El Partido Comunista de Australia ( CPA ), conocido como Partido Comunista Australiano ( ACP ) entre 1944 y 1951, fue un partido comunista australiano fundado en 1920. El partido existió aproximadamente hasta 1991, y su número de miembros e influencia disminuyeron progresivamente desde su apogeo en 1945. Al igual que la mayoría de los partidos comunistas occidentales, el partido estuvo muy involucrado en el movimiento obrero y los sindicatos . Su número de miembros, popularidad e influencia crecieron significativamente durante la mayor parte del período de entreguerras, alcanzando su punto álgido en 1945, cuando el partido llegó a tener algo más de 22 000 miembros. En su apogeo, fue el partido comunista más grande de los países anglófonos en términos de población, y su influencia industrial fue mayor que la de los partidos de la India , América Latina y la mayor parte de Europa Occidental. [ 3 ] [ 6 ]
Aunque el partido no logró un representante federal , Fred Paterson fue elegido diputado por Queensland (por Bowen ) en las elecciones estatales de 1944. Fue reelegido en 1947 , antes de que se suprimiera el escaño. El partido también ocupó cargos en más de una docena de municipios de Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland .
Después de diecinueve años de actividad, el CPA fue formalmente prohibido el 15 de junio de 1940 bajo el relativamente nuevo gobierno de Menzies (1939-1941). [ 4 ] [ 2 ] El partido fue prohibido bajo las Regulaciones de Seguridad Nacional (Asociaciones Subversivas) de 1940. Dos años y medio después, el partido volvió a ser una organización legal. [ 3 ] Cuando el partido participó en las elecciones federales ocho meses después, recibió su mayor número de votos. Obteniendo un total de 81.816 votos (1,93-2,00%), el partido recibió más de 20.000 en Victoria y Queensland , y más de 19.000 en Nueva Gales del Sur . [ 7 ] Fue el mayor número de votos del partido desde las elecciones federales de 1934. Sin embargo, a finales de la década de 1960 el partido cayó a cifras de un solo dígito antes de un breve repunte a mediados de la década de 1970. A mediados y finales de la década de 1980, el partido se encontraba prácticamente estancado y se disolvió en 1989. [ 8 ] Hasta la fecha, el partido es el cuarto partido político más antiguo de la historia política australiana desde la Federación , con una duración de70 años, 122 días .
Historia
Fundación y primeros años


The Communist Party of Australia (CPA) was founded at the Australian Socialist Party Hall in Sydney on 30 October 1920[9][10][11][12]socialists inspired by reports of the Russian Revolution. The estimates for attendees at the founding ranges from below thirteen (Alistair Davidson)[10] to twenty-six (Stuart Macintyre).[13] Sixty invitations were issued.[13] Groups included the Australian Socialist Party (ASP), some members from the Victorian Socialist Party (although the party itself did not join), as well as a variety of militant trade unionists.[14] Among the party's founders were prominent Sydney trade unionists, Jock Garden, Tom Walsh, and William Paisley Earsman,[15] and suffragettes and anti-conscriptionists including Adela Pankhurst (daughter of the British suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst), Christian Jollie Smith and Katharine Susannah Prichard.[16]
Most of the then illegal Australian section of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) joined, but the IWW soon left the Communist Party, with its original members, over disagreements with the direction of the Soviet Union and Bolshevism. In its early years, mainly through Garden's efforts, the party achieved some influence in the trade union movement in New South Wales, but by the mid-1920s it had dwindled to an insignificant group.
A visits to the 1924 New Zealand conference by CPA executive members Hetty and Hector Ross got the (also small) Communist Party of New Zealand (CPNZ) agreeing to temporary affiliation with the CPA, and were followed by visits in 1925 by Harry Quaife, and by Norman Jeffery a bow-tie wearing former "Wobbly" (IWW member).[17]
Garden y otros comunistas fueron expulsados del Partido Laborista (ALP) en 1924. El CPA presentó candidatos, incluido Garden (por Sídney ) [ 18 ] [ 19 ], en las elecciones estatales de Nueva Gales del Sur de 1925 en distritos obreros contra el ALP, pero fue derrotado decisivamente. Esto llevó a Garden a abandonar el partido en 1926 y regresar al Partido Laborista. El liderazgo del partido pasó a Jack Kavanagh , un experimentado activista comunista canadiense que se había mudado a Australia en 1925, y a Esmonde Higgins , un talentoso periodista de Melbourne que era sobrino del entonces juez del Tribunal Superior , HB Higgins .
