del Congreso con respecto al estímulo económico , se convirtió en un tema importante de campaña para ambos partidos. [ 90 ] [ 91 ]

El 6 de abril, la Corte Suprema y los republicanos de la Legislatura Estatal de Wisconsin rechazaron la solicitud del gobernador de Wisconsin, Tony Evers, de trasladar las elecciones de primavera del estado a junio. Como resultado, las elecciones, que incluyeron una primaria presidencial, se llevaron a cabo el  7 de abril según lo previsto. [ 92 ] Al menos siete nuevos casos de COVID-19 se vincularon a estas elecciones. Los defensores del derecho al voto expresaron su temor a un caos similar a nivel nacional en noviembre, recomendando que los estados ampliaran las opciones de voto por correo. [ 93 ]

El 20 de junio de 2020, la campaña de Trump celebró un mitin presencial en Tulsa, Oklahoma , después de que la Corte Suprema de Oklahoma dictaminara que el evento podía llevarse a cabo a pesar de las continuas preocupaciones por la COVID-19. [ 94 ] La asistencia al mitin fue mucho menor de lo esperado, siendo descrito como un "fracaso", y provocó un empeoramiento significativo de las relaciones entre Trump y su jefe de campaña, Brad Parscale . [ 95 ] 7,7  millones de personas vieron el evento en Fox News, un récord de audiencia para un sábado en ese canal. [ 96 ] Tres semanas después del mitin, el Departamento de Salud del Estado de Oklahoma registró cifras récord de casos de COVID-19, [ 97 ] y el excandidato presidencial republicano Herman Cain murió a causa del virus, aunque no se confirmó que contrajera la enfermedad debido a su asistencia al mitin. [ 98 ]

El 2 de octubre de 2020, Trump y la Primera Dama Melania Trump dieron positivo por SARS-CoV-2 tras el resultado positivo de su asesora principal, Hope Hicks , como parte del brote generalizado de COVID-19 entre el personal de la Casa Blanca . Tanto el presidente como la primera dama entraron inmediatamente en cuarentena, lo que impidió que Trump continuara con su campaña, especialmente en mítines. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Más tarde ese día, el presidente fue ingresado en el Centro Médico Militar Nacional Walter Reed con fiebre baja, donde, según se informó, recibió un tratamiento experimental con anticuerpos. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] El diagnóstico de Trump se produjo solo dos días después de haber compartido escenario con Biden en el primer debate presidencial y haber planteado la posibilidad de que Biden se hubiera contagiado del virus por Trump; Biden dio negativo. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Trump fue dado de alta del hospital el 5 de octubre. [ 106 ]

El diagnóstico de COVID-19 de Trump fue ampliamente visto como un efecto negativo en su campaña y volvió a centrar la atención del público en la COVID-19, un tema que generalmente se considera un lastre para Trump, debido a que su respuesta a la pandemia de COVID-19 sufrió bajos índices de aprobación. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Estar en cuarentena también significó que Trump no pudo asistir a mítines, que eran una parte importante de su campaña. Como resultado de que Trump contrajera COVID-19, Biden continuó haciendo campaña pero dejó de emitir anuncios de ataque en su contra temporalmente. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] El 12 de octubre, una semana después de su alta del hospital, Trump reanudó los mítines presenciales. [ 106 ] Trump continuó viajando a estados clave y realizando mítines masivos, a veces dos o tres en un día. Sus mítines fueron criticados por su falta de distanciamiento social o uso de mascarillas, y algunas encuestas sugirieron que los votantes lo veían con menos favor por potencialmente poner en peligro a los asistentes. [ 111 ] [ 112 ]

injerencia extranjera

Funcionarios estadounidenses acusaron a Rusia , China e Irán de intentar influir en las elecciones estadounidenses de 2020. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] El 4 de octubre de 2019, Microsoft anunció que " Phosphorus ", un grupo de hackers vinculado al gobierno iraní , había intentado comprometer cuentas de correo electrónico pertenecientes a periodistas, funcionarios del gobierno estadounidense y la campaña de un candidato presidencial estadounidense. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] La Voz de América, propiedad del gobierno estadounidense, informó en abril de 2020 que "investigadores de seguridad de Internet dicen que ya ha habido señales de que hackers aliados de China han participado en los llamados ataques de ' phishing selectivo ' contra objetivos políticos estadounidenses antes de las elecciones de 2020". El portavoz chino Geng Shuang negó las acusaciones y dijo que "esperaba que el pueblo de Estados Unidos no involucrara a China en su política electoral". [ 117 ]

El 13 de febrero de 2020, funcionarios de inteligencia estadounidenses informaron a los miembros del Comité de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes que Rusia estaba interfiriendo en las elecciones de 2020 en un esfuerzo por lograr la reelección de Trump. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] La sesión informativa fue presentada por Shelby Pierson , el principal funcionario de seguridad electoral de la comunidad de inteligencia y asistente del director interino de Inteligencia Nacional, Joseph Maguire . El 21 de febrero, The Washington Post informó que, según funcionarios estadounidenses anónimos, Rusia estaba interfiriendo en las primarias demócratas en un esfuerzo por apoyar la nominación del senador Bernie Sanders . Sanders emitió una declaración después del informe de noticias, diciendo en parte: "Francamente, no me importa a quién quiera Putin como presidente. Mi mensaje a Putin es claro: manténgase al margen de las elecciones estadounidenses, y como presidente, me aseguraré de que lo haga". [ 120 ] Sanders reconoció que su campaña fue informada sobre los supuestos esfuerzos de Rusia aproximadamente un mes antes. [ 121 ] En una sesión informativa de febrero de 2020 ante el Comité de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes, funcionarios de inteligencia estadounidenses advirtieron al Congreso que Rusia estaba interfiriendo en la campaña de 2020 para apoyar la campaña de reelección de Trump; Trump se enfureció porque el Congreso había sido informado de la amenaza, y al día siguiente de la sesión informativa criticó duramente al director interino de inteligencia nacional, Joseph Maguire, por permitir que la sesión informativa se llevara a cabo. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] China y algunos individuos chinos vinculados al gobierno han sido acusados ​​de interferir en las elecciones para apoyar la candidatura tanto de Biden como de Trump, [ 124 ] aunque si realmente lo está haciendo es objeto de controversia dentro de la comunidad de inteligencia. [ 123 ] [ 125 ]

El 21 de octubre, se enviaron correos electrónicos amenazantes a demócratas en al menos cuatro estados. Los correos electrónicos advertían: "Votarán por Trump el día de las elecciones o iremos tras ustedes". [ 126 ] El director de Inteligencia Nacional, John Ratcliffe, anunció esa noche que los correos electrónicos, utilizando una dirección de remitente falsificada, habían sido enviados por Irán. Añadió que se sabe que tanto Irán como Rusia han obtenido datos de registro de votantes estadounidenses, posiblemente de información disponible públicamente, y "Estos datos pueden ser utilizados por agentes extranjeros para intentar comunicar información falsa a los votantes registrados con la esperanza de causar confusión, sembrar el caos y socavar su confianza en la democracia estadounidense". Un portavoz de Irán negó la acusación. [ 127 ] En su anuncio, Ratcliffe dijo que la intención de Irán había sido "intimidar a los votantes, incitar disturbios sociales y dañar al presidente Trump", lo que planteaba preguntas sobre cómo ordenar a los demócratas que votaran por Trump sería perjudicial para Trump. Posteriormente se informó que la referencia a Trump no había estado en las declaraciones preparadas de Ratcliffe, firmadas por los demás funcionarios en el escenario; Lo había añadido él mismo. [ 128 ] El 18 de noviembre de 2021, el Departamento de Justicia acusó a dos piratas informáticos iraníes de intentar intimidar a los votantes estadounidenses antes de las elecciones estadounidenses de 2020 mediante el envío de correos electrónicos amenazantes y la difusión de información falsa. [ 129 ]

Durante todo el período electoral, varios legisladores colombianos y el embajador de Colombia en Estados Unidos emitieron declaraciones en apoyo a la campaña de Donald Trump, lo que se ha considerado potencialmente perjudicial para las relaciones entre Colombia y Estados Unidos . [ 130 ] [ 131 ] El 26 de octubre, el embajador de Estados Unidos en Colombia, Philip Goldberg , solicitó a los políticos colombianos que se abstuvieran de participar en las elecciones. [ 132 ]

El Departamento de Justicia está investigando si el Comité de Victoria de Trump aceptó una donación de 100.000 dólares del empresario malasio y fugitivo internacional Jho Low , acusado de ser el cerebro detrás del escándalo multimillonario de 1Malaysia Development Berhad, que involucra a un fondo soberano de riqueza malasio, 1MDB . [ 133 ] [ 134 ]

Los funcionarios gubernamentales y los oficiales de seguridad corporativa estadounidenses se prepararon para una repetición del ataque informático a la infraestructura electoral de 2016 y ataques similares del siglo XXI , y de hecho llevaron a cabo lo que se caracterizaron como contraataques preventivos contra la infraestructura de botnets que podrían usarse en la coordinación a gran escala de ataques informáticos, [ 135 ] y algunos incidentes a principios de año parecieron presagiar tales posibilidades. No obstante, tras su destitución , en una entrevista de diciembre de 2020, Chris Krebs , director de la Agencia de Seguridad de Infraestructura y Ciberseguridad (CISA) de la administración Trump, describió la supervisión del día de las elecciones desde el centro de mando conjunto de la CISA junto con representantes del Comando Cibernético de los Estados Unidos , la Agencia de Seguridad Nacional (NSA), la Oficina Federal de Investigación (FBI), el Servicio Secreto de los Estados Unidos (USSS), la Comisión de Asistencia Electoral (EAC), representantes de proveedores de equipos de máquinas de votación y representantes de gobiernos estatales y locales , así como el análisis de su agencia antes y después de ese día, diciendo: «Estuvo tranquilo. No hubo indicios ni pruebas de que hubiera habido ningún tipo de pirateo o compromiso de los sistemas electorales el 3 de noviembre, antes o después de él». [ 136 ] En respuesta a las afirmaciones espurias de subcontratación extranjera del recuento de votos como justificación de los litigios que intentaban detener el recuento oficial de votos en algunas áreas, Krebs también afirmó que «Todos los votos en los Estados Unidos de América se cuentan en los Estados Unidos de América». [ 136 ]

Los actos de injerencia extranjera incluyeron la aplicación dirigida por el Estado ruso de enfoques de propaganda computacional , propaganda en Internet más convencional patrocinada por el Estado , esfuerzos de desinformación a menor escala , tácticas de propaganda de " lavado de información " y " ascenso en la cadena " que emplearon a algunos funcionarios gubernamentales, afiliados de Trump y medios de comunicación estadounidenses . [ 137 ]

El posible rechazo de Trump a los resultados electorales

Durante la campaña, Trump indicó en publicaciones de Twitter , entrevistas y discursos que podría negarse a reconocer el resultado de la elección si era derrotado; Trump sugirió falsamente que la elección sería amañada en su contra. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] En julio de 2020, Trump se negó a responder si aceptaría los resultados, tal como lo hizo en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 , diciéndole al presentador de Fox News Chris Wallace que "Tengo que ver. No, no voy a decir simplemente que sí. No voy a decir que no". [ 141 ] [ 142 ] [ 143 ] [ 144 ] Trump afirmó repetidamente que "la única manera" en que podría perder sería si la elección fuera "amañada" y se negó repetidamente a comprometerse con una transición pacífica del poder después de la elección. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Trump también atacó el voto por correo durante toda la campaña, afirmando falsamente que la práctica contiene altas tasas de fraude; [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] En un momento dado, Trump dijo: «Ya veremos qué pasa  ... Desháganse de las papeletas y tendrán una transición muy pacífica; francamente, no habrá una transferencia. Habrá una continuación». [ 150 ] Las declaraciones de Trump han sido descritas como una amenaza «para trastocar el orden constitucional». [ 151 ] En septiembre de 2020, el director del FBI, Christopher A. Wray , nombrado por Trump, testificó bajo juramento que el FBI «históricamente no ha visto ningún tipo de esfuerzo nacional coordinado de fraude electoral en una elección importante, ya sea por correo o de otra manera». [ 152 ]

Varios republicanos del Congreso insistieron en que estaban comprometidos con una transición de poder ordenada y pacífica, pero se negaron a criticar a Trump por sus comentarios. [ 153 ] El 24 de septiembre, el Senado aprobó por unanimidad una resolución que reafirmaba su compromiso con una transferencia pacífica del poder. [ 154 ] Trump también declaró que esperaba que la Corte Suprema decidiera las elecciones y que quería una mayoría conservadora en caso de una disputa electoral, reiterando su compromiso de nombrar rápidamente a un noveno juez tras la muerte de Ruth Bader Ginsburg . [ 155 ]

Sugerencia para posponer las elecciones

En abril de 2020, Biden predijo que Trump intentaría retrasar las elecciones, diciendo que "intentará posponerlas de alguna manera, inventando alguna justificación de por qué no se pueden celebrar". [ 156 ] [ 157 ] En mayo, Jared Kushner no descartó retrasar las elecciones, diciendo "No estoy seguro de poder comprometerme de una forma u otra". [ 158 ] El 30 de julio, Trump tuiteó que "Con el voto universal por correo (no el voto en ausencia, que es bueno), 2020 será la elección más INEXACTA Y FRAUDULENTA de la historia" y propuso que se retrasaran las elecciones. Al preguntársele si Trump tenía la autoridad pertinente, el secretario de Estado Mike Pompeo dijo que "el Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos hará esa determinación". [ 159 ] Sin embargo, solo el Congreso tiene el poder de programar elecciones, [ 160 ] [ 161 ] y la Constitución establece el final de los mandatos presidencial y vicepresidencial el 20 de enero, una fecha límite improrrogable que solo puede modificarse mediante una enmienda constitucional. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] El Congreso se negó a considerar la propuesta de Trump, [ 164 ] [ 165 ] y las elecciones se llevaron a cabo según lo programado.

