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Lista de objetos del Sistema Solar por tamaño

Gráfico de partes por millón de la distribución de masa relativa del Sistema Solar, donde cada cubo representa 2 × 10 24 kg Este artículo incluye una lista de los objetos más ...

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Gráfico de partes por millón de la distribución de masa relativa del Sistema Solar, donde cada cubo representa 2 × 1024  kg

Este artículo incluye una lista de los objetos más masivos conocidos del Sistema Solar y listas parciales de objetos más pequeños según su radio medio observado . Estas listas se pueden ordenar según el radio y la masa de cada objeto y, para los objetos más masivos, también según su volumen, densidad y gravedad superficial, si se dispone de estos datos.

Estas listas contienen el Sol , los planetas , los planetas enanos , muchos de los cuerpos pequeños más grandes del Sistema Solar (que incluyen los asteroides ), todos los satélites naturales con nombre y una serie de objetos más pequeños de interés histórico o científico, como cometas y objetos cercanos a la Tierra .

Se han descubierto numerosos objetos transneptunianos (OTN); en muchos casos, su posición en esta lista es aproximada, ya que suele haber una gran incertidumbre en sus diámetros estimados debido a su distancia de la Tierra. Existen incertidumbres en las cifras de masa y radio, así como irregularidades en la forma y la densidad, y la precisión a menudo depende de la proximidad del objeto a la Tierra o de si ha sido visitado por una sonda.

Se sabe o se espera que los objetos del Sistema Solar con una masa superior a 10²¹ kilogramos sean aproximadamente esféricos. Los cuerpos astronómicos se relajan adoptando formas redondeadas ( esferoides ), alcanzando el equilibrio hidrostático , cuando su propia gravedad es suficiente para superar la resistencia estructural de su material. Se creía que el límite para los objetos redondos se encontraba entre 100  km y 200  km de radio si tenían una gran cantidad de hielo en su composición; [ 1 ] sin embargo, estudios posteriores revelaron que satélites helados tan grandes como Jápeto (1470 kilómetros de diámetro) no se encuentran en equilibrio hidrostático en este momento, [ 2 ] y una evaluación de 2019 sugiere que muchos TNO en el rango de tamaño de 400 a 1000 kilómetros podrían ni siquiera ser cuerpos completamente sólidos, y mucho menos ser gravitacionalmente redondeados. [ 3 ] Los objetos que son elipsoides debido a su propia gravedad se denominan aquí generalmente "redondos", estén o no en equilibrio en la actualidad, mientras que los objetos que claramente no son elipsoidales se denominan "irregulares".

Los cuerpos esferoidales suelen presentar cierto achatamiento polar debido a la fuerza centrífuga generada por su rotación, e incluso pueden tener diámetros ecuatoriales bastante diferentes ( elipsoides escalenos como Haumea ). A diferencia de cuerpos como Haumea, los cuerpos irregulares tienen un perfil significativamente no elipsoidal, a menudo con bordes afilados.

Puede resultar difícil determinar el diámetro (con un margen de error de aproximadamente 2) de objetos típicos más allá de Saturno. En el caso de los objetos transneptunianos (OTN), existe cierta confianza en sus diámetros, pero en el caso de los OTN no binarios, no hay confianza real en sus masas/densidades. A menudo se asume que muchos OTN tienen la densidad de Plutón (2,0  g/cm³ ) , pero es igualmente probable que tengan una densidad similar a la de un cometa (solo 0,5  g/cm³ ) . [ 4 ]

Por ejemplo, si se asume incorrectamente que un TNO tiene una masa de 3,59 × 1020 kg basado en un radio de 350 km con una densidad de 2 g/cm³ pero luego se descubre que tiene un radio de solo 175 km con una densidad de 0,5 g/cm³ , su masa real sería solo 1,12 × 1019 kg.

Los tamaños y masas de muchas de las lunas de Júpiter y Saturno se conocen bastante bien debido a las numerosas observaciones e interacciones de los orbitadores Galileo y Cassini ; sin embargo, muchas de las lunas con un radio menor a ≈100  km, como Himalia de Júpiter , tienen masas mucho más inciertas. [ 5 ] Más allá de Saturno, los tamaños y masas de los objetos son menos claros. Todavía no ha habido un orbitador alrededor de Urano o Neptuno para el estudio a largo plazo de sus lunas. Para las pequeñas lunas exteriores irregulares de Urano, como Sycorax , que no fueron descubiertas por el sobrevuelo de la Voyager 2 , incluso diferentes páginas web de la NASA, como el Centro Nacional de Datos de Ciencias Espaciales [ 6 ] y JPL Solar System Dynamics, [ 5 ] dan estimaciones de tamaño y albedo algo contradictorias dependiendo del artículo de investigación que se cite.

