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Chercher (province)

Chercher (sometimes spelled Charchar ) [ 1 ] was a province in Hararghe (eastern Ethiopia) now part of Oromia Region , Ethiopia . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Also known as Ittuu and West Hararg...

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Chercher (sometimes spelled Charchar)[1] was a province in Hararghe (eastern Ethiopia) now part of Oromia Region, Ethiopia.[2][3] Also known as Ittuu and West Hararghe, Chercher is the name given mainly to the eastern escarpment highland areas of Oromia state's West Hararaghe Zone, where the chains of Checher or higher mountains rise and extend inland from the Great Rift Valley in its northwest. The capital of the former Chercher province was Chiro.[3]

Etymology

Chercher may originate from cer, the Harari word meaning “a cliff that creates a deep gorge.”[4]

History

Ancient dolmen from the Middle Bronze Age is found in the region.[5] Archaeologists in Chercher also discovered tumuli from the 8-11th century.[6] The ruins are attributed to the Harla people in the district of Doba located in modern east Oromia. It was home to the people of Doba region prior to the Oromo invasions.[7][8][9] According to tradition the ruins of Sharif Ahmed mosque, who was a chief of Harla is found in the Doba district of Chercher.[10] Chercher was a significant area for the ivory trade, as the Harla people hunted elephants in the region.[11] In the fifteenth century it was part of the Adal Sultanate.[12] In the 1500s, amidst the Oromo invasions, the Barento effectively took control of the area, as a result numerous denizens reportedly fled towards the Red Sea.[13] Barento subclan Ittu had occupied the Chercher region from the Harari people and likely also Harla.[14][15] According to Silt'e tradition, by 1560 most of their population had also vanished from Chercher.[16]

British deputy W.C Barker in 1842 states Chercher was a full day expedition from Harar city and was inhabited by the Oromo people.[17] According to nineteenth century French trader Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt, numerous coffee growers resided in the Ittu region of Chercher, from where they would subsequently transport their products to Abyssinia or Harar.[18] The chronicle of the Emirate of Harar from the nineteenth century suggests that a Malak was present in Chercher, indicating that the Emirate held some degree of authority in the area.[19] After the Egyptian invasion of Harar in 1874, the Khedivate of Egypt official Rauf Pasha noted that the trade routes controlled by Ittu were not secure and there was animosity directed towards the Egyptians.[20] From 1883 to 1885 the Shewan forces under Menelik attempted to invade the Chercher but were defeated by the Ittu Oromo.[21] In 1886 the Abyssinians of Shewa also suffered a defeat at the Battle of Hirna against the forces of Harar Emirate in the Chercher region.[22][23] Twentieth century Ethiopian writer Afevork Ghevre Jesus describing the Abyssinian annexation of this region states:[24]

In the Past, the dominion of Abba Danaw [Menelik II] had for its feet Wällo and for its navel Shewa; then it began to expand itself and to stretch its left wing toward Kaffa. The horse of Abba Danaw aiming its head toward Charchar [Eastern Harar], it didn’t sweat, the sun didn’t burn him, the desert didn’t cause him to sweat, the descents didn’t tire him, the slopes didn’t hold him back and he started to fly, to thunder and to pass saying: “the land is not enough for me, the lowlands are narrow.'

A principios de 1900, el ex líder rebelde de Ifat, Talha Jafar, pasó sus últimos años en Chercher como gobernador designado de Wadessa durante el reinado de Lij Iyasu . [ 25 ] En el año 1923 el regente Ras Tafari nombró a Fit′awrari Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam como gobernador de Chercher, un año después el gobernador Tekle Hawariat fundó la ciudad de Chiro (conocida entonces con su antiguo nombre Asebe Tafari. ) y la nueva capital de la provincia. [ 3 ] A principios de la década de 1970, Chercher se convirtió en el lugar inicial donde el Frente de Liberación Oromo comenzó su lucha armada. [ 26 ] [ 27 ]

Lecturas adicionales

  • Roger Joussaume, Mégalithisme dans le Chercher en Ethiopie. Ediciones de Boccard, 2014
  • Hitoshi Endo, Estudio antropológico y arqueológico de los sitios medievales relacionados con Ḥarla en la zona occidental de Hararghe, región de Oromia, Etiopía. Universidad Daito Bunka, 2024