Voto por correo

Gráfico de la encuesta de opinión de julio de 2020 sobre la probabilidad de votar por correo en las elecciones de noviembre, en comparación con 2016 [ 166 ]

El voto por correo en Estados Unidos se ha vuelto cada vez más común, con un 25 % de los votantes enviando sus boletas por correo en 2016 y 2018. Para junio de 2020, se preveía que la pandemia de COVID-19 causaría un gran aumento en el voto por correo debido al posible peligro de congregarse en los centros de votación. [ 167 ] Un análisis estado por estado de agosto de 2020 concluyó que el 76 % de los estadounidenses eran elegibles para votar por correo en 2020, una cifra récord. El análisis predijo que  se podrían emitir 80 millones de boletas por correo en 2020, más del doble que en 2016. [ 168 ]

El Servicio Postal envió una carta a varios estados en julio de 2020, advirtiendo que no podría cumplir con los plazos estatales para solicitar y emitir votos por correo de último minuto. [ 169 ] Además del alto volumen previsto de votos por correo, la predicción se debió en parte a numerosas medidas tomadas por Louis DeJoy , el recién nombrado Director General de Correos de los Estados Unidos , incluyendo la prohibición de horas extras y viajes adicionales para entregar correo, [ 170 ] lo que causó retrasos en la entrega del correo, [ 171 ] y el desmantelamiento y la eliminación de cientos de máquinas clasificadoras de correo de alta velocidad de los centros postales. [ 172 ] El 18 de agosto, después de que la Cámara de Representantes fuera convocada de su receso de agosto para votar un proyecto de ley que revertía los cambios, DeJoy anunció que revertiría todos los cambios hasta después de las elecciones de noviembre. Dijo que restablecería las horas extras, revertiría las reducciones de servicio y detendría la eliminación de máquinas clasificadoras de correo y buzones de recolección. [ 173 ]

La Cámara de Representantes aprobó una subvención de emergencia de 25  mil millones de dólares para el servicio postal con el fin de facilitar la avalancha prevista de votos por correo. [ 174 ] Aunque Trump ha denunciado repetidamente el voto por correo, ha enviado boletas por correo debido a que se encontraba en un estado diferente al que vota en el momento de las elecciones. [ 175 ] En agosto de 2020, Trump admitió que el servicio postal necesitaría fondos adicionales para gestionar el aumento del voto por correo, pero dijo que bloquearía cualquier financiación adicional para el servicio postal para evitar cualquier aumento en la votación por correo. [ 176 ]

Al final, se estimó que el 42 por ciento de los votos se emitieron por correo en 41 estados informantes, [ 177 ] aproximadamente 65,6  millones de papeletas de 154,6  millones emitidas por todos los métodos. [ 178 ]

La campaña de Trump presentó demandas para impedir el uso de buzones oficiales para depositar boletas en Pensilvania en lugares distintos a las oficinas electorales, y también buscó "impedir que los funcionarios electorales contaran las boletas por correo si un votante olvidaba colocar su boleta en una funda de confidencialidad dentro del sobre de devolución". [ 179 ] Ni la campaña de Trump ni el Partido Republicano presentaron pruebas de fraude en el voto por correo después de que un juez federal se lo ordenara. [ 179 ]

El día de las elecciones, un juez ordenó a los inspectores postales que registraran las instalaciones postales en  estados clave para la contienda electoral. [ 180 ] La agencia se negó a cumplir la orden y casi el 7% de las papeletas en las instalaciones del USPS el día de las elecciones no se procesaron a tiempo. [ 181 ]

La Comisión Federal Electoral emite problemas

La Comisión Federal Electoral , creada en 1974 para hacer cumplir las leyes de financiamiento de campañas en las elecciones federales, no ha funcionado desde julio de 2020 debido a vacantes en su composición. En ausencia de quórum, la comisión no puede votar sobre las quejas ni brindar orientación mediante opiniones consultivas. [ 182 ] Al 19 de mayo de 2020, había 350 asuntos pendientes en el registro de cumplimiento de la agencia y 227 asuntos en espera de acción. [ 183 ] Al 1 de septiembre de 2020, Trump no había nominado a nadie para cubrir las vacantes de la FEC. [ 184 ]

Vacante en la Corte Suprema

El presidente Donald Trump con Amy Coney Barrett y su familia, justo antes de que se anunciara la nominación de Barrett, el 26 de septiembre de 2020.

El 18 de septiembre de 2020, falleció la jueza Ruth Bader Ginsburg . El líder de la mayoría del Senado, Mitch McConnell, declaró de inmediato que el precedente que había establecido con respecto a la nominación de Merrick Garland era inoperante y que se votaría un reemplazo lo antes posible, preparando el terreno para una batalla por la confirmación y una intrusión inesperada en la campaña. [ 185 ] La muerte de la jueza Ginsburg resultó en un gran aumento del impulso tanto para los demócratas como para los republicanos. [ 186 ] [ 187 ] El presidente, [ 188 ] el vicepresidente, [ 189 ] y varios miembros republicanos del Congreso dijeron que se necesitaba un Tribunal Supremo completo para decidir las próximas elecciones. [ 190 ] [ 191 ]

El 26 de septiembre, un día después de que el cuerpo de la jueza Ginsburg fuera velado en el Capitolio , Trump celebró una ceremonia en el Jardín de las Rosas de la Casa Blanca para anunciar y presentar a su candidata, Amy Coney Barrett . [ 192 ] Tras cuatro días de audiencias de confirmación, el Comité Judicial del Senado aprobó la nominación el 22 de octubre, [ 193 ] y el 26 de octubre, Barrett fue confirmada con una votación partidista de 52-48, sin que ningún demócrata votara a favor de su confirmación. [ 194 ] Esta fue la confirmación de un juez del Tribunal Supremo más cercana a una elección presidencial, y la primera nominación al Tribunal Supremo desde 1869 sin votos de apoyo del partido minoritario. [ 194 ] También fue uno de los plazos más rápidos desde la nominación hasta la confirmación en la historia de Estados Unidos. [ 195 ] [ 196 ]

Litigios preelectorales

Para septiembre de 2020, se habían presentado varios cientos de casos legales relacionados con las elecciones. [ 197 ] Alrededor de 250 de estos tenían que ver con la mecánica de la votación en relación con la pandemia de COVID-19. [ 197 ] La Corte Suprema dictaminó sobre varios de estos casos, [ 198 ] principalmente emitiendo suspensiones de emergencia en lugar de seguir el proceso normal debido a la urgencia. [ 199 ] En octubre de 2020, hubo especulación de que las elecciones podrían decidirse a través de un caso de la Corte Suprema, como sucedió después de las elecciones de 2000. [ 200 ] [ 201 ]

Debates

Sedes de los debates presidenciales ( ) y vicepresidenciales ( ) de las elecciones generales de 2020

El 11 de octubre de 2019, la Comisión de Debates Presidenciales (CPD) anunció que se celebrarían tres debates de elecciones generales en el otoño de 2020. [ 202 ]

El primero, moderado por Chris Wallace , tuvo lugar el 29 de septiembre y fue coorganizado por la Universidad Case Western Reserve y la Clínica Cleveland en Cleveland, Ohio . [ 203 ] El debate originalmente iba a celebrarse en la Universidad de Notre Dame en Notre Dame, Indiana , pero la universidad decidió no celebrarlo como resultado de la pandemia de COVID-19 . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] En general, se consideró que Biden había ganado el primer debate, [ 205 ] [ 206 ] [ 207 ] aunque una minoría significativa de comentaristas lo consideró un empate. [ 208 ] [ 209 ]

Un intercambio que fue particularmente notable fue cuando Trump no denunció directamente al grupo supremacista blanco y neofascista Proud Boys , sino que respondió que deberían "mantenerse al margen y estar preparados". [ 210 ] [ 211 ] [ 212 ] Al día siguiente, Trump dijo a los periodistas que el grupo debería "detenerse" al tiempo que afirmaba no estar al tanto de qué era el grupo. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] El debate fue descrito como "caótico y casi incoherente" debido a las repetidas interrupciones de Trump, lo que llevó al CPD a considerar ajustes al formato de los debates restantes. [ 215 ]

El debate vicepresidencial se celebró el 7 de octubre de 2020 en la Universidad de Utah en Salt Lake City . [ 216 ] El debate fue considerado en general como tranquilo, sin un claro vencedor. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Un incidente que fue particularmente comentado fue cuando una mosca se posó en la cabeza del vicepresidente Pence y permaneció allí sin que él se diera cuenta durante dos minutos. [ 219 ] [ 220 ]

El segundo debate estaba previsto inicialmente en la Universidad de Michigan en Ann Arbor, Michigan , pero la universidad se retiró en junio de 2020 debido a la preocupación por la pandemia de COVID-19 . [ 221 ] El debate planeado se reprogramó para el 15 de octubre en el Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts en Miami ; debido a que Trump contrajo COVID-19, la CPD anunció el  8 de octubre que el debate se celebraría virtualmente, con los candidatos participando desde lugares separados. Trump se negó a participar en un debate virtual, y la comisión anunció posteriormente la cancelación del debate. [ 222 ] [ 223 ]

El tercer debate programado tuvo lugar el 22 de octubre en la Universidad de Belmont en Nashville, Tennessee , y fue moderado por Kristen Welker . [ 224 ] [ 225 ] Los cambios en las reglas del debate, que incluían silenciar los micrófonos de los candidatos mientras el otro hablaba, [ 226 ] hicieron que se considerara en general más civilizado que el primer debate. [ 227 ] El desempeño de Welker como moderadora fue elogiado, y se consideró que hizo un buen trabajo evitando que los candidatos se interrumpieran entre sí. [ 228 ] En general se consideró que Biden había ganado el debate, aunque se consideró improbable que alterara la contienda de manera significativa. [ 229 ] [ 230 ] [ 231 ]

La Fundación Elecciones Libres e Iguales celebró dos debates con varios candidatos de terceros partidos e independientes, uno el 8 de octubre de 2020 en Denver , Colorado , [ 236 ] y otro el 24 de octubre de 2020 en Cheyenne, Wyoming . [ 237 ]

Votación

Bidireccional

El siguiente gráfico muestra la posición de cada candidato en las encuestas desde septiembre de 2019 hasta noviembre de 2020. El exvicepresidente Joe Biden , candidato demócrata, tenía una ventaja promedio en las encuestas de 7,9 puntos porcentuales sobre el presidente en funciones Donald Trump , candidato republicano. Biden ganaría el voto popular nacional por 4,4 puntos porcentuales.

