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Primer juicio político contra Sara Duterte

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En diciembre de 2024, se presentaron formalmente cuatro denuncias de destitución contra Sara Duterte , la decimoquinta vicepresidenta de Filipinas , quien ejercía su cargo bajo el mandato del presidente Bongbong Marcos . La cuarta denuncia fue aprobada por la Cámara de Representantes el 5 de febrero de 2025, lo que allanó el camino para un juicio político en el Senado .

El Senado se reunió meses después, a pesar de las peticiones de los partidarios del juicio político para que el proceso comenzara de inmediato. El 10 de junio de 2025, el Senado devolvió los artículos de juicio político a la Cámara de Representantes.

El 25 de julio de 2025, la Corte Suprema dictaminó que la denuncia de juicio político contra Duterte era inconstitucional, prohibiendo cualquier nueva denuncia en su contra hasta el 6 de febrero de 2026. La Corte también dictaminó que el Senado no podía adquirir jurisdicción sobre el caso y que no se llevaría a cabo ningún juicio político. Sin embargo, la Corte sostuvo que no estaba absolviendo a Duterte de las acusaciones en su contra. [ 3 ]

Duterte se convirtió en la primera vicepresidenta de Filipinas en ser sometida a un juicio político, aunque permaneció en el cargo porque el Senado no emitió un veredicto final.

Fondo

Relación entre Marcos y Duterte

Bongbong Marcos y Sara Duterte fueron elegidos presidente y vicepresidenta, respectivamente, en las elecciones filipinas de 2022 como parte de la alianza UniTeam . [ 5 ]

Duterte fue designada como la primera secretaria de educación de Marcos después de que ambos asumieran el cargo a mediados de 2022, [ 6 ] aunque ella prefería ser secretaria de defensa . [ 7 ] Durante los siguientes dos años, la relación de Duterte con los aliados de Marcos se deterioró, particularmente con el presidente de la Cámara de Representantes, Martin Romualdez , y la primera dama , Liza Araneta . [ 6 ] Renunció en mayo de 2023 a Lakas–CMD , donde se desempeñó como presidenta. Lakas es parte de la coalición gobernante. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] En enero de 2024, el presidente Marcos insistió en que el UniTeam todavía es "vibrante", refiriéndose a su relación de trabajo con su viceprimer ministro. [ 10 ] Duterte presentó su renuncia a su cargo como secretaria de educación en junio de 2024. [ 11 ] Cuando se le preguntó sobre su amistad con Marcos en septiembre de 2024, dijo que nunca fueron amigos y simplemente compañeros de fórmula en las elecciones de 2022. [ 12 ] Marcos respondió diciendo que había sido "engañado" sobre su supuesta amistad. [ 13 ] En octubre de 2024, ella detalló su ruptura con Marcos, de quien dijo que "no sabe cómo ser presidente". [ 14 ] [ 15 ]

Amenaza de asesinato

El presidente Bongbong Marcos comentó sobre las amenazas de asesinato el 25 de noviembre.

No se preocupe, señora, con mi seguridad, porque ya hablé con alguien. Le dije que si me mataban, matara a BBM, Liza Araneta y Martin Romualdez. No es broma, no es broma. Di mis órdenes. Si muero... le dije: 'No pares, ¿de acuerdo? Hasta que los hayas matado', y él dijo que sí.

— Sara Duterte (en una mezcla de filipino e inglés), 23 de noviembre de 2024; conferencia de prensa por Zoom [ 16 ] [ 17 ]

Durante una conferencia de prensa a medianoche del 22 de noviembre de 2024, iniciada por Zuleika T. Lopez , Duterte afirmó haber hablado con un sicario para atacar al presidente Marcos, a su esposa Liza y al presidente de la Cámara de Representantes, Romualdez, en caso de que esta última fuera asesinada, lo que la administración consideró una "amenaza activa" contra el gobierno. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Hizo la declaración en respuesta a la pregunta de un vlogger sobre su seguridad. [ 20 ] En ese momento, Duterte se había resistido al traslado de Lopez por parte de las autoridades de la Cámara de Representantes a la Institución Correccional para Mujeres . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Duterte aclaró posteriormente que sus comentarios no eran amenazas serias, sino más bien un reflejo de su temor por su seguridad personal tras escuchar amenazas en su contra. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]

"¡Putangina ninyong lahat! Martin Romualdez , Liza Marcos , Bongbong Marcos ! Ginigitgit niyo yung mga tao ko diyan sa sobre na yan. Liza Marcos naaalala mo nagpadala ka sa akin ng video? Sinabihan mo ako kung saan kukunin ang pera. Pinakita mo ang mukha ng tao sa video mensaje mo.