En 1929, la dirección del partido cayó en desgracia ante la Internacional Comunista (Comintern), que, bajo órdenes de Iósif Stalin, había adoptado una retórica revolucionaria radical (el llamado " Tercer Periodo "). Tras permitir que Bert Moxon, miembro del partido en Queensland, organizara candidatos comunistas para las elecciones estatales de Queensland de 1929 , la dirección del Partido Comunista Australiano (CPA) se negó a hacer lo mismo para las elecciones federales australianas de ese mismo año y, en su lugar, apoyó al Partido Laborista Australiano (ALP), lo que llevó a la Comintern a denunciar la relación del partido con el ALP como "oportunista". En diciembre de 1929, en respuesta a estas denuncias, se eligió una nueva dirección del partido, integrada por Moxon, Jack Miles , Lance Sharkey y Richard Dixon, que inició un periodo de estricta centralización y obediencia a Moscú. Kavanagh fue expulsado en 1930 y Higgins dimitió; un emisario de la Comintern, el comunista estadounidense Harry M. Wicks , fue enviado para corregir los errores percibidos del partido. Aunque Moxon fue destituido como secretario nacional a finales de 1930 y posteriormente expulsado por completo del comité central del partido, Miles y luego Sharkey liderarían el partido hasta 1965. [ 20 ]
En la década de 1930, el CPA inició una campaña para crear organizaciones de masas que organizaran la militancia en la clase trabajadora, conocidas como «organizaciones fraternales» o « frentes ». Estas organizaciones eran nominalmente independientes del partido y a menudo incluían a destacados funcionarios no comunistas, pero estaban dominadas por el CPA y sus miembros, quienes actuaban como organizadores. [ 21 ] Entre ellas se encontraba el Movimiento de Trabajadores Desempleados , fundado en 1930, que en su apogeo llegó a tener 30 000 miembros y fue tristemente célebre a nivel nacional por su campaña contra los desahucios en Sídney. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ]
Durante este período, el partido experimentó cierto crecimiento, especialmente después de 1935, cuando la Comintern cambió su política a favor de un "frente unido contra el fascismo ". El Movimiento Contra la Guerra y el Fascismo (MAWF) se fundó para reunir a todos los opositores al fascismo bajo una organización paraguas controlada por los comunistas. El movimiento instigó los eventos que llevaron al intento de expulsión de Egon Kisch de Australia a finales de 1934 y principios de 1935. Paralelamente, el CPA formó el Cuerpo de Defensa de los Trabajadores (WDC). [ 25 ]
El CPA fue el primer partido político australiano en comprometerse con los derechos de los aborígenes , los cuales se incluyeron en su manifiesto a partir de 1931. El CPA, tras analizar en detalle los abusos sufridos por los aborígenes, publicó una extensa lista de demandas, exigiendo "plenos derechos económicos, políticos y sociales" para el pueblo aborigen. [ 26 ]
El auge durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Frente Unido Laborista
El Partido Comunista comenzó a ganar posiciones en los sindicatos durante la década de 1930, con miembros del partido asumiendo la dirección nacional de la Federación de Trabajadores del Hierro , la Federación de Mineros y la Federación de Trabajadores Portuarios (WWF), así como puestos en otros sindicatos más pequeños o secciones regionales. Al mismo tiempo, solo una pequeña minoría de los miembros de los sindicatos eran comunistas, por lo que estos dirigentes dependían del apoyo de otros sindicalistas militantes y de la militancia en general para mantener y ejercer el liderazgo, y los candidatos parlamentarios del CPA casi siempre obtenían malos resultados en las elecciones. El partido también creó una organización de desempleados para resistir los desahucios. Activistas del partido se unieron a las Brigadas Internacionales para defender la Segunda República contra las tropas de Francisco Franco e impulsaron una campaña industrial de la WWF para prohibir los envíos de chatarra a Japón en 1938. [ 27 ] Durante todo este tiempo, los miembros del CPA estuvieron bajo constante vigilancia de la policía y los servicios de inteligencia y fueron acosados por los tribunales. [ 28 ]
