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Namaste

Pressing hands together with a smile to greet namaste – a common cultural gesture in India Namaste ( Sanskrit pronunciation: [ nɐmɐsteː ] , [ 1 ] Devanagari : नमस्ते), sometimes...

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Pressing hands together with a smile to greet namaste – a common cultural gesture in India

Namaste (Sanskrit pronunciation:[nɐmɐsteː],[1]Devanagari: नमस्ते), sometimes called namaskār and namaskāram, is a customary Hindu[2][3][4] manner of respectfully greeting and honouring a person or group, used at any time of day.[5] It is used by people of the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions. Namaste is usually spoken with a slight bow and hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointing upwards, thumbs close to the chest. This gesture is Añjali Mudrā; the standing posture in modern yoga that incorporates it is pranāmāsana.[6]

Etymology, meaning and origins

Namaste (Namas + te) is derived from Sanskrit and is a combination of the word namas and the second person dative pronoun in its enclitic form, te.[7] The word namaḥ takes the formnamas before the sound te.[8][9]

Se encuentra en la literatura védica. Namas-krita y términos relacionados aparecen en la escritura hindú Rigveda, como en el Vivaha Sukta , versículo 10.85.22 [ 10 ] en el sentido de "adoración, veneración", mientras que Namaskara aparece en el sentido de "adoración exclamativa, homenaje, saludo y culto" en el Atharvaveda , el Taittiriya Samhita y el Aitareya Brahmana . Es una expresión de veneración, culto, reverencia, una "ofrenda de homenaje" y "adoración" en la literatura védica y textos post-védicos como el Mahabharata . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] La frase Namas-te aparece con este significado en Rigveda 8.75.10, [ 13 ] Atharvaveda verso 6.13.2, Taittirya Samhita 2.6.11.2 y en numerosos otros casos en muchos textos hindúes antiguos. [ 14 ] También se encuentra en numerosas esculturas y relieves de mandapas de la época antigua y medieval en templos hindúes . [ 15 ]

Según el indólogo Stephen Phillips, los términos « te y tvam » son una forma informal y familiar de «tú» en sánscrito, y normalmente no se usan para adultos desconocidos. Se reservan para alguien familiar, íntimo, divino o un niño. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Al usar la forma dativa de tvam en el saludo Namas-te , se introduce un sentido secundario y metafórico en la palabra. Esta es la base del significado pragmático de Namas-te , es decir, «saludos al niño (divino) (en tu corazón)», afirma Phillips. [ 16 ]

En la era contemporánea, namaḥ significa 'reverencia', 'obediencia', 'saludo reverencial' o 'adoración' [ 18 ] y te significa 'a ti' ( caso dativo singular de 'tvam'). Por lo tanto, namaste significa literalmente 'inclinándome ante ti'. [ 19 ] En el hinduismo , también tiene una importancia espiritual que refleja la creencia de que 'lo divino y el yo ( atman , Ser) son lo mismo en ti y en mí', y connota 'me inclino ante lo divino en ti'. [ 20 ] [ 5 ] [ 21 ] Según la socióloga Holly Oxhandler, es un término hindú que significa 'lo sagrado en mí reconoce lo sagrado en ti'. [ 22 ]

Una variante menos común se usa cuando se dirigen a tres o más personas, a saber, Namo vaḥ, que es una combinación de namaḥ y el pronombre enclítico de segunda persona del plural vaḥ . [ 7 ] La palabra namaḥ toma la forma sandhi namo antes del sonido v . [ 8 ] Una variante aún menos común se usa cuando se dirigen a dos personas, a saber, Namo vām , que es una combinación de namaḥ y el pronombre enclítico de segunda persona del dual vām . [ 7 ]

Las excavaciones en yacimientos de la civilización del valle del Indo han encontrado figuras de terracota masculinas y femeninas en una postura similar a la de Añjali Mudrā. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Estos hallazgos arqueológicos se datan en el Harappa maduro . [ 25 ] [ 26 ]