— Sara Duterte (en una mezcla de filipino e inglés), 23 de noviembre de 2024; conferencia de prensa por Zoom [ 25 ] [ 26 ]

El 29 de noviembre, Marcos confirmó que había ordenado a la Cámara de Representantes que se abstuviera de presentar una moción de destitución contra Sara Duterte. Esto a pesar de su distanciamiento con Duterte, al que describió como "una tormenta en un vaso de agua", y sostuvo que cualquier intento potencial de destituir a su vicepresidenta sería una pérdida de tiempo que "no afectaría ni a la vida de un solo filipino". [ 27 ]

Controversia sobre fondos confidenciales

Duterte (extrema derecha) se negó a prestar juramento en una audiencia del Congreso sobre el uso del presupuesto de su oficina en septiembre de 2024.

En 2022 y 2023, Duterte utilizó fondos confidenciales y de inteligencia tanto para la OVP como para el DepEd; la OVP bajo su predecesor no utilizó fondos confidenciales. Según el jefe de gabinete de Duterte, debido a la estructura compartimentada de la OVP, ella manejó sus fondos confidenciales en coordinación directa con la oficial especial de desembolsos de su oficina, Gina F. Acosta, sin ningún intermediario. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ]

En 2024, el Comité de Buen Gobierno y Responsabilidad Pública de la cámara baja inició investigaciones contra el presunto mal uso de fondos de la vicepresidenta luego de que se aplazara la aprobación del presupuesto de la OVP para 2025. El 25 de septiembre, un ex subsecretario del DepEd alegó que Duterte entregó regalos en efectivo por valor de ₱50 mil mensuales; [ 31 ] más tarde, otro ex funcionario también se presentó, afirmando que recibieron sobres similares pero que dejaron de hacerlo a finales de 2023, aproximadamente al mismo tiempo que se planteó el tema de los fondos confidenciales. [ 32 ] Para noviembre de 2024, se revelaron recibos de acuse de recibo de sus oficinas presentados a la COA. Varios legisladores han expresado sus dudas sobre la autenticidad de los recibos, destacando irregularidades como nombres poco comunes y supuestamente ficticios, así como discrepancias en las fechas y firmas. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Duterte afirmó que no había visto los recibos. [ 35 ] El 9 de diciembre de 2024, la Autoridad de Estadísticas de Filipinas informó que los nombres del 60% de las 677 personas que fueron nombradas como receptoras de fondos confidenciales del DepEd no tenían registros en el registro civil nacional . [ 36 ]

Mar de China Meridional

Duterte se ha caracterizado por no emitir declaraciones explícitas sobre la disputa entre Filipinas y China en el Mar de China Meridional. Se ha negado a comentar sobre el asunto, remitiendo en cambio a las personas al Departamento de Asuntos Exteriores y al Departamento de Defensa Nacional cuando se le pregunta sobre estos temas. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Por esto, recibió críticas de algunos funcionarios, incluidos aliados de Marcos en la Cámara de Representantes [ 39 ] [ 40 ] y el portavoz de la Guardia Costera de Filipinas para el Mar de Filipinas Occidental, Jay Tarriela . [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Sin embargo, Marcos defendió a Duterte, afirmando que "[no es] función del Vicepresidente ni del Secretario de Educación hablar sobre China". [ 43 ]

Planes de juicio político anteriores

El bloque Makabayan consideró presentar una demanda de destitución contra Duterte en agosto de 2023 por el presunto uso indebido de fondos confidenciales de la Oficina del Vicepresidente para 2022, [ 44 ] que la representante de ACT Teachers, France Castro, del bloque Makabayan, describió como un "delito que justifica la destitución". [ 45 ] Posteriormente, Castro consideró el plan "prematuro", citando la necesidad de continuar con la investigación de la Cámara. [ 46 ]

En agosto de 2024, Sara Duterte dijo que esperaba que se presentara una demanda de destitución en su contra tras su distanciamiento con el presidente y la información que escuchó de aliados dentro de la cámara baja. [ 47 ] En septiembre de 2024, Bagong Alyansang Makabayan describió la destitución de Duterte como necesaria debido a su uso de fondos confidenciales en 2022 y 2023. [ 48 ] En el mismo mes, la Cámara de Representantes negó cualquier complot para presentar una denuncia de destitución. [ 49 ]