En 1939, tras el rechazo por parte de Francia y Gran Bretaña de los esfuerzos soviéticos por contener la agresión nazi mediante la cooperación y la alianza con estos países, la Alemania nazi y la Unión Soviética firmaron un Tratado de No Agresión . A pesar de la oposición ideológica entre ambos países, la URSS acordó no iniciar hostilidades contra Alemania al estallar la Segunda Guerra Mundial (Australia declaró la guerra a la Alemania nazi por la invasión de Polonia). En consecuencia, el Partido Comunista de Australia se opuso y trató de obstaculizar el esfuerzo bélico australiano contra Alemania en las primeras etapas de la guerra, bajo órdenes de la Comintern, argumentando que se trataba de una guerra entre naciones imperialistas y que no beneficiaba a la clase trabajadora. Menzies prohibió el Partido Comunista de Australia tras la caída de Francia en 1940, pero en 1941 Stalin se vio obligado a unirse a la causa aliada cuando Hitler incumplió el Pacto e invadió la URSS. La URSS sufrió las peores consecuencias de la devastación causada por la maquinaria de guerra de Hitler, y el Partido Comunista de Australia perdió su estigma inicial de guerra como resultado. [ 29 ]

Tras la invasión de la Unión Soviética, el CPA adoptó un enfoque de frente unido y colaborativo con el Partido Laborista para apoyar plenamente el esfuerzo bélico australiano contra el fascismo. Los miembros del partido mantuvieron conversaciones con altos ministros laboristas tras la llegada al poder del gobierno de Curtin en 1941, comprometiéndose a brindar apoyo total para movilizar recursos para el esfuerzo bélico. [ 3 ] El CPA apoyó las peticiones de reclutamiento obligatorio , el aumento de la jornada laboral , condenó las huelgas en las industrias bélicas y minimizó las críticas a John Curtin y su gobierno. [ 3 ] En 1942, el gobierno de Curtin legalizó el CPA, eximió del reclutamiento obligatorio a los dirigentes sindicales y del partido comunistas, y proporcionó al periódico del partido, el Tribune, una generosa asignación de papel de imprenta durante el racionamiento de papel en tiempos de guerra. [ 3 ]
Durante el período del frente unido, la membresía del CPA aumentó a 20 000, obtuvo el control de varios sindicatos importantes y un candidato comunista, Fred Paterson , fue elegido para el parlamento de Queensland . El Partido Comunista logró la mayoría de los escaños en el municipio de Kearsley, en Nueva Gales del Sur, entre 1944 y 1947. [ 30 ] El municipio estaba comprometido con el socialismo municipal , abogando por la nacionalización de la electricidad y la expansión del salario social , y se distinguió por su compromiso con el activismo en torno a los asuntos federales e internacionales. [ 30 ] Pero el partido siguió siendo marginal para la corriente política australiana principal. El Partido Laborista Australiano siguió siendo el partido dominante de la izquierda australiana.
De la posguerra
Tras 1945 y el inicio de la Guerra Fría , el partido entró en un declive constante. Siguiendo la nueva línea de Moscú y convencido de que una nueva «guerra imperialista» y una nueva depresión eran inminentes, y de que el Partido Comunista Australiano (PCA) debía disputarse de inmediato el liderazgo de la clase obrera con el Partido Laborista Australiano, el PCA lanzó una ofensiva industrial en 1947, que culminó en una prolongada huelga en las minas de carbón en 1949. El gobierno laborista de Chifley interpretó esto como un desafío comunista a su posición en el movimiento obrero y recurrió al ejército y a rompehuelgas para sofocar la huelga. El Partido Comunista jamás volvió a ostentar una posición tan fuerte en el movimiento sindical.