% Support01020304050609/4/20194/8/20208/17/202010/23/2020Joe BidenDonald TrumpOthers/UndecidedNationwide opinion polling for the 2020 Unit...

Cuatro vías

Los promedios calculados no son comparables con los de las encuestas entre Biden y Trump. Dado que las encuestas realizadas por terceros han sido muy limitadas, las encuestas incluidas en el promedio suelen ser diferentes.

Estados indecisos

El siguiente gráfico muestra la diferencia entre Joe Biden y Donald Trump en cada estado clave, según los agregadores de encuestas desde marzo de 2020 hasta las elecciones, con los resultados electorales para su comparación.

Joe Biden lead over Donald Trump (percentage points)-20-15-10-50510152/25/20205/20/20208/12/202011/3/2020Maine CD-2Nebraska CD-2ArizonaFloridaGeorgiaIowaMichiganMinnesotaNevadaNew HampshireNorth CarolinaOhioPennsylvaniaTexasWisconsinAlaskaMissouriSouth CarolinaKansasMontana2020 United States presidential election pol...
Ver datos de origen .

Predicciones

Avales

Estimación del costo total

OpenSecrets estimó que el costo total de las elecciones de 2020 fue de casi 14  mil millones de dólares, lo que las convierte en las elecciones más caras de la historia y el doble de caras que el ciclo electoral presidencial anterior. [ 256 ]

Temas de campaña

Pandemia de COVID-19

La pandemia de COVID-19 fue un tema central de la campaña, y las respuestas de Trump fueron duramente criticadas. El presidente transmitió mensajes contradictorios sobre la importancia del uso de mascarillas como protección, llegando incluso a criticar a Biden y a los periodistas por usarlas, aunque también las fomentó en ocasiones. [ 257 ] Durante la campaña, Trump celebró numerosos eventos en todo el país, incluso en zonas con alta incidencia de COVID-19, donde los asistentes no usaban mascarillas ni mantenían la distancia social; al mismo tiempo, se burlaba de quienes sí las usaban. [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ]

Biden abogó por la ampliación de la financiación federal, incluyendo la financiación bajo la Ley de Producción de Defensa para pruebas, equipo de protección personal e investigación. [ 261 ] Trump también invocó la Ley de Producción de Defensa para controlar la distribución de mascarillas y respiradores, [ 262 ] pero su plan de respuesta dependía significativamente de que se lanzara una vacuna para finales de 2020. [ 261 ] En el segundo debate presidencial, Trump afirmó que Biden lo había llamado xenófobo por restringir la entrada de ciudadanos extranjeros que habían visitado China, pero Biden respondió que no se había referido a esa decisión. [ 263 ]

Economía

Propuesta de tasas de pago del plan tributario por grupo de ingresos como porcentaje de los ingresos, incluido el seguro médico obligatorio.

Trump se atribuyó el mérito de la constante expansión económica de los primeros tres años de su presidencia, con el mercado de valores en su período de crecimiento más largo de la historia y el desempleo en su nivel más bajo en cincuenta años. Además, ha ensalzado el repunte del tercer trimestre de 2020, en el que el PIB creció a una tasa anualizada del 33,1%, como prueba del éxito de sus políticas económicas. [ 264 ] Biden respondió a las afirmaciones de Trump reiterando que la sólida economía durante la presidencia de Trump fue heredada de la administración Obama, y ​​que Trump ha agravado el impacto económico de la pandemia, incluyendo la necesidad de que 42  millones de estadounidenses soliciten el subsidio de desempleo. [ 265 ]

La Ley de Recortes Fiscales y Empleos de 2017 , que redujo los impuestos sobre la renta para muchos estadounidenses y disminuyó la tasa del impuesto de sociedades del 35% al ​​21%, fue un componente fundamental de la política económica de Trump. Biden y los demócratas suelen describir estos recortes como beneficios injustos para la clase alta. Biden planea aumentar los impuestos a las corporaciones y a quienes ganan más de 400.000 dólares al año, manteniendo los impuestos reducidos para los tramos de ingresos más bajos y elevando los impuestos sobre las ganancias de capital hasta un máximo del 39,6%. En respuesta, Trump afirmó que los planes de Biden destruirían las cuentas de jubilación y el mercado de valores . [ 266 ]

Ambiente

Las posturas de Trump y Biden sobre política ambiental difieren significativamente. Trump afirmó que el cambio climático es un engaño, aunque también lo reconoció como un tema serio. [ 267 ] Trump condenó el Acuerdo de París sobre la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero e inició el proceso de retirada . Biden planeaba reincorporarse y anunció un  plan de 2 billones de dólares para combatir el cambio climático. Biden no había aceptado completamente el Nuevo Pacto Verde . Biden no planeaba prohibir la fracturación hidráulica , sino prohibir la nueva fracturación hidráulica en tierras federales. En un debate, Trump afirmó que Biden quería prohibirla por completo. Otras políticas ambientales de Trump incluían la eliminación de las normas sobre emisiones de metano y la expansión de la minería. [ 268 ]

Cuidado de la salud

La atención médica fue un tema divisivo tanto en la campaña de las primarias demócratas como en la campaña general. Mientras que Biden, al igual que otros candidatos, prometió proteger la Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible , los progresistas dentro del Partido Demócrata abogaron por reemplazar la industria de seguros privados con Medicare para Todos . El plan de Biden implica agregar una opción pública al sistema de salud estadounidense, [ 269 ] y el restablecimiento del mandato individual para comprar atención médica, que fue eliminado de la Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible por la ley de recorte de impuestos de 2017, [ 270 ] así como restablecer la financiación para Planned Parenthood . Trump anunció planes para derogar la Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible, calificándola de "demasiado cara", pero no dijo qué la reemplazaría. [ 271 ] En el momento de las elecciones, la administración Trump y funcionarios republicanos de 18 estados tenían una demanda ante la Corte Suprema, solicitando a la corte que derogara la Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible. [ 272 ]

Disturbios raciales

Protestas por George Floyd en Minneapolis el 26 de mayo

Como resultado del asesinato de George Floyd y otros incidentes de brutalidad policial contra afroamericanos, combinados con los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19, una serie de protestas y un período más amplio de disturbios raciales estallaron a mediados de 2020. A esto le siguió el movimiento Black Lives Matter , que protestó contra la brutalidad policial contra las personas negras y se convirtió en un punto central de la campaña presidencial de 2020. [ 273 ] Las protestas fueron mayoritariamente pacíficas; menos del 4% involucraron daños a la propiedad o violencia (la mayor parte de esta última dirigida contra los propios manifestantes de BLM). [ 274 ] Según una estimación de septiembre de 2020, los incendios provocados, el vandalismo y los saqueos causaron alrededor de $1 a $2  mil millones en daños asegurados entre el 26 de mayo y el 8 de junio, lo que convierte a esta fase inicial de las protestas de George Floyd en el evento de desorden civil con los mayores daños registrados en la historia de Estados Unidos. [ 275 ] [ 276 ]

En respuesta, Trump y los republicanos sugirieron enviar al ejército para contrarrestar las protestas, lo cual fue criticado, especialmente por los demócratas, como una medida excesiva y potencialmente ilegal. [ 277 ] Trump se refirió a los manifestantes de Black Lives Matter que confrontaban a comensales en un restaurante como "matones", [ 278 ] y calificó una pintura callejera del eslogan como un "símbolo de odio". [ 279 ] Particularmente controvertida fue una sesión fotográfica que Trump se tomó frente a la iglesia de St. John en Washington, D.C. , antes de la cual la policía militar había desalojado por la fuerza a manifestantes pacíficos de la zona. [ 270 ] Biden condenó a Trump por sus acciones contra los manifestantes; describió las palabras de George Floyd " No puedo respirar " como una "llamada de atención para nuestra nación". También prometió que crearía una comisión de supervisión policial en sus primeros 100 días como presidente y establecería un estándar uniforme para el uso de la fuerza, así como otras medidas de reforma policial. [ 280 ]

Encuesta a pie de urna

Cronología

Resultados

Votación anticipada en Cleveland, Ohio.

Estadística

En 14 estados, que representan 223 votos electorales, la mayoría de los votantes optó por quedarse en casa en lugar de votar por algún candidato. [ 282 ]

 Se emitieron más de 158 millones de votos en la elección. [ 283 ] Más de 100  millones de ellos se emitieron antes del día de las elecciones mediante votación anticipada o voto por correo , debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 en curso . [ 284 ] La elección registró la mayor participación electoral como porcentaje de votantes elegibles desde 1900, [ 285 ] con cada una de las dos principales candidaturas recibiendo más de 74  millones de votos, superando el récord de Barack Obama  de 69,5 millones de votos en 2008. [ 286 ] La candidatura Biden-Harris recibió más de 81  millones de votos, la mayor cantidad de votos jamás en una elección presidencial de los Estados Unidos . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] También fue la novena elección presidencial consecutiva en la que el nominado victorioso del partido mayoritario no recibió una mayoría de voto popular por un margen de dos dígitos sobre el nominado o nominados perdedores del partido mayoritario, continuando la secuencia más larga de tales elecciones presidenciales en la historia de los EE. UU., que comenzó en 1988 y en 2016 eclipsó la secuencia más larga anterior, la de 1876 a 1900. [ 287 ] [ nota 1 ] [ 288 ] En 2020, el 58 por ciento de los votantes estadounidenses vivían en condados de deslizamientos de tierra , [ 289 ] una disminución del 61 por ciento en 2016. [ 290 ]

Trump se convirtió en el undécimo presidente en ejercicio en la historia del país, y el primero desde 1992 , en perder una candidatura para un segundo mandato. El 51,3% del voto popular de Biden fue el más alto para un aspirante a un presidente en ejercicio desde 1932. [ 291 ] [ 292 ] [ 293 ] [ m ] Biden es el sexto vicepresidente en convertirse en presidente sin suceder en el cargo por la muerte o renuncia de un presidente anterior. [ 294 ] Además, la derrota de Trump marcó la tercera vez que un presidente electo perdió el voto popular dos veces, siendo el primero John Quincy Adams en la década de 1820 y Benjamin Harrison en las décadas de 1880 y 1890. [ 295 ] Esta fue la primera vez desde 1980 , y la primera para los republicanos desde 1892 que un partido fue destituido después de un solo mandato de cuatro años. Esta fue la segunda elección en la historia de Estados Unidos en la que el presidente en ejercicio perdió la reelección a pesar de obtener un mayor porcentaje del voto popular que en las elecciones anteriores, después de 1828. También es la tercera elección en la que los dos candidatos que recibieron votos electorales obtuvieron el mismo número de estados. Esto también ocurrió en 1880 y 1848 .

Biden ganó 25 estados, el Distrito de Columbia y un distrito congresional en Nebraska, sumando un total de 306 votos electorales. Trump ganó 25 estados y un distrito congresional en Maine, sumando un total de 232 votos electorales. Este resultado fue exactamente el reverso de la victoria de Trump, 306 a 232, en 2016 (excluyendo a los electores infieles ). [ 296 ] Biden se convirtió en el primer demócrata en ganar las elecciones presidenciales en Georgia desde 1992 [ 297 ] y en Arizona desde 1996 , y el primer candidato en ganar a nivel nacional sin Florida desde 1992 y Ohio desde 1960 , poniendo en duda el estatus continuo de Ohio como estado clave . [ 298 ] Biden también se convirtió en el primer demócrata en ganar las elecciones presidenciales sin Iowa desde 1976. [ n ] Biden ganó cinco estados ganados por Trump en 2016: Arizona , Georgia , Michigan , Pensilvania y Wisconsin . A pesar de su margen relativamente cómodo de 74 votos en el Colegio Electoral, Biden solo ganó los estados decisivos de Wisconsin, Georgia y Arizona por un total de 43.000 votos. También se convirtió en el primer demócrata desde 2008 en ganar el segundo distrito congresional de Nebraska , obteniendo un voto electoral del estado. [ 299 ] Trump no ganó ninguno de los estados que Clinton ganó en 2016. Las tres victorias de Biden en el Cinturón del Óxido —Michigan, Pensilvania y Wisconsin— fueron ampliamente caracterizadas como una reconstrucción del muro azul , un término ampliamente utilizado en la prensa para los estados que los demócratas ganaron consistentemente desde 1992 hasta 2012, roto por Trump en 2016 cuando arrebató por estrecho margen esos tres estados del Cinturón del Óxido. [ 300 ] [ 301 ] [ 302 ] [ 303 ] Sin embargo, en medio de la derrota nacional y electoral de Trump, sus victorias decisivas en Ohio, Iowa y Florida por segunda vez, después de que apoyaran a Obama dos veces, han llevado a muchos comentaristas a concluir que han pasado de ser estados indecisos perennes a estados republicanos confiables . [ 304 ] [ 305 ]

Si las tres victorias estatales más ajustadas de Biden —Wisconsin, Georgia y Arizona, todas ganadas por menos de un punto porcentual— hubieran sido para Trump, habría habido un empate de 269 electores para cada candidato, [ 306 ] [ 307 ] lo que habría provocado que la Cámara de Representantes decidiera una elección contingente , donde Trump tenía la ventaja. (Aunque los demócratas controlaban la Cámara, las elecciones contingentes se determinan mediante delegaciones estatales en las que cada estado recibe solo un voto, y dado que una ligera mayoría de estados en 2020 tenía más representantes republicanos que demócratas, los republicanos habrían tenido más votos en dicha elección). Este escenario habría requerido un cambio en el voto popular del 0,63% o menos en cada uno de estos tres estados, un total de aproximadamente 43.000 votos, el 0,03% de los votos emitidos a nivel nacional. [ 308 ] Esta situación fue similar a la de 2016, cuando un cambio del 0,77% o menos en cada uno de los tres estados más disputados (Wisconsin, Michigan y Pensilvania), o alrededor de 77.000 votos, habría resultado en que la ganadora del voto popular, Hillary Clinton, también ganara en el Colegio Electoral.