Quejas

Quejas de diciembre de 2024

El 2 de diciembre de 2024, se presentó la primera denuncia formal de destitución contra la vicepresidenta Sara Duterte . [ 50 ] La denuncia enumeraba 24 artículos que se clasificaban en cuatro puntos: corrupción, soborno, traición a la confianza pública y otros delitos graves. [ 51 ] Además de la corrupción, otras razones citadas incluyen su presunta participación en las ejecuciones extrajudiciales de sospechosos de narcotráfico y su falta de postura contra las agresivas reivindicaciones de soberanía de China en la disputa sobre el Mar de Filipinas Occidental ( disputa del Mar de China Meridional ). [ 50 ]

La segunda denuncia de juicio político contra Duterte fue presentada el 4 de diciembre de 2024 por 70 activistas liderados por la Bagong Alyansang Makabayan . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Citaron una sola razón: la traición a la confianza pública por el uso ilegal y el mal manejo de fondos confidenciales. Duterte está acusado de cometer un "abuso grave de poderes discrecionales" sobre los 612,5 millones de pesos filipinos de fondos confidenciales de la Oficina del Vicepresidente y el Departamento de Educación . [ 52 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ]

El 5 de diciembre de 2024, el Secretario General de la Cámara de Representantes, Reginald Velasco, reveló que se estaba preparando una tercera denuncia por parte de algunos miembros de la Cámara. [ 56 ] La denuncia fue presentada por un grupo de trabajadores religiosos, abogados y miembros de la sociedad civil en la Cámara de Representantes contra Duterte el 19 de diciembre por traición a la confianza pública. [ 57 ]

Cuarta queja de destitución

El 5 de febrero de 2025, 215 miembros de la Cámara de Representantes firmaron una denuncia de juicio político contra Duterte por cargos que incluyen corrupción, conspiración para asesinar al presidente Bongbong Marcos, participación en ejecuciones extrajudiciales e incitación a la insurrección y al desorden público. La denuncia de juicio político obtuvo más de las 102 firmas mínimas, o un tercio de la Cámara de Representantes, como lo exige la Constitución . Al alcanzarse el umbral de firmas, la denuncia de juicio político constituye los Artículos de Impugnación formales contra Duterte y fue transmitida al Senado sin votación plenaria. Esta es la cuarta denuncia presentada contra Duterte. [ 58 ] El 7 de febrero, el Secretario General de la Cámara, Reginald Velasco, dijo que otros 25 legisladores habían firmado documentos agregando sus nombres en apoyo de la denuncia de juicio político, lo que eleva el número total de firmantes a 240. [ 59 ]

Entre los firmantes de la denuncia de juicio político se encontraban el hijo del presidente Marcos, el representante de Ilocos Norte, Sandro Marcos , y el presidente de la Cámara, Romualdez. Al menos 101 legisladores de Luzón y 40 de Visayas también firmaron la denuncia. En Mindanao, la isla natal de Duterte, 41 de sus 60 representantes de distrito apoyaron el juicio político. Sin embargo, en su región natal de Davao , solo el representante de Davao del Sur , John Tracy Cagas, firmó la denuncia de un total de 11 representantes de distrito. Treinta y tres de los 61 representantes de listas de partidos también apoyaron el juicio político. [ 60 ]

Artículos de destitución

Estos son los artículos de acusación contra la vicepresidenta Sara Duterte:

El tercer artículo se refiere a la acusación de que Duterte sobornó a altos funcionarios del Departamento de Educación, mientras que el quinto artículo involucra su vinculación con ejecuciones extrajudiciales ocurridas durante la guerra contra las drogas de su padre y expresidente Rodrigo Duterte , incluyendo el Escuadrón de la Muerte de Davao . [ 61 ]

Firmantes

Votación en la Cámara de Representantes ( solo por distrito )
  Votó a favor del juicio político.
  Votos adicionales a favor del juicio político (6 de febrero de 2025; para verificación)
  No votó a favor del juicio político.
  El distrito está vacante

Un total de 215 legisladores firmaron la denuncia de juicio político contra la vicepresidenta Sara Duterte el 5 de febrero de 2025. Sandro Marcos ( Ilocos Norte-1.º ), hijo del presidente Bongbong Marcos , fue el primero en firmar; el presidente de la Cámara de Representantes , Martin Romualdez, fue el último. Se observó que 41 de los 60 legisladores de Mindanao votaron a favor del juicio político contra Sara Duterte. En Davao , la región natal de la familia Duterte , solo John Tracy Cagas ( Davao del Sur ) se mostró a favor del juicio político contra la vicepresidenta. [ 62 ]

Al día siguiente, otros 25 legisladores que no habían estado presentes físicamente estamparon sus firmas. [ 63 ]