In 1949, Victoria commenced a 154-day royal commission into the state branch of the CPA, the USSR detonated its first atomic bomb and Mao Zedong gained control in China. A year later, North Korea invaded South Korea and in 1951, during the Korean War, the Liberal government of Robert Menzies tried to ban the Communist Party of Australia, first by legislation[31] that was declared invalid by the High Court, then by referendum to try to overcome the constitutional obstacles to that legislation. The 1951 referendum was opposed by the Communist Party as well as the Australian Labor Party, and was narrowly defeated. The issue of communist influence in the unions remained potent and led to the Australian Labor Party split of 1955 and the formation of the Democratic Labor Party comprising disaffected ALP members who were concerned over communist influence in Australian unions.
Internal division and defections
In 1956, three years after Stalin died, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev gave the Secret Speech, denouncing Stalin and Stalinism as fostering a cult of personality, and revealing many abuses of power Stalin had committed while in power. The Australian party leadership—entirely committed to Stalinism—was confused about what to do. It tried to suppress discussions of the speech, which was widely reported in the press.[32] According to Ralph Gibson, several high-ranking members including Ted Hill had received a copy of Krushchev's secret speech directly from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union[33] However, the party denied the criticisms of Stalin within the party newspaper, Tribune.[33]
Disillusioned members began to leave the party. More left after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956. In 1961, the leader of the "pro-China" faction of the party during the Sino-Soviet split, Ted Hill, was expelled from the party.[33] Hill proceeded to lead a split of pro-China members of the party, which culminated in the formation of the smaller Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist).
By the 1960s, the party's membership had fallen to around 5,000 members,[34] but it continued to hold positions in a number of trade unions, and it was also influential in the various protest movements of the period, especially the movement against the Vietnam War. This period also saw the establishment of the National Training Centre in Minto, NSW, ostensibly for the purpose of educating in the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.[35] The party became more openly critical about the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[33] In 1966, the party started their own magazine called Australian Left Review. In 1967, the party ceased receiving payments from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union following a seminar by Laurie Aarons in the Soviet Union which argued that "ideas require free contest, not confined in a framework of established dogmas that can become a rigid or even ossified edifice".[33] But the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 triggered another crisis. Sharkey's successor as party leader, Laurie Aarons, denounced the invasion, and a group of pro-Soviet hardliners left in 1971 to form a new party, the Socialist Party of Australia.
Through the 1970s and 1980s the party continued to decline, despite adopting Eurocommunism and democratising its internal structures so that it became a looser radical party rather than a classic Marxist-Leninist one. The CPA conducted campaigns against nuclear weapons and the extraction of uranium, and supported the demands of indigenous peoples in Australia and abroad, especially in Papua New Guinea. It thus militated for the abolition of legislation judged repressive regarding indigenous people, for equal pay and for land rights. Its members helped Aboriginal workers in Pilbara lead the longest industrial strike ever in Australia. Internationally, the Communist Party of Australia was close to the Revolutionary Front for the Independence of East Timor (Fretilin) who resisted the Indonesian occupation in the 1970s and 1980s.[28] By 1990, membership had declined to below the one thousand mark.