Esta fue la primera vez desde 1948 que los demócratas ganaron el voto popular en cuatro elecciones consecutivas. Biden fue el segundo exvicepresidente (después de Richard Nixon en 1968 ) en ganar la presidencia, así como el primer vicepresidente desde George H. W. Bush en 1988 en ser elegido presidente. [ 309 ]

Casi todos los condados que antes se consideraban indicadores fiables del éxito en las elecciones presidenciales votaron por Trump en lugar de Biden, lo que significa que no mantuvieron su racha como condados clave . Esto se atribuyó a la creciente polarización política en todo el país y a la división entre zonas urbanas y rurales. [ 310 ]

Aunque Trump seguía dominando la América rural en su conjunto, hubo zonas rurales que perdió. Biden ganó el 50,5% de los condados rurales que tenían mayoritariamente votantes no blancos, especialmente en el Sur y el Oeste. [ 311 ] Los condados rurales del Sur ganados por Biden presentaban mayores dificultades económicas que los ganados por Trump; en el Noreste, ocurría lo contrario. [ 311 ] En el Oeste, Biden obtuvo resultados especialmente buenos en los condados rurales con un alto porcentaje de trabajadores empleados en el sector del ocio y la hostelería. [ 311 ] Estos condados también contaban con una gran población inmigrante procedente de otros estados. [ 311 ] Biden fue la persona de mayor edad en ganar una elección presidencial, a los 77 años superando el récord de Trump de 2016 de hacerlo a los 70 años. Biden también fue el presidente de mayor edad jamás elegido, superando el récord de Ronald Reagan de 1984 de hacerlo a los 73 años. Cuatro años después, en 2024, Trump superó ambos récords al hacerlo a los 78 años. De los 3.153 condados/distritos/ciudades independientes que emitieron resultados, Trump ganó la mayoría de los votos populares en 2.595 (82,30%) mientras que Biden obtuvo 558 (17,70%).

Llamadas electorales

Las principales organizaciones de noticias proyectan un estado a favor de un candidato cuando existe una alta confianza matemática en que es improbable que el voto restante impida que el ganador proyectado finalmente gane el estado. Las proyecciones electorales las realizan equipos de decisión compuestos por politólogos y científicos de datos. [ 15 ]

La gente celebra en las calles cercanas a la Casa Blanca después de que las principales cadenas de televisión proyectaran a Biden como ganador de las elecciones del 7 de noviembre.
El senador Chuck Schumer se dirige a una multitud que celebra en Times Square , Nueva York , poco después de que se anunciara la victoria de Biden en las elecciones.

En la madrugada del 4 de noviembre, la Associated Press declaró a Donald Trump ganador en Florida a las 12:35  a. m. (hora del este), lo que le otorgó 164 votos electorales. A la 1:06  a. m. (hora del este), también le otorgó la victoria en Texas, sumando 202 votos electorales frente a los 224 de Joe Biden. Arizona y Maine fueron adjudicados a Biden a las 2:51  a. m. y 3:06  a. m. (hora del este), respectivamente. A la 1:24  p. m. (hora del este) de esa tarde, la Associated Press declaró a Trump ganador en el segundo distrito congresional de Maine, otorgándole 203 votos electorales. Posteriormente, Biden ganó en Wisconsin y Michigan a las 2:16  p. m. y 3:58  p. m. (hora del este), respectivamente, alcanzando los 264 votos electorales, a tan solo 6 de la presidencia. En la mañana del 7 de noviembre, aproximadamente a las 11:25  a. m. EST, unos tres días y medio después del cierre de las urnas, ABC News , NBC News , CBS News , Associated Press , CNN y Fox News declararon a Biden ganador de las elecciones y de los 20 votos electorales de Pensilvania, basándose en proyecciones de votos en Pensilvania que lo mostraban liderando fuera del umbral de recuento (0,5 % en ese estado), lo que le otorgó 284 votos electorales. [ 312 ] [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] [ 316 ] [ 317 ] [ 318 ] Esa noche, Biden y Harris pronunciaron sus discursos de victoria en Wilmington, Delaware. [ 319 ]

Observación electoral de la OSCE

Por invitación del Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos, la Oficina de Instituciones Democráticas y Derechos Humanos (OIDDH ) de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE ), que supervisa las elecciones estadounidenses desde 2002 (al igual que las elecciones importantes en todos los demás países miembros de la OSCE), envió 102 observadores de 39 países. [ 320 ] [ 321 ] [ 322 ] El grupo de trabajo estaba compuesto por observadores a largo plazo de la oficina de la ODIHR (dirigidos por la ex diplomática polaca Urszula Gacek ) desplegados en 28 estados desde septiembre y que cubrieron 15 estados el día de las elecciones, y un grupo de legisladores europeos que actuaban como observadores a corto plazo (dirigidos por el parlamentario alemán Michael Georg Link ), que informaban desde Maryland, Virginia, California, Nevada, Michigan, Missouri, Wisconsin y DC. [ 320 ] [ 322 ] Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19, se redujo a una "misión limitada de observación electoral" de los 100 observadores a largo plazo y 400 observadores a corto plazo originalmente planeados. [ 320 ]

Un informe provisional publicado por la OSCE poco antes de las elecciones señaló que muchos interlocutores de la ODIHR "expresaron serias preocupaciones sobre el riesgo de que se cuestionara la legitimidad de las elecciones debido a las reiteradas acusaciones del presidente en funciones de un proceso electoral fraudulento, y del voto por correo en particular". [ 320 ] [ 323 ] Al día siguiente de las elecciones, el grupo de trabajo publicó conclusiones preliminares, [ 321 ] y parte del resumen indicaba:

Las elecciones generales del 3 de noviembre fueron competitivas y se llevaron a cabo con éxito a pesar de las incertidumbres legales y los desafíos logísticos. En un entorno político altamente polarizado, la dura retórica de campaña avivó las tensiones. Las medidas destinadas a garantizar la seguridad de las elecciones durante la pandemia provocaron litigios prolongados impulsados ​​por intereses partidistas. La incertidumbre causada por las impugnaciones legales tardías y las acusaciones de fraude electoral sin pruebas suficientes generó confusión y preocupación entre los funcionarios electorales y los votantes. Las normas de registro e identificación de votantes en algunos estados son excesivamente restrictivas para ciertos grupos de ciudadanos. Los medios de comunicación, aunque fuertemente polarizados, brindaron una cobertura integral de la campaña y se esforzaron por proporcionar información precisa sobre la organización de las elecciones. [ 324 ]

Link afirmó que «el mismo día de las elecciones, no pudimos observar ninguna irregularidad» en los centros de votación visitados por los observadores. [ 321 ] El grupo de trabajo tampoco encontró «nada inapropiado» al observar el manejo de las papeletas de voto por correo en las oficinas postales, y Gacek declaró: «Consideramos que las acusaciones de irregularidades sistémicas en estas elecciones carecen de fundamento. El sistema ha funcionado correctamente». [ 322 ] La rama de observación electoral de la OSCE publicó un informe más completo a principios de 2021. [ 322 ] [ 325 ]

Resultados electorales

Los candidatos se enumeran individualmente a continuación si recibieron más del 0,1% del voto popular. Los totales del voto popular provienen del informe de la Comisión Federal Electoral . [ 1 ]

Resultados por estado

Dos estados, Maine y Nebraska, permiten que sus votos electorales se dividan entre los candidatos por distritos congresionales. El ganador de cada distrito congresional obtiene un voto electoral para dicho distrito. El ganador del voto estatal obtiene dos votos electorales adicionales. [ 331 ] [ 332 ]

Estados y distritos electorales que pasaron de republicanos a demócratas

Estados cerrados

Estados donde el margen de victoria fue inferior al 1% (37 votos electorales; todos ganados por Biden):

  1. Georgia, 0,23% (11.779 votos) – 16 votos electorales
  2. Arizona, 0,30% (10.457 votos) – 11 votos electorales
  3. Wisconsin, 0,63% (20.682 votos) – 10 votos electorales ( estado decisivo para la victoria de Biden) [ 306 ]

Estados donde el margen de victoria fue de entre el 1% y el 5% (86 votos electorales; 42 ganados por Biden, 44 por Trump):

  1. Pensilvania, 1,16% (80.555 votos) – 20 votos electorales (estado decisivo para la victoria de Trump) [ 307 ]
  2. Carolina del Norte, 1,34% (74.483 votos) – 15 votos electorales
  3. Nevada, 2,39% (33.596 votos) – 6 votos electorales
  4. Michigan, 2,78% (154.188 votos) – 16 votos electorales
  5. Florida, 3,36% (371.686 votos) – 29 votos electorales

Estados/distritos donde el margen de victoria fue de entre el 5% y el 10% (80 votos electorales; 17 ganados por Biden, 63 por Trump):

  1. Texas, 5,58% (631.221 votos) – 38 votos electorales
  2. Segundo distrito congresional de Nebraska, 6,50% (22.091 votos) – 1 voto electoral
  3. Minnesota, 7,12% (233.012 votos) – 10 votos electorales
  4. Nuevo Hampshire, 7,35% (59.267 votos) – 4 votos electorales
  5. Segundo distrito congresional de Maine, 7,44% (27.996 votos) – 1 voto electoral
  6. Ohio, 8,03% (475.669 votos) – 18 votos electorales
  7. Iowa, 8,20% (138.611 votos) – 6 votos electorales
  8. Maine, 9,07% (74.335 votos) – 2 votos electorales

El color azul indica los estados o distritos congresionales ganados por el demócrata Joe Biden; el rojo indica los ganados por el republicano Donald Trump.