Anjali mudra

El gesto de juntar las manos durante un namaste se llama Añjali Mudrā . [ 27 ] Además del namaste , este mudra es una de las posturas que se encuentran en la danza clásica india, como el Bharatanatyam , [ 28 ] y en la práctica del yoga. [ 29 ] Se encuentra ampliamente en los relieves y esculturas de los templos indios en el mandapam, en las entradas y en la iconografía, como el Lingobhavamurti del Shaivismo . [ 30 ] [ 31 ] El Anjali mudra se diferencia del namaste por ser un gesto no verbal, mientras que el namaste se puede decir con o sin ningún gesto. Según Bhaumik y Govil, el Anjali mudra y el Namaskara mudra son muy similares, pero tienen una sutil diferencia. El dorso de los pulgares en el Anjali mudra mira hacia el pecho y es perpendicular a los demás dedos, mientras que los pulgares en el Namaskara mudra están alineados con los demás dedos. [ 32 ]

El mudra Anjali se describe en textos sánscritos, como en los versos 9.127–128 del Natya Shastra (200 a. C. – 200 d. C.), en textos de arquitectura de templos posteriores al siglo VI d. C., como en el verso 5.67 del Devata murti prakarana , y en los Citrasutras , textos sobre pintura . El Natya Shastra , un texto clásico de danza india, lo describe como una postura en la que las manos se juntan en señal de reverencia y se utiliza para orar ante una deidad, recibir a una persona venerada y saludar a amigos. El Natya Shastra también indica que, para las oraciones dentro de un templo, el mudra Anjali debe colocarse cerca de la cabeza o por encima; al saludar a una persona venerable, se coloca delante del rostro o la barbilla; y para los amigos, cerca del pecho. [ 33 ] [ 34 ]

Usos

Saludo

Añjali Mudrā se usa ampliamente en todo el subcontinente indio, partes de Asia y más allá donde han migrado personas de origen del sur y sureste asiático. [ 20 ] Namaste es una forma respetuosa de saludo, reconocimiento y bienvenida a un familiar, invitado o extraño. [ 35 ] En algunos contextos, una persona usa namaste para expresar gratitud por la ayuda ofrecida o prestada, y para agradecer a la otra persona por su generosa amabilidad. [ 36 ]

Since namaste is a non-contact form of greeting, some world leaders adopted the gesture as an alternative to hand shaking during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic as a means to prevent the spread of the virus.[37][38]

Hindu veneration practice

Namaskara is one of the 16 upacharas (veneration practices) used in temples and places of formal puja (worship).[39]Namaste in the context of deity worship, scholars conclude,[40][41] has the same function as in greeting a guest or anyone else. It expresses politeness, courtesy, honor, and hospitality from one person to the other. It is used in goodbyes as well. This is sometimes expressed, in ancient Hindu scriptures such as Taittiriya Upanishad, as Atithi Devo Bhava (literally, treat the guest like a god).[42][43]Namaskara is one of the six forms of pranāma, and in parts of India these terms are used synonymously.[44][45]

In modern yoga

It's the end of a typical yoga class. The teacher sits cross-legged, takes their hands in a prayer position, and reverently intones namaste. Dutiful students whisper namaste in unison in return without understanding the meaning of namaste.[27]

'Namaste' has been adopted in modern yoga as exercise as a respectful word, spoken in unison at the end of a class, or by a solitary practitioner as a personal meditation; from there, it has become a T-shirt slogan.[27] The Indian-born journalist Neha Tandon writes that nobody "buys a 'Namaste in bed' shirt with ill intentions", though in her view that does not excuse what she considers to be the evident cultural appropriation.[46] The British Pakistani yoga teacher Nadia Gilani writes that the western pronunciation "nama-stay" is incorrect; South Asians pronounce it "num us teh", while the association of 'namaste' with yoga is a modern western invention.[47] Rita Geno, writing in Yoga Journal, calls the usage "at the very least, puzzling"; it quotes the Indian yoga therapist Susanna Barkataki as saying it's a "rather formal" greeting, reserved for teachers and elders; it is not used to at a parting. Geno suggests that usage may be changing, quoting the author Deepak Singh as saying that the greeting was given to "every tourist" when he visited Rajasthan.[27] On the other hand, T-shirt puns like "Nama'stay in bed" or "Namaslay" are, Geno writes, straightforwardly offensive, misusing a "respectful and spiritually resonant" term.[27] As for use in a yoga class, the Indian American yoga teacher Aadil Palkhivala suggests that Namaste and Añjali Mudrā could be used both at the start, as a respectful greeting, and at the end, in gratitude and connection.[27]