Non-signatories

House of Representatives members who are members of some of the incumbent senators were noted to have not signed the petition. However, some members of the lower house were overseas and had their e-signatures sent but were not included in the copy endorsed to the Senate. Stephen Paduano of Abang Lingkod said that Dino Yulo and others did sign the complaint but their signatures were not included in the endorsed copy.[65]

Congressional recess (February–June 2025)

The Senate received the complaint from the House of Representatives on February 5, 2025, which also coincided with the last day of Senate session. The Articles of Impeachment were received by Senate secretary Renato Bantug at 5:49 p.m. but it was not reported to the plenary before it adjourned at 7:00 p.m.[66] The Senate is obliged to convene as an impeachment court to process the complaint but there was no immediate schedule released.[58]

Senate President Chiz Escudero maintained that the Senate cannot start the proceedings until after the Congress reconvene on June 2, 2025.[66][67] He has set that the trial proper to be held on July 30, 2025.[68] He further maintained that a trial cannot be "legally" started during this period since he believe that there has to be an ongoing session for the Senate to convene as an impeachment court.[69]

Lawyer Catalino Generillo Jr. on February 14 filed a petition for mandamus, before the Supreme Court arguing that the Senate has the "inescapable constitutional duty" to immediately start the trial.[70] On February 18, a group of Mindanao-based lawyers filed a certiorari and sought a temporary restraining order to prevent the start of the trial.[71] On the same day, Sara Duterte also sent a petition to the Supreme Court asking for the nullification of the impeachment complaint.[72]

Senator Ronald dela Rosa insisted he will remain "apolitical" while admitting his close ties to Duterte.[73] When asked what is the implication of his participation in the National Rally for Peace in January 2025, Senator Robin Padilla committed to "definitely" vote "no" for Duterte's impeachment.[74]

In case the verified complaint or resolution of impeachment is filed by at least one-third of all the Members of the House, the same shall constitute the Articles of Impeachment, and trial by the Senate shall forthwith proceed.

—1987 Constitution of the Philippines; Article IX, Section 3(4)

Senate minority leader Koko Pimentel said that the course of the impeachment could be affected by the fact that the terms of 12 of the chamber's members are due to end on June 30, along with the results of the 2025 Philippine Senate election on May 12.[75]

Assuming that the Senate convene on June 2, there are six session days left until the 19th Congress ends on June 13 which made Escudero conclude that the impeachment trial would be heard by the 20th Congress.[76] Escudero projects the trial to begin in July 2025 after President Marcos makes his State of the Nation Address,[77] with a verdict due in October 2025.[78]

Nevertheless, proponents of the impeachment insist that the Constitution obligates that the "trial by the Senate shall proceed forthwith," or as soon as possible. They suggest that the President may call in a special session for this purpose.[79] Pressure on the Senate persisted until at least June.[80][81][82][83]

On May 29, Escudero made a motion to move the presentation of the articles of impeachment to June 11, the last session day of the 19th Congress.[84]

On June 4, Dela Rosa admitted drafting a resolution seeking the "de facto dismissal" of the impeachment case.[85]

Convening of the Senate

June 9: Attempt to start the trial

Senate President Francis Escudero takes his oath as presiding officer of the impeachment trial of Vice PresidentSara Duterte on June 9, 2025. The oathtaking was administered by Senate SecretaryRenato Bantug Jr.
The Senator-Judges of the 19th Congress. From left to right: Senators Ronald Dela Rosa, Bong Revilla, Joel Villanueva, Loren Legarda, Pia Cayetano, Win Gatchalian, Nancy Binay, Francis Tolentino, Jinggoy Estrada, Francis Escudero, Grace Poe, Migz Zubiri, Risa Hontiveros, JV Ejercito, Mark Villar, Alan Peter Cayetano, Raffy Tulfo,Koko Pimentel, and Lito Lapid

On June 9, 2025, minority senators Risa Hontiveros and Koko Pimentel attempted to formally start the trial of vice president Duterte. Minority leader Pimentel raised the motion to commence the process with the following proposals were.[86]

  • The Senate suspend its legislative business
  • The convening of the Senate as an impeachment court immediately instead of Wednesday (June 11)
  • Senate President Chiz Escudero take his oath as presiding officer
  • Escudero should administer the oath of senators present
  • The impeachment court call the impeachment case against Vice President Duterte and come up with trial calendar
  • The impeachment court ask prosecutors to read impeachment articles on Tuesday (June 10)
  • The writ of summons be subsequently issued to Duterte.

