Los grillos de Jerusalén (o escarabajos de la patata ) [ 1 ] son un grupo de insectos grandes y no voladores de los géneros Ammopelmatus y Stenopelmatus , que juntos conforman la tribu Stenopelmatini . El primer género es originario del oeste de Estados Unidos y partes de México , mientras que el segundo género es de Centroamérica . [ 2 ]
A pesar de sus nombres comunes, estos insectos no son verdaderos grillos (que pertenecen a la familia Gryllidae ), ni son nativos de Jerusalén . Estos insectos nocturnos usan sus fuertes mandíbulas para alimentarse principalmente de materia orgánica muerta , pero también pueden comer otros insectos. [ 3 ] Sus patas altamente adaptadas se utilizan para excavar bajo tierra húmeda y alimentarse de plantas de raíces y tubérculos en descomposición . A pesar de esto, no se consideran plagas agrícolas graves. Se sabe que una especie, Stenopelmatus talpa , es caníbal en las etapas inmaduras, pero en otras especies el único canibalismo conocido es que las hembras se comen a los machos después del apareamiento. [ 4 ]
Aunque los grillos de Jerusalén no son venenosos , pueden emitir un olor desagradable y su picadura es dolorosa. Son una importante fuente de alimento para muchas especies de aves, murciélagos, mamíferos y otros insectos durante la noche. [ 5 ]
Descripción
Their shiny wingless body consists of an exceptionally rotund abdomen with black stripes and a large, bulbous head with its thorax bearing the same width.[5] Their coloration is most commonly a reddish-brown body with lighter legs, but this can range from light tan to a dark mahogany, depending on the habitat it lives. For instance, those found in forests will often be darker and those in deserts will often be lighter.[6] They have relatively short, thick legs that bear small spines to help them burrow and defend themselves.[7] Many nocturnal predators rely on the Jerusalem cricket as a food source, especially in the winter. Some that hunt them include foxes, skunks, opossums,[1]barn owls, burrowing owls, kestrels,[2] and pallid bats. When threatened, Jerusalem crickets will flip over to snap their powerful mandibles and kick their hind legs at its attacker. [3]
Jerusalem crickets spend a majority of their living underground. Their egg masses are laid in holes in the soil. After hatching, nymphs perform several molts, up to 10, for about 1-2 years until they reach sexual maturity where they live for 2-6 months.[8] Adults can reach up to 2 to 3 inches in length.[9] There is little evidence of sexual dimorphism in Jerusalem crickets, except that females are often larger in size, while males have longer hind legs.[4] Females will often eat their male counterparts after mating.[5]
Jerusalem crickets are well-adapted to living in sandy soils, but can be found in sand dunes, chaparrals, grasslands, woodlands, and forests hiding underneath debris, such as rocks, wood, etc. and digging underground burrows.[6][10] Geographical isolation can be seen in many species endemic to sand dunes and mountains and have become easily affected by habitat fragmentation.[11]
Classification
Diecinueve especies son reconocidas como válidas en el género Stenopelmatus , tal como está delimitado actualmente (con 13 más de estatus incierto y potencialmente no válidas), aunque el género era anteriormente mucho más grande, incluyendo la mayoría de las especies ahora ubicadas en el género Ammopelmatus , que contiene 20 especies adicionales. [ 2 ] La familia Stenopelmatidae y la subfamilia Stenopelmatinae contienen varios géneros del Viejo Mundo , pero solo los géneros de la tribu Stenopelmatini (todos del Nuevo Mundo ) son denominados grillos de Jerusalén. Otras familias en la misma superfamilia ( Stenopelmatoidea ) en Australia y Nueva Zelanda incluyen los grillos weta y rey . Son similares a los estenopelmatinos en muchos aspectos.
Comunicación


Al igual que los grillos comunes, cada especie de grillo de Jerusalén produce un canto diferente durante el apareamiento . Este canto consiste en un característico tamborileo en el que el insecto golpea su abdomen contra el suelo.
Ninguna especie tiene alas con estructuras productoras de sonido y no posee órganos auditivos. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] En cambio, los grillos de Jerusalén dependen de las vibraciones del sustrato para comunicarse, las cuales son percibidas por órganos subgenuales ubicados en las seis patas del insecto. [ 10 ] Esto contrasta con los grillos verdaderos y los saltamontes, que usan sus alas para producir sonidos y tienen órganos auditivos para percibir los sonidos de otros. Los grillos de Jerusalén parecen incapaces de silbar forzando el aire a través de sus espiráculos , como hacen algunos escarabajos y cucarachas . En cambio, los pocos grillos de Jerusalén que sí emiten sonido frotan sus patas traseras contra los costados del abdomen, produciendo un ruido áspero y sibilante. [ 14 ] Este silbido puede servir para disuadir a los depredadores en lugar de para comunicarse con otros grillos.
Importancia cultural
The Jerusalem cricket is of great importance to several Native American cultures.[15] The Hopi and Navajo are some of many tribes in southwestern United States that viewed this insect as a powerful cultural symbol. Its striking appearance leads some to think the Jerusalem cricket brings mortality, depicted in the folklore of the Chumash people and recorded by American entomologistEdward Oliver Essig.[6]
The Hopi, who settled in Arizona, portray this cricket as a spirit being kachina named Sösööpa who races. As a result, it's often carved into Hopi katsina dolls as a yellow humanlike character with black beady eyes, a black-and-white plaid skirt, and antennae made from sand grass, depicting native traits of the Jerusalem cricket.[6] The Navajo also carry many myths based on the Jerusalem cricket. For instance, the cricket was associated with the Yucca plant, in which you had to eat the plant as a cure to its bite. This possibly gave rise to the misconception that their bite is venomous.[6] The Chumash in southern California also have many traditional stories centered around the Jerusalem cricket's identity and appearance. Indigenous communities also used this insect for food.
Names