See also

References

  1. ↑"namaste". Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.). The British pronunciation is either /ˈnaməsteɪ/ or /naməˈsteɪ/, and the American is /ˈˌnɑməˈˌsteɪ/.
  2. ↑"How 'Namaste' Entered The English Language". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  3. ↑"Why 'namaste' has become the perfect pandemic greeting". Religion News Service. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  4. ↑"Here's the history behind these no-touch greetings". Travel. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  5. 12Singh, K. V. (2015). Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings. Penguin Books. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0143425106. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  6. ↑Chatterjee, Gautam (2001). Sacred Hindu Symbols. Abhinav Publications. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9788170173977. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  7. 123Burrow, Thomas . The Sanskrit Language, pp. 263–268
  8. 12Burrow, Thomas The Sanskrit Language, pp. 100–102
  9. ↑NamahArchived 2014-08-27 at the Wayback Machine Sanskrit Dictionary
  10. ↑"उदीर्ष्वातो विश्वावसो नमसेळा महे त्वा । अन्यामिच्छ प्रफर्व्यं सं जायां पत्या सृज ॥२२॥, Griffith translates it as, "Rise up from hence, Visvavasu, with reverence we worship thee. Seek thou another willing maid, and with her husband leave the bride; RV, Griffith, WikisourceArchived 2020-01-05 at the Wayback Machine; other instances include RV 9.11.6 and many other Vedic texts; for a detailed list, see Maurice Bloomfield, Vedic ConcordanceArchived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine, Harvard University Press
  11. ↑Monier-Williams, Monier. Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology NamasArchived 2019-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, p. 528
  12. ↑namasArchived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1899 edition], Harvard University update (2008)
  13. ↑RV 8.75.10, Wikisource: नमस्ते अग्न ओजसे गृणन्ति देव कृष्टयः ।Translation: "Homage to your power, Agni! The separate peoples hymn you, o god."Translators: Stephanie Jamison & Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda, Volume 2 of three, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-01-99363-780, p. 1172
  14. ↑Maurice Bloomfield, Vedic ConcordanceArchived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine, Harvard University Press, pp. 532–533
  15. ↑Nambiar, A. K. Krishna (1979). Namaste: Its Philosophy and Significance in Indian Culture. pp. vii–viii with listed pages. OCLC 654838066. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  16. 12Phillips, Stephen H. (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. p. 272 note 26. ISBN 978-0-231-51947-2.
  17. ↑This is similar to tu / vous of French and Romance languages in Europe, states the Indologist Patrick Olivelle, see: Olivelle, Patrick (2005). Manu's Code of Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 346 note 11.205. ISBN 978-0-19-517146-4.
  18. ↑"Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon". Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (search results). University of Cologne. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2012..
  19. ↑NamasteArchived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine Douglas Harper, Etymology Dictionary
  20. 12Ying, Y. W., Coombs, M., & Lee, P. A. (1999), "Family intergenerational relationship of Asian American adolescents", Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(4), pp. 350–363
  21. ↑Lawrence, J. D. (2007), "The Boundaries of Faith: A Journey in India", Homily Service, 41(2), pp. 1–3
  22. ↑Oxhandler, Holly (2017). "Namaste Theory: A Quantitative Grounded Theory on Religion and Spirituality in Mental Health Treatment". Religions. 8 (9): 168. doi:10.3390/rel8090168.
  23. ↑Sharma, Deo Prakash; Sharma, Madhuri (2003). Panorama of Harappan Civilization. Noida: Devangana Prakashan. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-7479-057-6.
  24. ↑"Origins of Hinduism"Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Hinduism Today, Volume 7, Issue 2 (April/May/June), Chapter 1, p. 3