Dissolution
At the party's 31st Congress in Sydney (2–3 March 1991),[36][37] the Communist Party was dissolved and the New Left Party formed.[36][37] The New Left Party was intended to be a broader party which would attract a wider range of members, which did not happen, and the New Left Party disbanded in 1992. The assets of the Communist Party were thereafter directed into the SEARCH Foundation (acronym for "Social Education, Action and Research Concerning Humanity"),[38] a not-for-profit company set up in 1990 "to preserve and draw on the resources of the Communist Party of Australia and its archives."[39] The archives of the party are now held at the State Library of NSW[40] and can be accessed with the written permission of the SEARCH Foundation. The State Library of New South Wales holds an extensive collection of material related to the Communist Party of Australia including oral history recordings, business papers, the personal papers of a range of men and women involved in the Party and a collection of images that were published in Tribune, the Party's newspaper.[41] The Victoria University Library holds the Crow Collection,[42] donated by long-time Communist Party member Ruth Crow, which includes materials from her years campaigning for the Communist Party. The University of Melbourne collection is "one of the most significant from the CPA held in Australia", containing 20th-century materials from the Victorian branch.[43][44]
Successor Party
In 1996 at the 8th National Congress the Socialist Party of Australia was renamed to Communist Party of Australia, thereby becoming the successor of the original party.[45]
Search Foundation
The SEARCH Foundation is a left-wing Australian not-for-profit company that was established in 1990 as a successor organisation of the Communist Party of Australia to preserve and draw on its resources and archives.[46][47] It inherited over 3 million dollars from the CPA.[48]
SEARCH is an active membership-based organisation that runs speaking tours, publications and training programs.[49][46] Members are welcome from across the Australian Left and include prominent political figures such as Australian Council of Trade Unions Secretary Sally McManus, and former NSW Greens Senator Lee Rhiannon.[50][51][52] SEARCH maintains an office at Sydney Trades Hall and holds events across Australia.[53] Its archives are held by the State Library of NSW.[54]
SEARCH is an acronym for "Social Education, Action and Research Concerning Humanity".[55]
Youth movement
Its youth wing worked under several different names at different times, including the Young Communist League (YCL); the Young Comrades Club (YCC); the League of Young Democrats (LYD); the Eureka Youth League (EYL); and lastly the Young Socialist League, which in 1984 became part of the Left Alliance.
The youth wing of CPA worked under several different names in different periods from the 1920s onwards, including the Young Communist League (YCL), which was created in 1923 and published its own newspaper, The Young Worker, and the Young Comrades Club (YCC), founded in 1927. At a meeting in Melbourne in 1937 attended by 1,500 people, the YCL changed its name to the League of Young Democrats (LYD). After the LYD was banned by the Menzies government in 1941, the Eureka Youth League (EYL) was established in December of that year, whose membership grew to 1,000 with a year. The EYL published a newspaper called Youth Voice, and undertook activities relating to World War II and the working and living conditions of young people, as well as the peace movement during this war and the Korean War later. In 1952 it held the "Youth Carnival for Peace and Friendship" in Sydney, attracting 30,000 attendees. EYL opposed the introduction of National Service in Australia in the 1950s.[56]
The Eureka Youth League also had an important role in the early promotion of jazz music in Australia in the 1940s under the leadership of Harry Stein.[57]
EYL collaborated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and helped to arrange its Youth Weeks, and also ran youth camps across Australia, attended by thousands of young people. It protested the Vietnam War actively, but by 1968 membership had declined, and a change of name to the Young Socialist League did not last long.[56]
Camp Eureka, created in 1973, is still maintained as an historic and usable camp for up to 32 people.[58]
The Eureka Youth League was a founding member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth, a membership later taken over by the Young Communist Movement. In 1984 (or 1987?) the Young Socialist League became part of Left Alliance.[59]
Elected representatives
New South Wales
Broken Hill
- Bill Flynn, Alderman of the City of Broken Hill (1953–1974).
- Bill Whiley, Alderman of the City of Broken Hill (1962–1974).
Bulli
- Andrew Speed, Councillor of Bulli Shire for B Riding (1944–1947).[60]
Cessnock
- Charles Evans, Alderman of the Municipality of Cessnock (1944–1947).[61]
- Herbert Wilkinson, Alderman of the Municipality of Cessnock (1944–1947).[62]
- Thomas Gilmour, Alderman of the Municipality of Cessnock (1944–1947, 1953–1962).[61]
Coonabarabran
- Walter Frater, Councillor of Coonabarabran Shire (1953–1956).[63]
Kearsley
- Jock Graham, Councillor of the Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[64][65]
- Allan Opie, Deputy Shire President and Councillor of Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[65]
- James Palmer, Councillor of Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[65]
- Mary Ellen "Nellie" Simm, Councillor of Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[65][66]
- William Varty, Shire President and Councillor of Kearsley Shire (1944–1947).[67]
Lake Macquarie
- William Quinn, Councillor of Lake Macquarie Shire for B Riding (1944–1947, 1953–1959).
- R. Chapman, Councillor of Lake Macquarie Shire for B Riding (1944–1947), Deputy Shire President (1945–1946) and Shire President (1946–1947).[68]
- J. Thomson, Councillor of Lake Macquarie Shire for B Riding (1944–1947).