This was followed by two hours of debate on technicalities, then additional two hours for suspension of proceedings.[86] At around 5:42 p.m., Robin Padilla filed a resolution that sought to terminate the impeachment proceedings.[87]

Escudero took his oath as proposed but it was agreed that the rest of the senators take their oaths by 4 p.m the next day.[88] Hontiveros and Pimentel argues that the oath taking means that the trial has already convened but Ronald Dela Rosa disagrees leading to another suspension. The trial did not start on that day.[86]

June 10: Remanding of the articles of impeachment

The five Senators who voted no to remand the articles of impeachment to the House.

Escudero administered the oath to the rest of the twenty-two senators.[89] Dela Rosa made a motion to dismiss before and after the oath-taking, which the Senate did not take action on. Pimentel and Hontiveros urged their colleagues "cold neutrality", which meant that legal objections should be raised by the aggrieved party or Duterte herself.[90]

Bong Go, during deliberations on Dela Rosa's motion, suggested returning the articles of impeachment to the House of Representatives. Dela Rosa also alleged that the House of Representatives was inactive over the three impeachment complaints filed in December 2023, preceding the current complaint. Cayetano modified Dela Rosa's motion, stating it should be returned to the lower house to certify the complaint did not violate the "one impeachment per year" clause.[91]

However, the Senate voted on a motion by Alan Peter Cayetano not to dismiss or terminate the proceedings but to return the articles of impeachment to the House of Representatives. The motion obliges that:[91]

  • The House of Representatives certifies the non-violation of Article XI, Section 3, paragraph 5 of the Constitution, which provides that "No impeachment proceedings shall be initiated against the same official more than once within a period of one year"; including the circumstances on the filing of the first three impeachment complaints
  • The House of Representatives of the 20th Congress communicates to the Senate that it is willing and ready to pursue the impeachment complaint against the Vice President.

The writ of summons was issued to Duterte by Escudero, a move which was opposed by Dela Rosa. Sergeant-at-Arms Roberto Ancan was asked to deliver the document.[92][93] The Office of the Vice President received the document at 11:05 am. on the following day. Duterte is asked to respond ten days from receipt.[94]

Response of the House

June 11: House certifies the impeachment complaint

The House of Representatives unanimously passed a resolution certifying the impeachment complaint's compliance with the constitution in response to the Senate remand. At the same time, it approved a motion deferring acceptance of the articles of impeachment until the Senate responds to the queries sought by the House prosecution panel regarding the remanding.[95]

Response of the defense

June 23: Answer Ad Cautelam to the House and reply to Senate summons

Vice President Duterte submitted an answer ad cautelam[c] to the House of Representatives on June 23 at 3:53 p.m., as confirmed by House spokesperson Princess Abante, pleading for the dismissal of the impeachment case on the grounds that it "violated the one-year bar rule" of the Constitution. The same rationale was cited in a separate answer ad cautelam submitted to the Senate at 5:49 p.m. in response to the issuance of summons. Under the Senate impeachment rules, the House prosecutors have five days to file a reply; however, since June 28 falls on a Saturday, the prosecution panel is allowed to submit their reply until Monday, June 30.[96][97] House prosecution spokesperson Antonio Bucoy announced the following day that the panel is ready to file their reply as early as Friday, June 27.[98]

Reply of the prosecution

June 27: House prosecution panel responds to the Vice President's Answer Ad Cautelam

The House prosecution panel responded to the arguments of Vice President Duterte in her answer ad cautelam filed before the impeachment court on June 27. Atty. Reginald Tongol confirmed that the court received the House's reply at 1:38 p.m., wherein the prosecution asked that the court deny the vice president's request to dismiss the impeachment case, emphasizing that the gravity of the charges demands a full trial and a final verdict of conviction. Several falsehoods were countered by the prosecutors on the defense's claims:[99][100]

  • The prosecution stated that the vice president acknowledged the receipt of the articles through an answer, refuting her claim that the court possesses no jurisdiction on the articles of impeachment after they were remanded to the House.
  • The fourth impeachment complaint approved in February 2025 was the only one "initiated" by the House, not the previous three filed in December of the previous year, disproving the claim that it violated the Constitution's one-year bar rule.
  • The defense was said to have modified a Supreme Court decision to favor their camp regarding the issue of whether the impeachment proceedings can carry over to the 20th Congress, with the prosecution pointing out that the said ruling provided that non-legislative functions are maintained even in transitions between congresses.
  • The prosecution stated that all articles filed against the vice president are substantiated and based on facts and evidentiary matters, contrary to Duterte arguing otherwise.