Estadísticas del condado

Condados con el mayor porcentaje de votos demócratas: [ 333 ]

  1. Condado de Kalawao, Hawái : 95,8% [ 334 ]
  2. Condado de Prince George, Maryland – 89,26%
  3. Condado de Oglala Lakota, Dakota del Sur : 88,41%

Condados con el mayor porcentaje de votos republicanos:

  1. Condado de Roberts, Texas – 96,18%
  2. Condado de Borden, Texas – 95,43%
  3. Condado de King, Texas – 94,97%
  4. Condado de Garfield, Montana – 93,97%
  5. Condado de Glasscock, Texas – 93,57%

Mapas

Datos demográficos del electorado

Edison Research recopiló datos demográficos de los votantes de 2020 para el National Election Pool , un consorcio formado por ABC News , CBS News , MSNBC , CNN , Fox News y Associated Press . La encuesta a votantes se basa en sondeos a pie de urna realizados a 15.590 votantes, tanto en persona como por teléfono. [ 335 ]

La Brookings Institution publicó un informe titulado "Las encuestas a pie de urna muestran que tanto los bloques de votantes conocidos como los nuevos sellaron la victoria de Biden" el 12 de noviembre de 2020. En él, el autor William H. Frey atribuye la victoria de Obama en 2008 a los jóvenes, las personas de color y los educados universitarios. Frey sostiene que Trump ganó en 2016 gracias a los blancos mayores sin títulos universitarios. [ 336 ] Frey dice que las mismas coaliciones se mantuvieron en gran medida en 2008 y 2016, aunque en estados clave Biden aumentó su voto entre algunos de los grupos de Trump de 2016, particularmente entre los estadounidenses blancos y mayores. [ 336 ] Trump ganó el voto blanco en 2016 por un 20% pero en 2020 por solo un 16%. El Partido Demócrata ganó el voto negro por un 75%, el margen más bajo desde 1980 . Los demócratas ganaron el voto latino por 32%, que es el margen más pequeño desde 2004, y ganaron el voto asiático-americano por 27%, la cifra más baja desde 2008. [ 336 ] Biden redujo el margen republicano de hombres blancos sin educación universitaria del 48% al 42%, y los demócratas hicieron una ligera mejora del 2% entre las mujeres blancas con educación universitaria. Las personas de 18 a 29 años registraron un aumento en el apoyo demócrata entre 2016 y 2020, con el margen de victoria demócrata entre ese grupo demográfico aumentando del 19% al 24%. [ 336 ] Sin embargo, los baby boomers y la Generación X todavía constituían la mayoría del público votante. La encuesta a pie de urna estimó que los votantes de 40 años o más (nacidos en 1980 o antes) representaban el 68% del electorado. Se estimó que los votantes de entre 40 y 64 años (nacidos entre 1956 y 1980) representaban el 46% del electorado. [ 281 ]

Un análisis posterior a las elecciones, utilizando datos verificados de votantes, reveló que el sistema Votecast de Associated Press fue más preciso que las encuestas a pie de urna. [ 337 ] [ 338 ]

Patrones de votación por etnia

votantes hispanos y latinos

Biden obtuvo el 65% del voto latino según Edison Research y el 63% según Associated Press. Voto Latino informó que el voto latino fue crucial para la victoria de Biden en Arizona . El 40% de los votantes latinos que votaron en 2020 no votaron en 2016, y el 73% de esos votantes latinos votaron por Biden (438,000 votantes). [ 339 ] Florida y Texas , que tienen grandes poblaciones latinas, fueron ganados por Trump. En Florida, Trump obtuvo la mayoría de los votantes cubanoamericanos en el condado de Miami-Dade, Florida . [ 340 ] El voto latino fue crucial para que Biden pudiera ganar estados como Nevada. [ 341 ] Los votantes latinos fueron blanco de una importante campaña de desinformación en español en las últimas semanas de la elección, con varias falsedades y teorías de conspiración difundidas por WhatsApp y publicaciones virales en redes sociales . [ 342 ] [ 343 ] [ 344 ]

Surgieron patrones demográficos relacionados con el país de origen y la preferencia por el candidato. Las encuestas pre y postelectorales mostraron que Biden ganó entre los latinos de ascendencia mexicana , puertorriqueña , dominicana , [ 345 ] española y nuevomexicana , [ 346 ] mientras que Trump obtuvo el apoyo de los latinos de ascendencia cubana. Los datos de Florida mostraron que Biden tenía una ligera ventaja entre los sudamericanos . [ 347 ]

votantes negros

Biden obtuvo el 87% del voto negro, mientras que Trump obtuvo el 12%. [ 348 ] La ventaja de Biden entre los votantes negros fue crucial en las grandes ciudades de Pensilvania y Michigan ; el aumento en el voto demócrata en el condado de Milwaukee de aproximadamente 28,000 votos fue más que la ventaja de 20,000 votos que Biden tenía en el estado de Wisconsin . Casi la mitad de las ganancias de Biden en Georgia provinieron de los cuatro condados más grandes: Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett y Cobb, todos en el área metropolitana de Atlanta con grandes poblaciones negras. [ 349 ] Trump mejoró su porcentaje general del voto negro de 2016 en un 4% y duplicó el voto negro que Mitt Romney recibió en 2012. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] [ 348 ]

votantes asiático-americanos e isleños del Pacífico

Las encuestas mostraron que el 68% de los votantes asiático-americanos e isleños del Pacífico (AAPI) apoyaban a Biden/Harris, mientras que el 28% apoyaba a Trump/Pence. Karthick Ramakrishnan , profesor de ciencias políticas en la Universidad de California Riverside y fundador de AAPI Data, dijo que los asiático-americanos apoyaban a Biden sobre Trump por un margen de aproximadamente 2:1. Los coreano-americanos , los japoneses-americanos , los indio-americanos y los chino-americanos favorecían a Biden por márgenes más altos en general en comparación con los vietnamitas-americanos y los filipino-americanos . [ 352 ] A muchos votantes les disgustó el lenguaje de Trump, parte del cual fue ampliamente considerado racista como ("virus chino" y "gripe kung fu"), pero, según el reportero de Vox Terry Nguyen, muchos votantes vietnamitas (y especialmente los ancianos migrantes survietnamitas que poblaron los centros costeros en la década de 1970) apreciaron su firme postura antichina. [ 353 ]

votantes indio-americanos

Datos de FiveThirtyEight indicaron que el 65% de los votantes indio-estadounidenses respaldaron a Joe Biden y el 28% a Donald Trump. [ 352 ] Algunos indio-estadounidenses se identificaron con Kamala Harris, pero otros aprobaron el apoyo de Donald Trump al primer ministro indio Narendra Modi . [ 354 ] En un discurso pronunciado ante 50.000 indio-estadounidenses durante su visita a Estados Unidos en 2019 , Modi elogió a Trump con comentarios que se interpretaron como un respaldo indirecto a su candidatura. [ 355 ] Organizaciones indias de derecha como el Hindu Sena realizaron havans y pujas especiales para la victoria electoral de Trump. [ 356 ]

votantes indígenas estadounidenses y nativos de Alaska

Las encuestas electorales previas a las elecciones realizadas por Indian Country Today revelaron que el 68% de los votantes indígenas estadounidenses y nativos de Alaska apoyaban al candidato demócrata Joe Biden. [ 357 ] En particular, la Reserva Navajo , que abarca un amplio cuadrante del este de Arizona y el oeste de Nuevo México, otorgó hasta el 97% de sus votos por distrito electoral a Biden, [ 358 ] mientras que el apoyo general a Biden se situó entre el 60 y el 90% en la Reserva. [ 359 ] Biden también registró una alta participación entre los pueblos Havasupai , Hopi y Tohono O'odham , [ 360 ] logrando una gran victoria en Nuevo México y arrebatando Arizona.

En Montana, si bien el estado votó por Trump en general, Biden ganó en los condados que se superponen con las reservas de los Blackfeet , Fort Belknap , Crow y Northern Cheyenne . [ 361 ] El mismo patrón se observó en Dakota del Sur, donde la mayoría de los condados que se superponen con las tierras de las tribus Standing Rock Sioux , Cheyenne River Sioux , Oglala Sioux, Rosebud Sioux y Crow Creek votaron por Biden. Por ejemplo, en el condado de Oglala Lakota , que se superpone con la Reserva India de Pine Ridge , Biden obtuvo el 88% de los votos. [ 361 ]

El mejor desempeño de Trump entre las tribus nativas fue con la tribu Lumbee de Carolina del Norte, donde obtuvo una sólida mayoría en el condado de Robeson y logró que el condado de Scotland pasara de ser demócrata a republicano. [ 362 ] Trump había hecho campaña en Lumberton , en el condado de Robeson, y había prometido a los Lumbee el reconocimiento federal . [ 362 ]

Precisión de las encuestas

Aunque las encuestas generalmente predijeron la victoria de Biden, las encuestas nacionales lo sobreestimaron entre tres y cuatro puntos, y algunas encuestas estatales estuvieron aún más lejos del resultado real y mayores que el error de 2016 (uno o dos puntos). [ 363 ] Las cifras representaron el nivel de error más alto desde las elecciones presidenciales de 1980. [ 364 ] Esta sobreestimación de las encuestas también se aplicó en varias contiendas senatoriales, donde los demócratas obtuvieron un rendimiento inferior en aproximadamente cinco puntos con respecto a las encuestas, [ 365 ] así como en las elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes, donde los republicanos ganaron escaños en lugar de perderlos como predijeron las encuestas. La mayoría de los encuestadores subestimaron el apoyo a Trump en varios estados clave, incluidos Florida, Iowa, Ohio, Pensilvania, Michigan, Texas y Wisconsin. La discrepancia entre las predicciones de las encuestas y el resultado real persistió desde las elecciones de 2016 a pesar de los intentos de los encuestadores por corregir los problemas con las encuestas de 2016, en las que subestimaron el voto republicano en varios estados. Las encuestas imprecisas provocaron cambios en las decisiones de campaña y recaudación de fondos tanto para demócratas como para republicanos. [ 363 ]

Según The New York Times , los errores en las encuestas se han atribuido, entre otros problemas, a una menor respuesta promedio a las encuestas; la relativa dificultad de encuestar a ciertos tipos de votantes; y problemas relacionados con la pandemia, como una teoría que sugiere que los demócratas estaban menos dispuestos a votar en persona el día de las elecciones que los republicanos por temor a contraer COVID-19. [ 363 ] Según CNN , una investigación presentada a la Asociación Estadounidense para la Investigación de la Opinión Pública indicó que uno de los principales problemas fue la incapacidad de los encuestadores para incluir a un cierto segmento de partidarios de Trump, ya sea por inaccesibilidad o falta de participación. [ 364 ] El periodista de datos de New Statesman, Ben Walker, señaló a los hispanos como un grupo históricamente difícil de encuestar con precisión, lo que llevó a los encuestadores a subestimar el nivel de apoyo a Trump dentro del grupo demográfico. [ 366 ] El analista electoral Nate Silver de FiveThirtyEight argumentó que el error de las encuestas en 2020 fue normal según los estándares históricos. [ 367 ]

El Instituto de Investigación del Siena College informó que una fuente importante de error en las encuestas fue el descarte de respuestas parciales por parte de "partidarios desconfiados de Trump" que "gritaban" a quienes llamaban; cuando alguien decía "Voy a votar por Trump, que te jodan", y luego colgaba antes de completar el resto de la encuesta, no se contabilizaba como respuesta. Estas "respuestas parciales" representaban "casi la mitad de la tasa de error de Siena". [ 368 ]

Secuelas

Noche de elecciones

Los votantes emitieron sus votos en la escuela secundaria Roosevelt en Des Moines, Iowa.