Lithgow
- Jock King, Alderman of the Lithgow City Council (1952–1956)[69]
North Illawarra
- Jack Martin, Alderman of the Municipality of North Illawarra (1944–1947).[60]
Penrith
- Mel McCalman, Alderman of the Municipality of Penrith for St. Mary's Ward (1953–1962).
Randwick
- Richard Ernest Wilson, Alderman of the Municipality of Randwick (1944–1948) and Deputy Mayor (1947–1948).
Redfern
- Patrick Levelle, Alderman of the Municipality of Redfern for Redfern Ward (1947–1948).[70]
Sydney
- Ronald Maxwell, Alderman of the City of Sydney for City Ward (1953–1956).[71]
- Thomas Wright, Alderman of the City of Sydney for City Ward (1953–1959).[72]
- Jack Mundey, Alderman of the City of Sydney (1984–1987).[73]
Queensland
- Jim Henderson, Councillor of the Shire of Wangaratta for Collinsville (1939–1944).[74]
- Fred Paterson, Alderman of the Townsville City Council (1939–1944) and Member of the Legislative Assembly for Bowen (1944–1950) (the only member elected at state or federal level).
Western Australia
- Joan Williams, Councillor of the City of Perth (1973–1977)[75]
Election results
Federal
- Average number of votes p/candidate (both houses)
New South Wales
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
See also
References
Notes:
- ↑Breaking away in 1971, the Socialist Party renamed to the Communist Party of Australia in 1996, five years after the dissolution of its predecessor.
- ↑The headquarters of the Communist Party had moved several times of the course of the party's history, however the location at the time of its peak membership, and activity, was "Marx House", Sydney.
- ↑The youth organisation of the party went by numerous names throughout its existence, however it held the name Eureka Youth League for the longest period: twenty-seven years.
Footnotes:
- ↑"Communist Party of Australia". aec.gov.au. Australian Electoral Commission (AEC).
- 123Winterton, George (1992). "The Significance of the Communist Party Case". Melbourne University Law Review.
- 1234567Macintyre, Stuart (1 February 2022). The Party: The Communist Party of Australia From Heyday to Reckoning. Allen & Unwin. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-76087-518-3.
- 12"Government Notices Gazette, No. 110". Australian Government Gazette. 15 June 1940.
- 123Hobday, Charles (1986). Communist and Marxist Parties of the World. Longman. pp. 386–387.
- ↑Claudin, Fernando (1975). The Communist Movement from Comintern to Cominform. London: Penguin. ISBN 0853454000.
- ↑Barber, Stephen. "Federal election results 1901–2016—Reissue #2". parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Parliamentary Library of Australia.
- ↑Michelle Grattan 'The Rise of Labor and the Right', Melbourne Age 26 December 1989 p. 11
- ↑Sharkey, L. L. (December 1944). An Outline History of the Australian Communist Party(PDF). Australian Communist Party. p. 17.
The formation of the Communist Party (October 30, 1920) was one of decisive revolutionary acts of the Australian working class.
- 12Davidson, Alastair (1969). The Communist Party of Australia: A Short History. Hoover Institution Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8179-3261-9.
On 30 October 1920 twenty-six men and women gathered at the Australian Socialist Party Hall in Sydney and formed the Communist Party of Australia. Less than half those invited to the meeting had come.
- ↑Sharkey, L. L. (27 October 1954). "34th Anniversary of the Communist Party of Australia". No. 867. Tribune. p. 6. Retrieved 21 September 2020– via Trove.
- ↑"Communist Party of Australia was born Thirty-One Years Ago". Tribune. 31 October 1951. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- 12Macintyre, Stuart (1999). The Reds: The Communist Party of Australia from origins to illegality. Allen & Unwin. p. 1. ISBN 978-17610-6369-5.
- ↑Percy, John. A History of the Democratic Socialist Party and Resistance, Volume 1. p. 24.
- ↑"Earsman, William Paisley (1884–1965)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ↑Bennett 2004, p. 85.
- ↑Bennett 2004, p. 84.
- ↑Tracey, Paul. "Jock Garden: A Reassessment". labourhistory.org.au. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History.