Cancelled impeachment trial

Senator-judges

16 out of the sitting 24 senators needed to vote Duterte to be liable in one of the impeachable offenses for her to be removed as vice president and be perpetually disqualified from holding any public office.[101]

The terms of 12 senators in the 19th Congress expired on June 30, 2025. Had the Senate convened as a court in the 20th Congress, these lawmakers would not be able to take part unless they won a fresh mandate in the 2025 election. There have been arguments that the case could and could not crossover to the 20th Congress.[102][103]

Keys
  • A: Term ending on June 30, 2028 (incumbent)
  • E: Term ending on June 30, 2025 (re-elected)
  • O: Term ending on June 30, 2025 (re-election lost)
  • X: Term ending on June 30, 2025 (term limited)
  • N: Newly elected senator; assuming office on June 30, 2025.
  • TBD: To be determined

Spokesperson of the Impeachment Court

On June 11, 2025, Senate President Francis Escudero appointed Reginald Tongol as the spokesperson of the impeachment court. In a press statement, Escudero stated that Tongol's appointment takes effect immediately and will remain in place until the conclusion of the 19th Congress. He emphasized that Tongol's role would be crucial in ensuring that information surrounding the impeachment proceedings is communicated "accurately, responsibly, and in a timely manner that fosters public trust."

Escudero further described Tongol as bringing "an exceptional blend of legal expertise and media acumen to the impeachment court," noting his understanding of key issues and commitment to transparent communication. Tongol is a political communications consultant with experience in both legal and media affairs.[104][105]

Prosecution

The House of Representatives named 11 of its members who will serve as prosecutors. They were to defend the lower house's motion to impeach Vice President Duterte before the Senate acting as the impeachment court.[106]4Ps Partylist representative and House Minority Leader Marcelino Libanan was named as the informal lead prosecutor.[107][108] The House also received offers for legal assistance from third party lawyers.[109] If a trial had started after the 19th Congress, prosecutors Loreto Acharon and Jil Bongalon would not return to the House after losing their seats in the 2025 House elections. Speaker Romualdez invited representatives-elect Leila de Lima and Chel Diokno to take their places if a trial resumed in the 20th Congress.[110][111]

Spokesperson of the House Prosecution Panel

The prosecution has also named litigation lawyer Antonio Bucoy as their spokesperson.[112]

Defense

According to Sara Duterte, her legal team had already begun preparations as early as November 2023 in anticipation of her impeachment.[70] In December 2024, her father, former President Rodrigo Duterte, offered to join the defense team.[113] On June 16, 2025, the Senate impeachment court, through the Secretary of the Senate acting as Clerk of Court, received the formal list of lawyers entering their appearance as counsel for the vice president. Through a press release, the court confirmed the Clerk's receipt of the Appearance Ad Cautelam from the law firm of Fortun Narvasa & Salazar, with sixteen undersigned lawyers:[114]

  1. Philip Sigfrid Fortun
  2. Gregorio Narvasa II
  3. Sheila Sison
  4. Carlo Joaquin Narvasa
  5. Roberto Batungbacal
  6. Justin Nicol Gular
  7. Lindon Miguel Bacquel
  8. David Ronell Golla VII
  9. Maria Selena Golda Fortun
  10. Clarlaine Radoc
  11. Francesca Marie Flores
  12. Miguel Carlos Fernandez
  13. Michael Wesley Poa
  14. Reynold Munsayac
  15. Mark Vinluan
  16. Ralph Bodota

Spokesperson of the Defense

Duterte has named Michael Poa, her former spokesperson at the Office of the Vice President and the Department of Education, as the spokesperson for the defense, of which he is a member.[115]

Postponement of the start of trial

The Senate impeachment court announced on June 25 that the commencement of trial proceedings would be postponed until the House prosecution panel was reconstituted in accordance with the composition of the incoming 20th Congress. Senate President Escudero clarified that since some members of the previous Congress lost their re-election bids while others are assuming different positions, a new prosecution panel must be formed. Preparations were also said to be continuing despite the further delay.[116] Escudero was later said to have expressed that he aims to convene the court on July 29, a day after President Marcos's fourth State of the Nation Address.[117]

Constitutionality of the Articles of Impeachment

Supreme Court invalidates 2025 Impeachment Procedure

July 25: Nullification by the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court unanimously nullified the impeachment complaint on July 25, 2025, ruling that it was "unconstitutional".[118] The Court stated that the "one year-bar rule" was already covered by the first three impeachment cases, rendering the fourth one invalid. No complaints can be filed before the House of Representatives until February 6, 2026, one year after the majority of the House voted in favor of the fourth complaint used to impeach the vice president.[3]

No trial before the Senate will be held as a result, as the chamber cannot acquire jurisdiction as per the court ruling.[119]