Referencias

  1. ↑ Akyeampong, Emmanuel (2 de febrero de 2012). Diccionario de biografías africanas . OUP USA. pág.  289. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  2. ^ Gnamo, Abbas (23 de enero de 2014). Conquista y resistencia en el Imperio etíope, 1880 - 1974 El caso de los Arsi Oromo . Rodaballo. pag. 292.ISBN​  978-90-04-26548-6.
  3. ^ Zewde , Bahru (2002) . Pioneros del cambio en Etiopía : los intelectuales reformistas de principios del siglo XX . Oxford, Atenas, finfinee: Oxford University Press, Ohio University Press, Addis Ababa University Press. págs. 57 a 64. ISBN   9780821414460OCLC 46992008 .​ 
  4. ↑ Cherchar . Enciclopedia Aethiopica.
  5. ^ Joussaume, Roger (2014). Mégalithisme dans le Chercher en Éthiopie . Ediciones de Boccard. pag. 7.ISBN​  978-2-7018-0354-8.
  6. ^ Chekroun, Amelie. Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge . Centro francés de estudios etíopes.
  7. ^ Joussaume, Roger (2014). "Capítulo II. Les cistes dolméniques ou daga kofiya". MEGALITISMO EN CHER EN ETIOPÍA . Annales d'Éthiopie Hors-Série / Números especiales. Centro Francés de Estudios Etíopes. págs. 37 a 96. ISBN  978-2-8218-8263-8.
  8. ↑ Historia de Harar y los hararis (PDF) . Oficina de turismo de Harar. pág. 27. 
  9. ↑Perspectives Des Études Africaines Contemporaines Rapport Final D'un Symposium International. Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission. 1974. p. 274. ISBN 9783794052257.
  10. ↑Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 120. ISBN 9783825856717.
  11. ↑Lata, Fayisa. A History of Habro Woreda, 1941-1991(PDF). Haramaya University. p. 21.
  12. ↑Pradines, Stéphane (7 November 2022). Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa From Timbuktu to Zanzibar. Brill. p. 127. ISBN 978-90-04-47261-7.
  13. ↑Ben-Dror, Avishai (23 August 2018). Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar. Syracuse University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8156-3566-6.
  14. ↑Abir, Mordechai (28 October 2013). Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Taylor & Francis. p. xvii. ISBN 978-1-136-28090-0.
  15. ↑Ittuu. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  16. ↑Braukämper, Ulrich. Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia Collected Essays. Lit. p. 65.
  17. ↑Barker, W.C. Extract Report on the Probable Geographical Position of Harrar; With Some Information Relative to the Various Tribes in the Vicinity(PDF). Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). p. 243.
  18. ↑d'Héricourt, Charles E. Xavier Rochet (1841). Voyage sur le côte orientale de la mer Rouge: dans le pays d'Adel et le royaume de Choa (in French). A. Bertrand. pp. 95–96.
  19. ↑Garad, Abdurahman (1990). Harar Wirtschaftsgeschichte eines Emirats im Horn von Afrika (1825-75). P. Lang. p. 83. ISBN 978-3-631-42492-6.
  20. ↑Ben-Dror, Avishai (23 August 2018). Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar. Syracuse University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8156-3566-6.
  21. ↑Slikkerveer, Leendert (28 October 2013). Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 9781136143304.
  22. ↑Caulk, Richard (1971). "The Occupation of Harar: January 1887". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 9 (2): 10–11. JSTOR 41967469.
  23. ↑Asnake, Gossa. A HISTORY OF HIRNA TOWN FROM ITS FOUNDATION UP TO 1991. Addis Ababa University. p. 93.
  24. ↑Yates, Brian (2020). The Other Abyssinians The Northern Oromo and the Creation of Modern Ethiopia, 1855-1913. University of Rochester Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-58046-980-7.
  25. ↑Ahmed, Hussein (1989). "THE LIFE AND CAREER OF SHAYKH TALHA B. JA'FAR (c. 1853-1936)". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 22. Institute of Ethiopian Studies: 23. JSTOR 41965976.
  26. ↑Clapham, Christopher (25 October 1990). Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 9780521396509.
  27. ↑The Birth of the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)