La noche de las elecciones, el 3 de noviembre, terminó sin un ganador claro, ya que los resultados de muchos estados fueron demasiado ajustados para declararlos y millones de votos permanecieron sin contar, incluso en los estados clave de Wisconsin, Michigan, Pensilvania, Carolina del Norte, Georgia, Arizona y Nevada. [ 369 ] Los resultados se retrasaron en estos estados debido a las normas locales sobre el recuento de votos por correo. [ 370 ] Los votos por correo se volvieron particularmente frecuentes en las elecciones de 2020 debido al brote generalizado de la pandemia de COVID-19. Se presentaron aproximadamente 67  millones de votos por correo, más del doble de los 33,5  millones de las elecciones anteriores. [ 371 ] En una victoria declarada después de la medianoche, Trump ganó el estado indeciso de Florida por más de tres puntos porcentuales, un aumento con respecto a su margen de 1,2 puntos porcentuales en 2016, tras haber visto ganancias significativas en el apoyo entre la comunidad latina en el condado de Miami-Dade . [ 372 ]

Poco después de las 12:30  a. m.  EST, Biden pronunció un breve discurso en el que instó a sus seguidores a tener paciencia mientras se contaban los votos y afirmó creer que estaba "en camino de ganar estas elecciones". [ 373 ] [ 374 ] Poco antes de las 2:30  a. m.  EST, Trump pronunció un discurso ante una sala llena de seguidores, afirmando falsamente que había ganado las elecciones y exigiendo que se detuviera el recuento de votos, diciendo que continuar el recuento era "un fraude contra el pueblo estadounidense" y que "acudiremos a la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos". [ 375 ] [ 376 ] La campaña de Biden denunció estos intentos, alegando que la campaña de Trump estaba llevando a cabo un "esfuerzo descarado por arrebatar los derechos democráticos a los ciudadanos estadounidenses". [ 377 ]

Recuento tardío

En Pensilvania, donde el recuento de votos por correo comenzó la noche de las elecciones, Trump declaró prematuramente la victoria el  4 de noviembre con una ventaja de 675.000 votos, a pesar de que más de un millón de votos permanecían sin contar. Trump también declaró la victoria en Carolina del Norte y Georgia, a pesar de que muchos votos estaban sin contar. [ 378 ] A las 11:20  p.m.  EST de la noche de las elecciones, Fox News proyectó que Biden ganaría Arizona, y Associated Press hizo la misma proyección a las 2:50  a.m.  EST del 4 de noviembre; [ 379 ] [ 380 ] varios otros medios de comunicación concluyeron que el estado estaba demasiado ajustado para declarar un ganador. [ 381 ] [ 382 ] Para la noche del 4 de noviembre, Associated Press informó que Biden había asegurado 264 votos electorales al ganar Michigan y Wisconsin, con Pensilvania, Carolina del Norte, Georgia y Nevada aún sin declarar un ganador. [ 383 ] Biden tenía una ventaja del 1% en Nevada [ 384 ] y mantenía una ventaja del 2,3% en Arizona para el 5 de noviembre, [ 385 ] necesitando solo ganar Nevada y Arizona o ganar Pensilvania para obtener los 270 votos electorales necesarios. [ 383 ]

Algunos partidarios de Trump expresaron su preocupación por un posible fraude tras ver al presidente liderando en algunos estados la noche de las elecciones, para luego ver a Biden tomar la delantera en los días posteriores. Los expertos electorales [ 386 ] atribuyeron esto a varios factores, incluyendo un " espejismo rojo " de resultados iniciales que se contabilizaron en áreas rurales relativamente poco pobladas que favorecían a Trump, las cuales se contabilizan más rápido, seguidos posteriormente por resultados de áreas urbanas más densamente pobladas que favorecían a Biden, las cuales tardan más en contabilizarse. En algunos estados como Pensilvania, Michigan y Wisconsin, las legislaturas controladas por los republicanos prohibieron el recuento de votos por correo antes del día de las elecciones, y una vez contabilizados, esos votos generalmente favorecieron a Biden, al menos en parte porque Trump había expresado durante meses su preocupación por el voto por correo, animando a sus seguidores a votar en persona. Por el contrario, en estados como Florida, que permitió el recuento de votos por correo durante semanas antes del día de las elecciones, un cambio inicial a favor de los demócratas que daba la apariencia de una ventaja para Biden fue posteriormente contrarrestado por el voto presencial que favoreció a Trump, lo que resultó en que el estado fuera declarado a favor del presidente la noche de las elecciones. [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ]

El 5 de noviembre, un juez federal desestimó una demanda de la campaña de Trump para detener el recuento de votos en Pensilvania. La campaña de Trump había alegado que a sus observadores no se les permitió el acceso para observar la votación, pero sus abogados admitieron durante la audiencia que sus observadores ya estaban presentes en la sala de recuento de votos. [ 390 ] También ese día, un juez estatal desestimó otra demanda de la campaña de Trump que alegaba que en Georgia se contaron boletas que llegaron tarde. El juez dictaminó que no se había presentado ninguna prueba de que las boletas llegaran tarde. [ 391 ] Mientras tanto, un juez estatal en Michigan desestimó la demanda de la campaña de Trump que solicitaba una pausa en el recuento de votos para permitir el acceso de los observadores, ya que el juez señaló que el recuento de votos ya había terminado en Michigan. [ 392 ] Ese juez también señaló que la demanda oficial no indicaba "por qué", "cuándo, dónde o por quién" supuestamente se impidió a un observador electoral observar el recuento de boletas en Michigan. [ 393 ]

El 6 de noviembre, Biden tomó la delantera en Pensilvania y Georgia mientras los estados continuaban el recuento de votos, y los votos por correo en esos estados favorecieron ampliamente a Biden. [ 394 ] Debido al estrecho margen entre Biden y Trump en el estado, el secretario de Estado de Georgia , Brad Raffensperger, anunció el  6 de noviembre que se realizaría un recuento en Georgia. En ese momento, Georgia no había visto "ninguna irregularidad generalizada" en esta elección, según el administrador del sistema de votación del estado, Gabriel Sterling . [ 395 ]

Asimismo, el 6 de noviembre, el juez de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos, Samuel Alito, emitió una orden que obligaba a los funcionarios de Pensilvania a separar las papeletas que llegaran tarde, en medio de una disputa sobre si la Corte Suprema estatal había ordenado válidamente una extensión de tres días del plazo para la recepción de las papeletas por correo. [ 396 ] Varios fiscales generales republicanos presentaron escritos de amicus curiae ante la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos en los días siguientes, coincidiendo con la postura del Partido Republicano de Pensilvania de que solo la legislatura estatal podía modificar el plazo de votación. [ 397 ]

Para el 7 de noviembre, varios republicanos prominentes habían denunciado públicamente las afirmaciones de Trump sobre fraude electoral, diciendo que eran infundadas, sin base o sin evidencia, perjudiciales para el proceso electoral, que socavaban la democracia y eran peligrosas para la estabilidad política, mientras que otros apoyaban su demanda de transparencia. [ 398 ] Según CNN , personas cercanas a Donald Trump, como su yerno y asesor principal Jared Kushner y su esposa Melania Trump , lo instaron a aceptar su derrota. Si bien Donald Trump reconoció en privado el resultado de las elecciones presidenciales, no obstante alentó a su equipo legal a continuar con las impugnaciones legales. [ 399 ] Trump esperaba ganar las elecciones en Arizona, pero cuando Fox News declaró a Biden vencedor del estado, Trump se enfureció y afirmó que el resultado se debía a fraude. [ 400 ] Trump y sus aliados sufrieron aproximadamente 50 pérdidas legales en cuatro semanas después de iniciar su litigio. [ 401 ] En vista de estas derrotas legales, Trump comenzó a emplear "una campaña de presión pública sobre funcionarios republicanos estatales y locales para manipular el sistema electoral en su favor". [ 400 ] [ 402 ] [ 403 ] [ 404 ]

protestas electorales

Celebración espontánea de la derrota de Trump en Frederick Douglass Circle, en la ciudad de Nueva York, el 7 de noviembre de 2020.

Se produjeron protestas contra las impugnaciones de Trump a los resultados electorales en Minneapolis, Portland, Nueva York y otras ciudades. La policía de Minneapolis arrestó a más de 600 manifestantes por bloquear el tráfico en una autopista interestatal. En Portland, se desplegó la Guardia Nacional después de que algunos manifestantes rompieran ventanas y arrojaran objetos a la policía. [ 405 ] Al mismo tiempo, grupos de partidarios de Trump se congregaron frente a los centros electorales en Phoenix, Detroit y Filadelfia, protestando a gritos contra los recuentos que mostraban a Biden a la cabeza o ganando terreno. [ 405 ] En Arizona, donde la ventaja de Biden se reducía a medida que se reportaban más resultados, los manifestantes pro-Trump exigieron principalmente que se contaran todos los votos restantes, mientras que en Michigan y Pensilvania, donde la ventaja de Trump se redujo y desapareció por completo a medida que se reportaban más resultados, pidieron que se detuviera el recuento. [ 406 ]

Falsas acusaciones de fraude

Captura de pantalla de un tuit de la cuenta de Twitter de Trump donde afirmaba repetidamente y falsamente que había ganado. [ 407 ] [ 408 ]
To sow election doubt, Trump escalated use of "rigged election" and "election interference" statements in advance of the 2024 election compared to the previous two elections—the statements described as part of a "heads I win; tails you cheated" rhetorical strategy.[409]

Trump and a variety of his surrogates and supporters made a series of observably false claims that the election was fraudulent. Claims that substantial fraud was committed have been repeatedly debunked.[410][411] On November 9 and 10, The New York Times called the offices of top election officials in every state; all 45 of those who responded said there was no evidence of fraud. Some described the election as remarkably successful considering the coronavirus pandemic, the record turnout, and the unprecedented number of mailed ballots.[412] On November 12, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) issued a statement calling the 2020 election "the most secure in American history" and noting "[t]here is no evidence that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes, or was in any way compromised."[413] Five days later, Trump fired the director of CISA, whom he had appointed in 2018.[414]

As ballots were still being counted two days after Election Day, Trump falsely asserted that there was "tremendous corruption and fraud going on", adding: "If you count the legal votes, I easily win. If you count the illegal votes, they can try to steal the election from us."[415] Trump has repeatedly claimed as suspicious that mail-in ballots showed significantly more support for Biden.[416] This blue shift phenomenon is believed to occur because more Democrats than Republicans tend to vote by mail, and mail ballots are counted after Election Day in many states. Leading up to the 2020 election, the effect was predicted to be even greater than usual, as Trump's attacks on mail-in voting may have deterred Republicans from casting mail ballots.[417]

In early January 2021, Trump falsely proclaimed that he had by rights won all 50 states in the presidential election and a 535 to 3 electoral college victory. On January 2, during his phone call to Brad Raffensperger, the Georgia Secretary of State, Trump said, "As you know, every single state. We won every state; we won every statehouse in the country... But we won every single statehouse."[418] Two days later, on January 4, Trump appeared at a campaign rally in Dalton, Georgia, supporting Republican senators David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler. During his speech at the rally, Trump again asserted that he won "every single state", and "We win every state, and they're going to have this guy [Biden] be President?"[419]

Many claims of purported voter fraud were discovered to be false or misleading. In Fulton County, Georgia, the number of votes affected was 342, with no breakdown of which candidates they were for.[420] A viral video of a Pennsylvania poll worker filling out a ballot was found to be a case of a damaged ballot being replicated to ensure proper counting, while a video claiming to show a man taking ballots illegally to a Detroit counting center was found to show a photographer transporting his equipment.[421][422] Another video of a poll watcher being turned away in Philadelphia was found to be real, but the poll watcher had subsequently been allowed inside after a misunderstanding had been resolved.[423] A viral tweet claimed 14,000 votes in Wayne County, Michigan, were cast by dead people, but the list of names included was found to be incorrect.[424] The Trump campaign and Fox News commentator Tucker Carlson also claimed a man named James Blalock had voted in Georgia despite having died in 2006, but in fact his 94-year-old widow had registered and voted as Mrs. James Blalock.[425] In Erie, Pennsylvania, a postal worker who claimed the postmaster had instructed postal workers to backdate ballots mailed after Election Day later admitted he had fabricated the claim. Prior to this recantation, Republican senator Lindsey Graham cited the claim in a letter to the Justice Department calling for an investigation, and a GoFundMe page created for the postal worker "patriot" raised $136,000.[426]

Days after Biden had been declared the winner, White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany asserted without evidence that the Democratic Party was welcoming fraud and illegal voting.[427] Republican former speaker of the House Newt Gingrich stated on Fox News, "I think that it is a corrupt, stolen election."[428] Appearing at a press conference outside a Philadelphia landscaping business as Biden was being declared the winner, Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani asserted without evidence that hundreds of thousands of ballots were questionable.[429] Responding to Giuliani, a spokesperson for Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro said: "Many of the claims against the commonwealth have already been dismissed, and repeating these false attacks is reckless. No active lawsuit even alleges, and no evidence presented so far has shown, widespread problems."[412]

One week after the election, Republican Philadelphia city commissionerAl Schmidt said he had not seen any evidence of widespread fraud, stating, "I have seen the most fantastical things on social media, making completely ridiculous allegations that have no basis in fact at all and see them spread." He added that his office had examined a list of dead people who purportedly voted in Philadelphia but "not a single one of them voted in Philadelphia after they died." Trump derided Schmidt, tweeting, "He refuses to look at a mountain of corruption & dishonesty. We win!"[430]

Attorneys who brought accusations of voting fraud or irregularities before judges could not produce valid evidence to support the allegations. In one instance, a Trump attorney sought to have ballot counting halted in Detroit on the basis of a Republican poll watcher's claim that an unidentified person had said ballots were being backdated; Michigan Court of Appeals judge Cynthia Stephens dismissed the argument as "inadmissible hearsay within hearsay".[431][432] Some senior attorneys at law firms working for Trump, notably Jones Day, expressed concerns that they were undermining the integrity of American elections by advancing arguments without evidence.[433]