Response

On the evening of the decision, Senator Joel Villanueva claimed the impeachment court will continue convening despite the decision of the Supreme Court. He cited precedence in the impeachment court's actions during the impeachment trial of Chief Justice Corona in 2011, where the Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order, but the Senate voted to ultimately ignore it.[120]

On August 4, 2025, the House of Representatives, via the Office of the Solicitor General as its counsel, appealed before the Supreme Court by filing a motion for reconsideration based on its ruling declaring the articles of impeachment unconstitutional, days before the provided 15-day deadline.[121][122]

The Senate held a vote on August 6, in which it voted to transfer the articles of impeachment to its archives, after reviewing the court's 97-page decision.[123] During the proceedings, several spectators who belonged to Akbayan made a thumbs down gesture before walking out after being approached by Senate staff.[124]

Supreme Court denied the House of Representatives Motion for Reconsideration with finality.

Aftermath

On January 28, 2026, the high court en banc dismissed the motion of reconsideration with finality. It also defined session days as a "mean a calendar day in which the House of Representatives holds a session" and does not mean legislative session days.[125]

Analysis

Antonio Soriano of the Citizens' Watch for Good Governance questioned the "shotgun" approach of the impeachment complaint. Soriano says that intent regarding Duterte's threat against the president has to be proven. He also believes that Duterte's action under the capacity of mayor of Davao City cannot be used for grounds for her impeachment and details of her alleged misused of confidential funds cannot be publicly disclosed.[126] Soriano even speculated that the motions might even benefit a potential electoral bid of Duterte in the upcoming 2028 elections.[126]

The impeachment procedure was seen gaining traction in the House of Representatives, but the same was not certain in the Senate, as a two-thirds supermajority of 16 out of 24 votes is needed to convict Duterte.[126][127]

Ronald Llamas of the Galahad Consulting Agency, and political advisor of former president Benigno Aquino III, believes that delaying the impeachment proceedings to after the 2025 mid-term elections would render Marcos a lame-duck president. Llamas said that Marcos's earlier pronouncement to discourage impeachment proceedings can either be taken "at face value" or as a "tactical move"[128] He previously said in August 2024 that formal impeachment proceedings were likely to begin before the 2025 election.[129]

Following the election, Navotas representative Toby Tiangco, who served as campaign manager for Marcos's senatorial slate, Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas, said that Alyansa's standings in Mindanao were adversely affected by the impeachment motion against Sara Duterte.[130]Surigao del Norte representative Ace Barbers called the claim "misleading", noting that the majority of lawmakers in Mindanao who signed the impeachment complaint were reelected.[131]

It is unclear if Duterte could have avoided disqualification by resigning before a conviction. Associate justice Antonio Carpio believes she could do so, while constitutional law professor and lawyer Antonio La Viña differs saying the trial may still proceed despite a potential resignation. While a resignation may prove to be moot and academic, the imposition of the disqualification from public office may still be done. Constitutional law expert Paolo Tamase has a similar opinion describing the issue "open question". Tamase cites the second impeachment of U.S. President Donald Trump in 2021 where the United States Senate still proceeded with the trial despite Trump already ending his first term. Tamase asserts that Article XI, Section 3(7) is based on the American constitution.[132]

Response

The Office of the President on December 3 distanced itself from the issue and reiterated its stance of discouraging any impeachment motion against Duterte, stating that it was the right of private citizens to make such moves.[133] Senate President Francis Escudero had advised his colleagues not to make public pronouncements about the impeachment complaints.[128]

The Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) on December 4 announced plans to hold a rally to oppose the impeachment efforts concurring with President Marcos's stance in November 2024 that efforts to remove Duterte from office is unconstructive.[134] On January 13, 2025, more than 1.5 million INC members went to the "National Rally for Peace" at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila; 12 simultaneous rallies were also staged across the country.[135][136][137] Among the politicians who attended the rally at the Quirino Grandstand were Manila mayor Honey Lacuna, former Manila mayor Isko Moreno, SAGIP Partylist representative Rodante Marcoleta, and Senators Francis Tolentino, Ronald dela Rosa, Bong Go and Robin Padilla.[138][139][140][141] Bisaya Gyud Partylist first nominee Greco Belgica and senatorial aspirants Jimmy Bondoc and Phillip Salvador, all of whom are Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP) members, also attended the rally with PDP committee heads Astra Pimentel-Naik and Penny Belmonte.[142][143][144] Actress Vivian Velez, a PDP member who has expressed displeasure with Marcos's presidency, was among the rally's attendees, stating to SMNI's Newsblast that "I guess we will only have peace if president Marcos steps down".[145]