- ↑Green, Antony. "1925 New South Wales election – Sydney". parliament.nsw.gov.au.
- ↑Lovell, David W.; Windle, Kevin, eds. (2008). "Moscow takes command: 1929–1937"(PDF). Our unswerving loyalty: a documentary survey of relations between the Communist Party of Australia and Moscow, 1920-1940. Canberra: ANU E Press. pp. 271–276. doi:10.22459/OUL.08.2008. ISBN 978-1-921313-96-7.
- ↑Macintyre, Stuart (2022). The Party: The Communist Party of Australia from Heyday to Reckoning. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-76087-518-3.
- ↑Wheatley, Nadia (2013). "The unemployed who kicked: a study of the political struggles and organisations of the New South Wales unemployed in the Great Depression". Macquarie University– via Libcom.org.
- ↑Wheatley, Nadia (2001). Sydney's anti-eviction movement: community or conspiracy?. University of Wollongong Press. pp. 146–173. ISBN 0947127038.
- ↑MacIntyre, Ian (2008). "Lock Out The Landlords: Australian Anti-Eviction Resistance 1929-1936". The Commons Social Change Library.
- ↑Moore, Andrew (2005). "The New Guard and the Labour Movement, 1931–35". Labour History (89): 55–72. doi:10.2307/27516075. ISSN 0023-6942. JSTOR 27516075. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ↑"Communist Party s fight tor Aborigines". Workers' Weekly. 25 September 1931. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ↑MacIntyre, Stuart (2022). The Party: The Communist Party of Australia from heyday to reckoning. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-76087-518-3.
- 12"Happy 100th Birthday to the Communist Party of Australia".
- ↑Beaumont, Joan (1996). Australia's war 1939-1945. Allen & Unwin. pp. 94–95. ISBN 9781864480399.
- 12Mowbray, Martin (1986). "The Red Shire of Kearsley, 1944–1947: Communists in Local Government". Labour History (51): 83–94. doi:10.2307/27508799. JSTOR 27508799.
- ↑Communist Party Dissolution Bill 1950.
- ↑Phillip Deery, and Rachael Calkin. "'We All Make Mistakes': the Communist Party of Australia and Khrushchev's Secret Speech, 1956." Australian Journal of Politics & History 54.1 (2008): 69–84. online
- 12345Piccini, Jon; Smith, Evan; Worley, Matthew, eds. (2018). The far left in Australia since 1945 (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780429487347.
- ↑Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H.. Communism and Economic Development, in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Mar. 1968), p. 122.
- ↑"Minto Mare's Nest". Tribune (Sydney, NSW : 1939–1991). 25 June 1958. p. 12. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- 12Cite error: The named reference
PeopleChampwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - 12Symons, Beverley (1994). Communism in Australia: A Resource Bibliography. National Library of Australia. p. x.
- ↑"SEARCH Foundation". SEARCH Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ↑Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal
- ↑"Communist Party of Australia collection, c. 1917–1992". State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
- ↑http://www.acmssearch.sl.nsw.gov.au/s/search.html?collection=slnsw&form=simple&query_phrase=communist+party+of+australia&type=2&meta_G_sand=&sort=&submit-search=Search
- ↑Crow Collection
- ↑Melbourne, Labour History (26 November 2015). "Melbourne University Archives: Communist Party collection lists now available". Labour History Melbourne. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
- ↑Committee, Communist Party of Australia. Victorian State (1920). "Organisation". Digitised Collections, University of Melbourne. hdl:11343/126946.
- ↑"An Introduction to the Communist Party of Australia". CPA Introduction. CPA.
- 12"Our Mission". SEARCH Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ↑"SEARCH Foundation (Australia) | Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal".
- ↑"Think tank secrets". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 August 2003. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ↑"SEARCH News". SEARCH Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ↑"Sally McManus's links to Communist Party's successor". www.theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ↑Middleton, Karen (25 March 2017). "New ACTU secretary Sally McManus on the new IR battlegrounds". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ↑"Twelve questions for Rhiannon". 30 September 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ↑"Search Foundation". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ↑"Communist Party of Australia Archives". archival.sl.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ↑"Welcome to the SEARCH Foundation". Archived from the original on 1 April 2001. Retrieved 1 April 2001.