Several hypotheses attempt to explain the origin of the term "Jerusalem cricket".[6] One suggests the term originated from a mixing of Navajo and Christian terminology, resulting from the influence Franciscan priests had on the Navajo language. Such priests may have heard the Navajos speak of a "skull insect" and took this as a reference to Calvary (also known as Skull Hill) outside Jerusalem near the place where Jesus was crucified.
Several Navajo names refer to the insect's head:[6]
- c’ic’in lici (Tsiitsʼiin łichíʼí) "red-skull"
- c’os bic’ic lici (Chʼosh bitsiitsʼiin łichíʼí) "red-skull bug"
- c’ic’in lici’ I coh (Tsiitsʼiin łichíʼítsoh) "big red-skull"
- wo se c’ini or rositsini or yo sic’ini (Wóó tsiitsʼiin/Yaaʼ tsiitsʼiiní) "skull insect"
Other names include the Hopiqalatötö ("shiny bug"),[6] the Spanish niño de la tierra ("child of the earth") and cara de niño ("child's face").[6][16]

References
- 12BugGuide
- 123D.B. Weissman, A.G. Vandergast, H. Song, S. Shin, D.D. McKenna, N. Ueshima (2021) Generic relationships of New World Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Stenopelmatinae), including all known species of Stenopelmatus. ZooTaxa 4917. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4917.1.1
- 12Milne, Lorus and Milne, Margery (1980) The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects & Spiders. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, pp. 437. ISBN 0-394-50763-0
- 12Sánchez-Xolalpa, Dinorah A.; Álvarez, Hugo A.; Torre-Anzúres, Josué De la; Jiménez-García, Daniel (September 2017). "Morphometry, behavior, and ecology of the Jerusalem cricket, Stenopelmatus talpa". Southwestern Entomologist. 42 (3): 745–752. doi:10.3958/059.042.0313. ISSN 0147-1724.
- 123Yang, Tabatha (2023-05-09). "Jerusalem Cricket | Bohart Museum of Entomology". bohart.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2025-10-22.
- 123456789Stoffolano JG, Wright B (2005). "Sö ́sö'öpa—Jerusalem Cricket: An Important Insect in the Hopi Katsina Pantheon". American Entomologist. 51 (3): 174–179. doi:10.1093/ae/51.3.174.
- ↑"HPIPM:Jerusalem Cricket - Bugwoodwiki". wiki.bugwood.org. Retrieved 2025-10-22.
- ↑"Jerusalem Cricket / Home and Landscape / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM)". ipm.ucanr.edu. Retrieved 2025-10-27.
- ↑"Learning Guides". SaveNature.Org. Retrieved 2025-10-27.
- 12Weissman, DB; Vandergast, AG; Ueshima, N (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Berlin: Springer. pp. 2054–2061. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
- ↑Vandergast, Amy G.; Bohonak, Andrew J.; Weissman, David B.; Fisher, Robert N. (March 2007). "Understanding the genetic effects of recent habitat fragmentation in the context of evolutionary history: phylogeography and landscape genetics of a southern California endemic Jerusalem cricket (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus)". Molecular Ecology. 16 (5): 977–992. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03216.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 17305855.
- ↑L. Desutter-Grandcolas (2003). "Phylogeny and the evolution of acoustic communication in extant Ensifera (Insecta, Orthoptera)". Zoologica Scripta. 32 (6): 525–561. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00142.x. S2CID 85659457.
- ↑Robinson, DJ; Hall, MJ (2002). "Sound Signalling in Orthoptera". Advances in Insect Physiology, Volume 29. Elsevier. pp. 151–278. ISBN 978-0-12-024229-0.
- ↑Weissman, DB (2001). The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing. pp. 351–375. ISBN 978-0-85199-408-6.
- ↑DIY. "Jerusalem Cricket Facts For Kids | AstroSafe Search". www.diy.org. Retrieved 2025-10-27.
- ↑Eaton, Eric R.; Kenn Kaufman (2007). Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-618-15310-7.
External links
- Stenopelmatoidea
- Orthoptera tribes