After the impeachment motion was passed in the House of Representatives, Sara Duterte said in an address that being rejected by a romantic partner was worse than the impeachment itself, while uttering "God save the Philippines".[146] On May 16, shortly after the 2025 election, Duterte said she would "truly want a trial" desiring for a "bloodbath".[147]

Should Duterte be convicted, Marcos would select among the qualified members of the House of Representatives and Senate to fill the vacancy.[148] She would also be ineligible to run for any public position in future elections, including the presidency.[149]

Opinion polling

Notes

  1. ↑Duterte was solely impeached but was never convicted or acquitted by the Philippine Senate after its decision to archive the impeachment articles following the Supreme court's nullification of the complaint.
  2. 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Verified as impeachment complainant on February 6, 2025.[63]
  3. ↑From ad abundantiorem cautelam, meaning "for more abundant caution"
  4. ↑Associate Justice Singh was on leave.

See also

References

  1. 1234Ager, Maila (February 5, 2025). "Senate goes on break without tackling impeach bid vs VP Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  2. ↑Subingsubing, Krixia (June 26, 2025). "House prosecutors submit Sara Duterte impeach complaint certification". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 27, 2025.
  3. 123Bolledo, Jairo (July 25, 2025). "Supreme Court bars Sara impeachment, can be refiled next year". Rappler. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  4. ↑Magsambol, Bonz (August 6, 2025). "Trial 'dead': Senate archives Sara Duterte impeachment". Rappler. Retrieved August 6, 2025.
  5. ↑Llemit, Ralph Lawrence G. (March 11, 2024). "Revisiting Uniteam: Sara Duterte, Bongbong Marcos forge alliance amid 2022 election epoch". SunStar Publishing Inc. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  6. 12Panti, Llanesca (June 19, 2024). "Uniteam no more: Timeline of Marcos-Duterte tandem's woes". GMA News. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  7. ↑"Sara ditches preferred defense post to avoid stability 'intrigues'". BusinessWorld. May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  8. ↑Galvez, Daphne (May 19, 2023). "Sara Duterte resigns from Lakas-CMD". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  9. ↑De Leon, Dwight (May 19, 2023). "Uniteam no more? House squabble puts spotlight on 2025, 2028 elections". Rappler. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  10. ↑"Marcos: UniTeam still vibrant, still working". GMA News. January 30, 2024. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  11. ↑Tulad, Victoria (June 20, 2024). "'Nabasag 'yung UniTeam': Duterte resignation saddens lawmaker"['UniTeam shaterred': Duterte resignation saddens lawmaker]. ABS-CBN News (in English and Filipino). Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  12. ↑Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (September 18, 2024). "VP Duterte on President Marcos: We're not talking, we're not friends". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  13. ↑Subingsubing, Krixia (October 12, 2024). "'I was deceived,' Marcos says of VP Sara's 'friendship'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 30, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
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  115. ↑Ombay, Giselle (June 25, 2025). "VP Sara Duterte taps Michael Poa as spokesperson in impeachment trial". GMA News Online. Retrieved June 25, 2025.
  116. ↑Ismael, Javier Joe (June 25, 2025). "VP Sara's impeachment trial to be delayed". The Manila Times. Retrieved June 25, 2025.
  117. ↑Mateo, Janvic. "'Senate impeachment court to convene on July 29'". Philstar.com. Retrieved June 27, 2025.
  118. 12Flores, Dominique Nicole; Laqui, Ian. "'Unconstitutional': Supreme Court bars impeachment vs VP Sara Duterte". Philstar.com. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  119. ↑Casilao, Joahna Lei (July 25, 2025). "SC declares Articles of Impeachment vs. Sara Duterte unconstitutional". GMA News Online. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  120. ↑Sarao, Zacarian (July 25, 2025). "Senators: Sara Duterte impeachment court to proceed despite SC order". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  121. ↑Clapano, Jose Rodel (July 27, 2025). "House to appeal SC ruling on impeachment trial". Philstar.com. Retrieved July 27, 2025.
  122. ↑Panti, Llanesca T. (August 4, 2025). "House files MR, asks SC to reverse ruling on VP Sara Duterte's impeachment". GMA News Online. Retrieved August 4, 2025.
  123. ↑Abarca, Charlie; Ager, Maila; Santos, Tina (August 7, 2025). "Senate votes to archive Sara Duterte impeachment case". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
  124. ↑"Onlookers give Senate impeachment vote a thumbs down". GMA News. August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
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  • Denuncia verificada de juicio político presentada por la Cámara de Representantes (19.º Congreso), alojada en Wikimedia Commons.