- 12"Young Communists – The Young Communist League and Eureka Youth League". Archives. From the exhibition Reds Under the Bed: 100 Years of Communism in Australia. ANU. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑Sparrow, Jeff (20 June 2012). "A short history of Communist jazz". Overland. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ↑"Camp Eureka history". Camp Eureka. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- ↑Gould, Bob (2002). "Labor students: cream or scum?". Marxists.org.
- 12"LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS". Illawarra Mercury. Vol. 90, no. 10. New South Wales, Australia. 8 December 1944. p. 5. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- 12"Communist Candidates for Municipal Elections". The Cessnock Eagle and South Maitland Recorder. Vol. 32, no. 4196. New South Wales, Australia. 29 September 1944. p. 2. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- ↑"Cessnock Municipal Elections". The Cessnock Eagle And South Maitland Recorder. Vol. 32, no. 4215. New South Wales, Australia. 5 December 1944. p. 1. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- ↑"WALTER FRATER – A TRIBUTE". Tribune. No. 1101. New South Wales, Australia. 20 May 1959. p. 10. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- ↑"LABOUR'S BID FAILS IN NEWCASTLE". Newcastle Morning Herald And Miners' Advocate. No. 22, 209. New South Wales, Australia. 8 December 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- 1234Mowbray, Martin (November 1986). "The Red Shire of Kearsley, 1944-1947: Communists in Local Government"(PDF). Labour History. 51 (51). Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Inc.: 83–94. doi:10.2307/27508799. JSTOR 27508799. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
- ↑"Local Government Election Results". Sydney Morning Herald. 4 December 1944.
- ↑"KEARSLEY COUNCIL ELECTS PRESIDENT". Tribune. No. 82. New South Wales, Australia. 21 December 1944. p. 8. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- ↑"Councillor Resigns COMMUNIST TO LEAD LAKE SHIRE". Newcastle Morning Herald And Miners' Advocate. No. 21, 898. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1946. p. 2. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- ↑"COMMUNIST AS ALDERMAN". Goulburn Evening Post. New South Wales, Australia. 15 May 1952. p. 5 (Daily and Evening). Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- ↑"Communist Wins Council Seat". Tribune. No. 335. New South Wales, Australia. 22 July 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- ↑"Ronald Alexander Maxwell". Sydney's Aldermen. City of Sydney. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
- ↑"Thomas Wright". Sydney's Aldermen. City of Sydney. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
- ↑"Jack Mundey". SYDNEY'S ALDERMEN. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ↑"APPOINTMENT OF SHIRE COUNCILLOR". Bowen Independent. Vol. 41, no. 4167. Queensland, Australia. 23 June 1944. p. 3. Retrieved 21 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
- ↑"Joan Williams – author, peace activist and fighter for women's rights". Communist Party of Australia. 8 March 2021.
- ↑"Communist Party". Australian Politics and Elections Database. University of Western Australia. October 2001. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Further reading
- Stuart Macintyre, The Reds, 1998, Allen and Unwin. 1st volume of a major history covering foundation to 1941.
- Alastair Davidson, The Communist Party of Australia: A short history, 1969. Covers foundation to the late 1960s.
- Bennett, James (2004). Rats and Revolutionaries:The Labour Movement in Australia and New Zealand 1890–1940. Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press. ISBN 1-877276-49-9.
- Tom O'Lincoln, Into the Mainstream: The Decline of Australian Communism, January 1985. ISBN 0-9590486-1-8.
- Daisy Marchisotti, Land Rights: The Black Struggle, Brisbane: Queensland State Committee, Communist Party of Australia, 1978. ISBN 0909913323
External links
- Queensland Comrades Speak oral history project, State Library of Queensland.
- 1920 establishments in Australia
- 1991 disestablishments in Australia
- Australia–Soviet Union relations
- Comintern sections
- Communist parties in Australia
- Defunct communist parties
- Defunct political parties in Australia
- Far-left politics in Australia
- Formerly banned communist parties
- Industrial Workers of the World in Australia
- Marxist parties in Australia
- Political parties disestablished in 1991
- Political parties established in 1920
- Communist Party of Australia