Trump and his lawyers Giuliani and Sidney Powell repeatedly made the false claim that the Toronto, Ontario-based firm Dominion Voting Systems, which had supplied voting machines for 27 states, was a "communist" organization controlled by billionaire George Soros, former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez (who died in 2013), or the Chinese Communist Party, and that the machines had "stolen" hundreds of thousands of votes from Trump. Defamatory rumors about the company circulated on social media, amplified by more than a dozen tweets or retweets by Trump. The disinformation campaign prompted threats and harassment against Dominion employees.[434]

A December 2020 poll showed 77% of Republicans believed widespread fraud occurred during the election, along with 35% of independent voters.[435] Overall, 60% of Americans believed Biden's win was legitimate, 34% did not, and 6% were unsure. Another poll taken in late December showed a similar result, with 62% of Americans polled believing Biden was the legitimate winner of the election, while 37% did not.[436] This split in popular opinion remained largely stable, with a January 10, 2021, poll commissioned by ABC News showing 68% of Americans believed Biden's win was legitimate and 32% did not.[437] These numbers remained largely stagnant, with a June 2021 poll from Monmouth showing 61% believed Biden won fair and square, 32% believed he won due to fraud, and 7% were unsure.[438] More than a year later, public opinion on the matter still remained stagnant, with a poll commissioned by ABC News finding that 65% of Americans believed Biden's win was legitimate, 33% believed it was not legitimate, and 2% were unsure. The same poll also found that 72% of Americans thought the people involved in the attack on the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, were attacking democracy, while 25% thought they were protecting democracy, and 3% were unsure.[439] A March 2022 poll commissioned by the conservative Rasmussen Reports found that 52% of voters think that it is likely that cheating "affected the outcome of the 2020 presidential election." while 40% of voters believe that it is unlikely. 33% say that cheating was very likely, 19% say it was somewhat likely, 13% say it was somewhat unlikely, and 27% say it was very unlikely.[440]

Motivated by the myth of widespread fraud, Republican state lawmakers initiated a push to make voting laws more restrictive.[441]

On December 13, 2024, just over a month after the 2024 United States presidential election, the Public Religion Research Institute published the results of a survey conducted shortly after that election, between November 8 and December 2. The survey focused primarily on the 2024 election but included questions about the claim that the 2020 election was stolen from Trump: 63 percent of Republicans and 31 percent of voters overall still agreed that the 2020 election had been stolen from Trump.[442]

Lawsuits

After the election, the Trump campaign filed lawsuits in multiple states, including Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, and Pennsylvania.[443] Lawyers and other observers noted the suits were unlikely to affect the outcome. Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt said, "There's literally nothing that I've seen yet with the meaningful potential to affect the final result."[444] Some law firms moved to drop their representation in lawsuits challenging results of the election.[445]

Trump unsuccessfully sought to overturn Biden's win in Georgia through litigation; suits by the Trump campaign and allies were rejected by both the Georgia Supreme Court[446] and by federal courts.[447][448] Trump also sought to overturn Biden's win by pressuring Kemp to call a special session of the Georgia General Assembly so state legislators could override the Georgia election results and appoint a pro-Trump slate of electors, an entreaty rebuffed by Kemp.[449]

On December 20, Giuliani filed a petition with the U.S. Supreme Court, asking them to overturn the results of the Pennsylvania election and direct the state legislature to appoint electors. The Supreme Court was regarded as very unlikely to grant this petition, and in any case Biden would still have a majority of Electoral College votes without Pennsylvania.[450] The Court set the deadline for reply briefs from the respondents for January 22, 2021, two days after President Elect Biden's inauguration.[451]

Texas v. Pennsylvania

On December 9, Ken Paxton, the Attorney General of Texas, filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court, asking the court to overturn the results in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Georgia. Attorneys general of seventeen other states also signed onto the lawsuit.[452][453][454] In the House of Representatives, 126 Republicans—more than two-thirds of the Republican caucus—signed an amicus brief in support of the lawsuit.[455] The suit was rejected by the Supreme Court on December 11, due to a lack of standing.[456][457]

Trump's refusal to concede

CNN fact checker Daniel Dale reported that through June 9, 2021, Trump had issued 132 written statements since leaving office, of which "a third have included lies about the election"—more than any other subject.[458]

Early in the morning on November 4, with vote counts still going on in many states, Trump claimed he had won: "This is an embarrassment to our country. We were getting ready to win this election, frankly we did win this election."[459] For weeks after the networks had called the election for Biden, Trump refused to acknowledge that Biden had won. Unlike every losing major party presidential candidate before him, Trump refused to formally concede, breaking with the tradition of formal concession started in 1896, when William Jennings Bryan sent a congratulatory telegram to President-elect William McKinley.[460] Biden described Trump's refusal as "an embarrassment".[461]

In the wake of the election, Trump's White House ordered government agencies not to cooperate with the Biden transition team in any way,[462] and the General Services Administration (GSA) refused to formally acknowledge Biden's victory.[463]

Trump finally acknowledged Biden's victory in a tweet on November 15, although he refused to concede and blamed his loss on fraud, stating: "He won because the Election was Rigged." Trump then tweeted: "I concede NOTHING! We have a long way to go."[464][465]

In a June 2021 interview with Sean Hannity, Trump stated that "we didn't win" and said that he wished President Biden success in international diplomacy, which Forbes declared as Trump "[coming] as close as he's ever been to conceding his 2020 election loss."[466]

GSA delays certifying Biden as president-elect

Although all major media outlets called the election for Biden on November 7, the head of the General Services Administration (GSA), Trump appointee Emily W. Murphy, refused for over two weeks to certify Biden as the president-elect. Without formal GSA ascertainment of the winner, the official transition process was delayed.[467] On November 23, Murphy acknowledged Biden as the winner and said the Trump administration would begin the transition. Trump said he had instructed his administration to "do what needs to be done" but did not concede, and indicated he would continue his fight to overturn the election results.[468]

Attempts to delay or deny election results

Texas v. Pennsylvania motion (left), which called for the Supreme Court to nullify the election, and amicus curiae brief from 17 states (right)

In November, Trump focused his efforts on trying to delay vote certifications at the county and state level.[469] On December 2, Trump posted a 46-minute video to his social media in which he repeated his baseless claims that the election was "rigged" and fraudulent, and he called for either state legislatures or courts to overturn the election and allow him to stay in office.[470] He continued to pressure elected Republicans in Michigan, Georgia, and Pennsylvania in an unprecedented attempt to overturn his loss. Some commentators have characterized Trump's actions as an attempted coup d'état or self-coup.[471]

On December 15, the day after the electoral college vote, Republican Senate Majority leader Mitch McConnell, who was previously said he would not recognize the election results, publicly accepted Biden's win, saying, "Today, I want to congratulate President-elect Joe Biden."[472]

A December 18 meeting in the White House discussed Michael Flynn's suggestion to overturn the election by invoking martial law and rerunning the election in several swing states under military supervision.[473][474][475] Army Secretary Ryan D. McCarthy and Army Chief of Staff General James McConville later issued a joint statement saying: "There is no role for the U.S. military in determining the outcome of an American election."[476] In a December 20 tweet, Trump dismissed accusations that he wanted to declare martial law as "fake news".[477]

In a December 21 news conference, outgoing attorney general William Barr disavowed several actions reportedly being considered by Trump, including seizing voting machines, appointing a special counsel to investigate voter fraud, and appointing one to investigate Hunter Biden.[478]

Plot for state legislatures to choose electors

Both before and after the election, Trump and other Republican leaders publicly considered asking certain Republican-controlled state legislatures to select presidential electors favoring Trump, even if Biden won the popular vote in those states.[479] In Pennsylvania, a state which Biden won, the president's personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani asked a federal judge to consider allowing the Republican-controlled state legislature to select electors.[480] Legal experts, including New York University law professor Richard Pildes, have raised numerous legal and political objections to this policy, noting that in various battleground states, Democratic Party members holding statewide office would thwart such efforts,[481] and ultimately Congress would probably reject the votes of legislatively appointed electors over those elected by the voters.[482] Law professor Lawrence Lessig noted that while the Constitution grants state legislatures the power to determine how electors are selected, including the power to directly appoint them, Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 gives Congress the power to determine when electors must be appointed, which they have designated to be Election Day, meaning that legislatures cannot change how electors are appointed for an election after this date.[483] In modern times, most states have used a popular vote within their state as the determining factor in who gets all the state's electors,[481] and changing election rules after an election could also violate the Constitution's Due Process Clause.[484]

Pressure on state and local officials

As the Trump campaign's lawsuits were repeatedly rejected in court, Trump personally communicated with Republican local and state officials in at least three states, including state legislators, attorneys general, and governors who had supported him during and after the elections. He pressured them to overturn the election results in their states by recounting votes, throwing out certain votes, or getting the state legislature to replace the elected Democratic slate of Electoral College members with a Republican slate of electors chosen by the legislature.[485] In late November, he personally phoned Republican members of two county electoral boards in Michigan, urging them to reverse their vote certifications.[486] He invited members of the Michigan state legislature to the White House, where they declined his suggestion that they choose a new slate of electors.[487] He repeatedly spoke to the Republican governor of Georgia and the secretary of state, demanding that they reverse their state's election results, and retaliating when they did not, strongly criticizing them in speeches and tweets, and demanding that the governor resign.[488]

During the first week of December, Trump twice phoned the speaker of the Pennsylvania state House of Representatives, urging him to appoint a replacement slate of electors; the speaker said he did not have that power but later joined in a letter encouraging the state's representatives in Congress to dispute the results.[485] On January 4 The Washington Post reported that in a phone call on January 2, Trump pressured Georgia secretary of state Brad Raffensperger to overturn the state's result, telling him "I just want to find 11,780 votes" and threatening him with legal action if he did not cooperate.[489][490] On January 4, 2021, Democratic congressional leaders, believing Trump "engaged in solicitation of, or conspiracy to commit, a number of election crimes," requested the FBI to investigate the incident.[491] In addition, while some House Republicans tried to defend Trump's Georgia call, Democrats began drafting a censure resolution.[492] Two months later The Washington Post acknowledged that they had misquoted Trump, and added a correction to the article.[493] Also on January 2, 2021, Trump took part in a mass phone call with nearly 300 state legislators from Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, in which he urged them to "decertify" the election results in their states.[494]

Election recounts

On November 11, Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger ordered a statewide hand recount of the vote in addition to the normal audit process. At the time, Biden held a lead of 13,558 votes.[495] The hand recount was concluded on November 19 and affirmed Biden's lead by 12,284 votes. Therefore, the hand recount netted Trump 1,274 votes. The change in the count was due to a number of human errors, including memory cards that did not upload properly to the state servers, and was not attributable to any fraud in the original tally.[496][497] The Trump campaign requested a machine recount, which was estimated to cost taxpayers $200,000 in one Georgia county alone.[498] On December 7, Biden was confirmed as the winner of the machine recount requested by Trump's campaign.[447]

On November 18, the Trump campaign wired $3 million to pay for partial recounts in Milwaukee County and Dane County, Wisconsin, where Milwaukee and Madison, the two largest cities in the state and Democratic strongholds, are located.[499][500] During the recount, Milwaukee County election commissioner Tim Posnanski said several Republican observers were breaking rules by posing as independents.[501] The recount started November 20 and concluded on November 29, increasing Biden's lead by 87 votes.[502]

Electoral College votes

The presidential electors met in the state capitol of each state and in the District of Columbia on December 14, 2020, and formalized Biden's victory, casting 306 votes for Biden/Harris and 232 votes for Trump/Pence.[503][504] Unlike the 2016 election, there were no faithless electors.[505] In six swing states won by Biden, groups of self-appointed Republican "alternate electors" met on the same day to vote for Trump. These alternate slates were not signed by the governors of the states they claim to represent, did not have the backing of any state legislature, and have no legal status.[504][506]

Even after the casting of the electoral votes and rejection of his lawsuits seeking to overturn the election by at least 86 judges,[504] Trump refused to concede defeat.[503][504][507] In a speech following the Electoral College vote, Biden praised the resiliency of U.S. democratic institutions and the high election turnout (calling it "one of the most amazing demonstrations of civic duty we've ever seen in our country") and called for national unity. Biden also condemned Trump, and those who backed his efforts to subvert the election outcome, for adopting a stance "so extreme that we've never seen it before – a position that refused to respect the will of the people, refused to respect the rule of law and refused to honor our Constitution" and for exposing state election workers and officials to "political pressure, verbal abuse and even threats of physical violence" that was "simply unconscionable".[508][507]