Descripción general gráfica

Diámetros relativos de los cincuenta cuerpos celestes más grandes medidos en el Sistema Solar, coloreados según su región orbital. Los valores se expresan en kilómetros. Ambas escalas son lineales.

Objetos con radios superiores a 400 km

Los siguientes objetos tienen un radio volumétrico nominal de 400  km o más. Antes se creía que cualquier cuerpo helado  con un radio mayor a aproximadamente 200 km probablemente estaría en equilibrio hidrostático (EH). [ 8 ] Sin embargo, Ceres (r = 470  km) es el cuerpo más pequeño para el cual las mediciones detalladas son consistentes con el equilibrio hidrostático, [ 9 ] mientras que Jápeto (r = 735  km) es el cuerpo helado más grande que se ha encontrado que no está en equilibrio hidrostático. [ 10 ] Las lunas heladas conocidas en este rango son todas elipsoidales (excepto Proteo ), pero los objetos transneptunianos de hasta 450–500  km de radio pueden ser bastante porosos. [ 11 ]

Para simplificar y con fines comparativos, los valores se calculan manualmente suponiendo que todos los cuerpos son esferas. El tamaño de los cuerpos sólidos no incluye su atmósfera. Por ejemplo, Titán parece más grande que Ganímedes, pero su cuerpo sólido es más pequeño. Para los planetas gigantes , el "radio" se define como la distancia desde el centro a la que la atmósfera alcanza 1 bar de presión atmosférica. [ 12 ]

Dado que Sedna no tiene lunas conocidas, determinar directamente su masa es imposible sin enviar una sonda.

Objetos más pequeños por radio medio

De 200 a 399 km

Todas las lunas heladas fotografiadas con radios mayores de 200  km, excepto Proteo, son claramente redondas, aunque aquellas con menos de 400  km cuyas formas se han medido cuidadosamente no están en equilibrio hidrostático. [ 75 ] Las densidades conocidas de los TNO en este rango de tamaño son notablemente bajas (1–1,2  g/cm³ ) , lo que implica que los objetos conservan una porosidad interna significativa desde su formación y nunca fueron comprimidos gravitacionalmente en cuerpos completamente sólidos. [ 11 ] Muchos TNO intrínsecamente brillantes como 2018 VG 18 y 2017 OF 201 no tienen tamaños medidos directamente (por ejemplo, a través de ocultación estelar y radiometría de emisión térmica ), por lo que sus tamaños se estiman en base a un albedo supuesto . [ 76 ] En la lista a continuación, los TNO con tamaños no medidos solo se enumeran si se han mencionado en comunicados de prensa y la literatura científica.

De 100 a 199 km

Esta lista contiene una selección de objetos estimados entre 100 y 199  km de radio (200 y 399  km de diámetro), siendo 200  km apodado el " radio de la patata " por los astrónomos. El mayor de estos puede tener una forma de equilibrio hidrostático, pero la mayoría son irregulares (es decir, con forma de patata). La masa cambia de 10²¹ kg a 10¹⁸ kg (Zg). Los asteroides del cinturón principal tienen elementos orbitales restringidos por (2,0 UA < a < 3,2 UA; q > 1,666 UA) según JPL Solar System Dynamics (JPLSSD). [ 129 ] Muchos TNO se omiten de esta lista ya que sus tamaños se conocen con poca precisión. [ 76 ]

De 50 a 99 km

Esta lista contiene una selección de objetos  con radios de entre 50 y 99 km ( diámetro promedio de entre 100  y 199 km). Actualmente, la lista incluye la mayoría de los objetos del cinturón de asteroides y las lunas de los planetas gigantes de este tamaño, pero faltan muchos objetos recién descubiertos en el sistema solar exterior, como los que se mencionan en la siguiente referencia. [ 76 ] Los asteroides son en su mayoría de tipo Tholen, pero algunos podrían ser SMASS. 

De 20 a 49 km

Esta lista incluye pocos ejemplos, ya que hay alrededor de 589 asteroides en el cinturón de asteroides con un radio medido entre 20 y 49  km. [ 209 ] Muchos miles de objetos de este rango de tamaño aún no se han descubierto en la región transneptuniana. El número de dígitos no es una aprobación de las cifras significativas . La tabla cambia de × 1018  kg a × 1015  kg ( Eg ). Se asumen la mayoría de los valores de masa de los asteroides. [ 150 ] [ 210 ]

De 1 a 19 km

Esta lista contiene algunos ejemplos de objetos del Sistema Solar  con radios comprendidos entre 1 y 19 km. Este es un tamaño común para asteroides, cometas y lunas irregulares.