  25. ↑Seated Male in Namaskar poseArchived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback MachineNational Museum of India (2012)
  26. ↑Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan (2010). Indus Script Cipher. Srinivasan Kalyanaraman. pp. 234–236. ISBN 978-0-9828971-0-2.
  27. 1234567Geno, Rita (24 March 2024) [14 June 2021]. "The Meaning of Namaste". Yoga Journal. Retrieved 30 March 2026.
  28. ↑Anami, Basavaraj S.; Bhandage, Venkatesh A. (4 June 2018). "A vertical-horizontal-intersections feature based method for identification of bharatanatyam double hand mudra images". Multimedia Tools and Applications. 77 (23). Springer Science: 31021–31040. doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6223-y. S2CID 46968377.
  29. ↑Carroll, C.; Carroll, R. (2012). Mudras of India: A Comprehensive Guide to the Hand Gestures of Yoga and Indian Dance. SD Publishers. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-85701-067-4.
  30. ↑Barrett, Douglas (1964). "An Early Cola Lingodbhavamurti". The British Museum Quarterly. 28 (1/2 (Summer)): 32–39. JSTOR 4422848.
  31. ↑Kramrisch, Stella (1957). "Indian Sculpture Newly Acquired". Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin. 52 (252): 30–38 with Figures 2 and 3. doi:10.2307/3795036. JSTOR 379036.
  32. ↑Bhaumik, Gopa; Govil, Mahesh Chandra (2020). "Buddhist Hasta Mudra Recognition Using Morphological Features". Communications in Computer and Information Science. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 356–364. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6315-7_29. ISBN 978-981-15-6314-0. ISSN 1865-0929. S2CID 225349190.
  33. ↑Nardi, Isabella (2003). The Theory of Indian Painting: the Citrasutras, their Uses and Interpretations. SOAS, University of London. pp. 132–134, 273 Figure 67.
  34. ↑Brandon, James R. (2009). Theatre in Southeast Asia. Harvard University Press. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-0674028746.
  35. ↑Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. "Namaste". Encyclopedia of Hinduism. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
  36. ↑Shaules, Joseph (2007). Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-1847690166.
  37. ↑"Coronavirus: Indian greeting namaste goes global". BBC. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  38. ↑"Greet the Indian way: Israeli PM urges citizens to adopt 'Namaste' instead of handshakes to avoid COVID-19". www.timesnownews.com. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  39. ↑Viswanatha, S. V. (21 August 2013). Racial Synthesis in Hindu Culture. Routledge. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-136-38420-2.
  40. ↑Lochtefeld, James. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, 720 pp.
  41. ↑Fuller, C. J. (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 66–70, ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5
  42. ↑Kelkar, Mayuresh (30 September 2010). "SERVDIV: A Vedic Approach to Measurement of Service Quality". Services Marketing Quarterly. 31 (4): 420–433. doi:10.1080/15332969.2010.510722. ISSN 1533-2969.
  43. ↑de Nobili, Roberto (2000). Preaching Wisdom to the Wise. Saint Louis, Missouri: Institute of Jesuit Sources. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-880810-37-8.
  44. ↑Mehrotra, R. R. (1995). "How to be polite in Indian English". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 116 (1): 99–110.
  45. ↑Chatterjee, G. (2003). Sacred Hindu Symbols. Abhinav Publications. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-8170173977.
  46. ↑Tandon, Neha (27 May 2022). "You Can Have A Profound, Spiritual Yoga Practice *Without* Culturally Appropriating It. Here's How". Women's Health. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  47. ↑Gilani, Nadia (2022). Yoga Manifesto: how Yoga Helped Me and Why it Needs to Save Itself. Bluebird. pp. 254–256. ISBN 978-1-5290-6510-7. OCLC 1284981202.
  • The Meaning of NamasteYoga Journal
  • Saying goodbye in different languages- Namaste
  • Modes of Greetings in Kashmiri, Indian Institute of Language Studies
  • Ancient Indus Valley Seal print showing Namaste/anjali mudra, CSU Chico