Certification and January 6th

Pro-Trump protesters stormed the U.S. Capitol Building on January 6, 2021.
Joint session of Congress certifying the election results alongside Mike Pence; January 7, 2021

The 117th United States Congress first convened on January 3, 2021, and was scheduled to count and certify the Electoral College votes on January 6, 2021. There were 222 Democrats and 212 Republicans in the House; there were 51 Republicans, 46 Democrats, and two independents in the Senate. Several Republican members of the House and Senate said they would raise objections to the reported count in several states,[509][510] meeting the requirement that if a member from each body objects, the two houses must meet separately to discuss whether to accept the certified state vote.[511][512] A statement from the vice president's office said Pence welcomes the plan by Republicans to "raise objections and bring forward evidence" challenging the election results.[513]

On December 28, 2020, Representative Louie Gohmert filed a lawsuit in Texas challenging the constitutionality of the Electoral Count Act of 1887, claiming Vice President Pence has the power and ability to unilaterally decide which slates of electoral votes get counted.[514][515] The case was dismissed on January 1, 2021, for lack of both standing and jurisdiction.[516][517] The plaintiffs filed an appeal, and the appeal was dismissed by a three-judge panel of the appeals court the next day.[518]

As vice president, Pence was due to preside over the January 6, 2021, congressional session to count the electoral votes, which is normally a non-controversial, ceremonial event. In January 2021, Trump began to pressure Pence to take action to overturn the election, demanding both in public and in private that Pence use his position to overturn the election results in swing states and declare Trump and Pence the winners of the election.[519] Pence demurred that the law does not give him that power.[520]

Starting in December, Trump called for his supporters to stage a massive protest in Washington, D.C., on January 6 to argue against certification of the electoral vote, using tweets such as "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!"[521] D.C. police were concerned, and the National Guard was alerted because several rallies in December had turned violent.[522]

On January 6, 2021, shortly after Trump continued to press false claims of election fraud at a rally on the Ellipse in Washington, D.C., a crowd of Trump supporters stormed the United States Capitol, interrupting the Joint session of the United States Congress where the Electoral College ballots were being certified and forcing lawmakers to flee the chamber. As part of an organized effort by Republican lawmakers to challenge the results in close states, the House and the Senate were meeting separately to debate the results of Arizona's election and accepting the electoral college ballots submitted. Several other challenges were also planned. Congress reconvened that same night, after the Capitol was cleared of trespassers, and leaders of both parties, including Vice President Mike Pence, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, and Senate Speaker Mitch McConnell urged the legislators to confirm the electors. The Senate resumed its session at around 8:00 p.m. to finish debating the objection to the Arizona and Pennsylvania electors were also considered. The joint session completed its work shortly before 4:00 a.m. on Thursday, January 7, declaring Biden and Harris the winners.[523][524][525][526][527][528][529]

The rioters entered the House and Senate chambers and vandalized offices. Five people died as a result: one person was shot by police, one Capitol Police officer died from a stroke after fisticuffs with rioters,[530] one person died of a heart attack, another of a stroke, and the final death is still under investigation. Trump was accused of inciting the violence with his rhetoric,[531] an accusation reinforced with an article of impeachment on January 13 for "incitement of insurrection".[532] Several commentators viewed the attack on the Capitol Building as an indicator of political instability that could lead to political violence in future elections, ranging from domestic terrorism to a second American Civil War.[533][534][535][536][537][538]

Post-certification

On May 10, 2021, over 120 retired U.S. generals and admirals published an open letter alleging that there had been "election irregularities", suggesting that the election had not been "fair and honest" and did not "accurately reflect the "will of the people", and arguing for tighter restrictions on voting.[539] On May 12, 2021, U.S. Representative Liz Cheney was removed from her party leadership role as Chair of the House Republican Conference, partially for continuing to assert that the election had been fair and that the election results were final.[540][541][542]

Well into Biden's presidency, Trump continued to insist that he had actually won the 2020 election.[543] As of August 2021, surveys found that a majority of Republicans believe Trump had won the 2020 election.[544] A widespread rumor predicted that Trump would be somehow reinstated to the presidency in August 2021, although the predicted date of August 13 passed without incident.[545]

Election audits

On March 31, 2021, the Republican caucus of the Arizona State Senate hired several outside firms to examine the results of the presidential and senatorial elections in Maricopa County, where Biden had won by a large margin.[546] There had been three previous audits and recounts of that county's results.[547] The examination was initially funded by $150,000 from the State Senate operating budget; additional funding was to come from outside sources.[548] In July the lead firm conducting the review released a summary of major donors, indicating $5.7 million was raised from five groups associated with individuals who had cast doubt on the presidential election.[549] The audit began on April 22, 2021, and was expected to last 60 days.[550] The investigation was still ongoing in August when a judge issued an order for the release of documents.[551] On September 24, a preliminary release of the audit claimed to have found minor discrepancies in the original, state-certified count, which had actually widened Biden's margin by 360 votes.[552]

Viewership

See also

Notes

  1. 12About 64% of voters voted early before November 3 in person or by mail, with the earliest state starting on September 4.[7][8]
  2. The Federal Election Commission calculated a voter turnout of 62.8% in 2020, as the votes for president divided by the estimated U.S. population at or over age 18.[1] The denominator included U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens or due to a criminal conviction, and excluded U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 7.1pp compared to the turnout of 55.7% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[2] The U.S. Census Bureau calculated a voter turnout of 66.8% in 2020, as the people reporting having voted divided by the estimated U.S. population at or over age 18 who were U.S. citizens. The denominator excluded U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens, but included those ineligible due to a criminal conviction and excluded U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 5.4pp compared to the turnout of 61.4% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[3] The U.S. Elections Project calculated a voter turnout of 66.6% in 2020, as the total ballots divided by the estimated population that was eligible to vote.[4] The denominator excluded U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens or due to a criminal conviction, and included U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 6.5pp compared to the turnout of 60.1% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[5]
  3. Trump's official state of residence was New York in the 2016 election, but it was changed to Florida when his permanent residence was switched from Trump Tower to Mar-a-Lago in 2019.[6]
  4. The previous two female vice presidential nominees were Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Sarah Palin in 2008.
  5. Although claimed in Hawkins's campaign website, he did not obtain write-in access in Montana.[49]
  6. Candidates in bold were listed on ballots of states representing most of the electoral college. Other candidates were listed on ballots of more than one state and were listed on ballots or were write-in candidates in states representing most of the electoral college.
  7. In some states, some presidential candidates were listed with a different or no vice presidential candidate.
  8. In some states, some candidates were listed with a different or additional party, a label, or as independent or unaffiliated.
  9. Andrew Johnson received votes during the 1868 Democratic National Convention, four months after having been impeached.[68]
  10. Following the cancellation of the planned second debate on October 9, both candidates held separate but simultaneous televised town hall events on the intended date of October 15. Trump's was broadcast on NBC, moderated by Savannah Guthrie, while Biden's was on ABC, moderated by George Stephanopoulos.[234]
  11. 12Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.
  12. Tossup: 50%–59%, Lean: 60%–74%, Likely: 75%–94%, Solid: 95%–100%
  13. Although Ronald Reagan in 1980 and Bill Clinton in 1992 defeated their incumbent opponents by wider popular-vote margins than Biden's, their shares of the vote were kept lower by substantial third-party voting.
  14. Republicans George H. W. Bush in 1988 and George W. Bush in 2000 won the presidency without Iowa.
  15. Percentage point difference in margin from the 2016 election
  16. 123456789101112131415161718These candidates may have received write-in votes, which were not reported individually and are included in others.
  17. 12Votes for Jesse Ventura and Cynthia McKinney, who were nominated to the ballot by the Green Party of Alaska instead of the national candidates,[328] are included in others. Hawkins/Walker may have received write-in votes, which were not reported individually and are also included in others.
  18. Others and total votes include votes for the ballot option "none of these candidates", which are counted as valid votes by the Nevada Secretary of State.
  19. Additional candidates may have received write-in votes, which were not reported and are not included in others, total votes or percentages.
  20. This table reflects the results certified by the state, which recorded some write-in votes differently from those reported by some counties.[329][330]
  21. 123456Alaska and Louisiana do not have counties. Alaska's boroughs and census areas and Louisiana's parishes are pictured.
  1. In every presidential election from 1788–89 through 1828, multiple state legislatures selected their presidential electors by discretionary appointment rather than upon the results of a poll, while the South Carolina General Assembly did so in every presidential election through 1860 and the Colorado General Assembly selected its state's electors by discretionary appointment in the 1876 election.

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Further reading

  • Amlani, Sharif; Collitt, Samuel (2022). "The Impact of Vote-By-Mail Policy on Turnout and Vote Share in the 2020 Election"(PDF). Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 21 (2): 135–149. doi:10.1089/elj.2021.0015. S2CID 246940693.
  • Clarke, Harold; Stewart, Marianne C.; Ho, Karl (2021). "Did Covid-19 Kill Trump Politically? The Pandemic and Voting in the 2020 Presidential Election". Social Science Quarterly. 102 (5): 2194–2209. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12992. PMC 8242570. PMID 34226770.
  • Karni, Annie (October 12, 2020). "The Crowded, Competitive World of Anti-Trump G.O.P. Groups". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  • Martin, Jonathan, and Alexander Burns. This Will Not Pass : Trump, Biden, and the Battle for America's Future (2022) by two New York Times reporters excerpt
  • Panagopoulos, Costas (2021). "Polls and Elections Accuracy and Bias in the 2020 U.S. General Election Polls"(PDF). Presidential Studies Quarterly. 51: 214–227. doi:10.1111/psq.12710. S2CID 233802562.
  • Persily, Nathaniel; Stewart III, Charles (2021). "The Miracle and Tragedy of the 2020 U.S. Election"(PDF). Journal of Democracy. 32 (2): 159–178. doi:10.1353/JOD.2021.0026. hdl:1721.1/138152. S2CID 234919959.
  • Sides, John; Tausanovitch, Chris; Vavreck, Lynn (2023). The Bitter End: The 2020 Presidential Campaign and the Challenge to American Democracy. Princeton University Press.
  • Wasserman, Dave (October 1, 2020). "Trump Is Winning the Voter Registration Battle Against Biden in Key States". NBC News. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  • Witte, Griff; Kelley, Pam; Spolar, Christine (October 11, 2020). "As Trump Stumbles, Voters Finalize Their Choices, and Biden's Lead Grows". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2020.

Voter fraud

  • Eggers, Andrew C.; Garro, Haritz; Grimmer, Justin (2021). "No evidence for systematic voter fraud: A guide to statistical claims about the 2020 election". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (45) e2103619118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11803619E. doi:10.1073/pnas.2103619118. PMC 8609310. PMID 34728563.
  • Goethals, George R. (2021). "The 2020 election and its aftermath: Love, lies, and ensorceling leadership". Leadership. 17 (2): 240–250. doi:10.1177/1742715021994352. S2CID 232162258.
  • Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G. (2021). "Research note: Examining false beliefs about voter fraud in the wake of the 2020 Presidential Election"(PDF). Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-51. S2CID 234314659.

Policy implications

  • Blendon, Robert J.; Benson, John M. (2020). "Implications of the 2020 Election for U.S. Health Policy". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (18): e105. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr2031592. PMID 33113302. S2CID 226026573.
  • Wright, Thomas (2020), The point of no return: the 2020 election and the crisis of American foreign policy(PDF), Lowy Institute for International Policy, archived from the original(PDF) on January 24, 2022, retrieved August 17, 2022
  • General Elections, 3 November 2020, Reports and findings from the OSCE/ODIHR election observation mission
  • An Extremely Detailed Map of the 2020 Election from The New York Times
  • Vídeo (18:49): "Dentro del complot electoral de Trump" en YouTube ( MSNBC News ; 29 de julio de 2022)
  • "La elección 2020: Trump vs. Biden" . Frontline . Temporada 39. Episodio 3. 22 de septiembre de 2020. PBS . WGBH . Consultado el 28 de noviembre de 2024 .