Below 1 km

This list contains examples of objects below 1 km in radius. That means that irregular bodies can have a longer chord in some directions, hence the mean radius averages out. In the asteroid belt alone there are estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.9 million objects with a radius above 0.5 km,[300] many of which are in the range 0.5–1.0 km. Countless more have a radius below 0.5 km. Very few objects in this size range have been explored or even imaged. The exceptions are objects that have been visited by a probe, or have passed close enough to Earth to be imaged. Radius is by mean geometric radius. Number of digits not an endorsement of significant figures. Mass scale shifts from × 1015 to 109 kg, which is equivalent to one billion kg or 1012 grams (Teragram – Tg). Currently most of the objects of mass between 109kg to 1012kg (less than 1000 teragrams (Tg)) listed here are near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). The Aten asteroid1994 WR12 has less mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza, 5.9 × 109 kg. For more about very small objects in the Solar System, see meteoroid, micrometeoroid, cosmic dust, and interplanetary dust cloud. (See also Visited/imaged bodies.)

Solar System planets, major moons, and 3 stars of different sizes are shown comparatively in three levels of zoom: one for the rocky planets, one for the gas giants, and one for the stars.
Largest moons of the Solar System to scale.

See also

Notes

  1. 12345Radius estimated using equatorial radius and assuming body is spherical
  2. 12Radius has been determined by various methods, such as optical (Hubble), thermal (Spitzer), or direct imaging via spacecraft
  3. ↑The mass of Eris by itself is the difference between the mass of the system ((1.6466±0.0085)×1022 kg)[44] and the mass of Dysnomia by itself ((8.2±5.7)×1019 kg).[45]
  4. 12Radius estimated by using three radii and assuming body is spheroid
  5. ↑Calculated in Wolfram Alpha using semi axes of 1050 × 840 × 537[50](Ellipsoid volume: 1.98395×10^9 km3)
  6. ↑Best fit physical model assuming hydrostatic equilibrium for Haumea.[50]
  7. 1234This value refers to the system mass
  8. ↑Mass calculated by Muñoz-Gutiérrez et al. (2019 & 2021) using Achlys's area-equivalent diameter of 772 km and predicted density of 0.87 g/cm3.[78]:2[79]:2 Muñoz-Gutiérrez et al. give the mass in terms of Earth masses (M🜨), which can be converted into kilograms by multiplying by 5.9722×1024 kg/M🜨. This calculation does not treat Achlys as an ellipsoid (which would have a volume of V=43πabc≈1.85×1017 m3{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi abc\approx 1.85\times 10^{17}{\text{ m}}^{3}}), though the mass calculated from Achlys's ellipsoid volume and density (M=ρV≈1.61×1020 kg{\displaystyle M=\rho V\approx 1.61\times 10^{20}{\text{ kg}}}) is equivalent to Muñoz-Gutiérrez et al.'s mass calculation when rounded to a single digit.
  9. 1234567891011Radius estimated from an assumed albedo
  10. ↑very approximate figure, assuming equivalent spherical diameter of ≈600 km and density ≈2.64 g/cm3
  11. ↑Using Grundy et al.'s working diameters of 361 km and 163 km, and assuming the densities of the two bodies are equal, Varda would contribute 91.6% of the system mass of (2.664±0.064)×1020 kg, meaning Varda's mass is about (2.44±0.06)×1020 kg.[94]
  12. ↑A density of 0.4–0.8 g/cm3 was calculated when assuming the volume as a sphere with a radius of 210±7 km.[124] The mass was calculated with the provided density and the assumed volume.
  13. ↑The mass estimate is based on the assumed density of 1.2 g/cm3, and a volume of 3.5 ×106 km3 obtained from a detailed shape model in Stooke (1994).[160]
  1. 123456Name of body, including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons (such as "Saturn I" for Mimas), and numbers to designate minor planets
  2. 1234567Volumetric radius including uncertainties
  3. ↑Given as surface gravity (1 bar for gaseous planets)
  4. ↑Figures from default source Johnston's Archive—List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects,[76] if otherwise not mentioned in the References column
  5. 123456Reference column specifically for radius (r) and mass (M) citations

References

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  36. 12Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters
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  147. ↑Mass calculated using diameter and density
  148. ↑Based on a spherical diameter of 235 km and a density of 0.73 g/cm3
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  157. ↑Mass calculated using dimensions of 254, 110, and 90 km and a density of 0.85
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  168. ↑Mass calculated using a diameter of 175 km and a density of 1.76
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Further reading

  • NASA Planetary Data System (PDS)
  • Asteroids with Satellites
  • Minor Planet discovery circumstances
  • Sondeo suplementario de planetas menores del IRAS (SIMPS) y sondeo de planetas menores del IRAS (IMPS)
    • SIMPS e IMPS ( V6 , adicional , desde aquí )
    • Archivo de datos de asteroides del Instituto de Ciencias Planetarias
  • Fichas informativas planetarias
  • Ficha informativa sobre asteroides