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Lista de movimientos separatistas activos en Europa

Partidarios de la independencia catalana en Barcelona en octubre de 2019 Partidarios de la independencia de Escocia en Glasgow . Escocia celebró un referéndum sobre la independe...

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Partidarios de la independencia catalana en Barcelona en octubre de 2019
Partidarios de la independencia de Escocia en Glasgow . Escocia celebró un referéndum sobre la independencia el 18 de septiembre de 2014

Esta es una lista de movimientos separatistas actualmente activos en Europa . El separatismo a menudo se refiere a la secesión política total , [1] [2] [3] aunque los movimientos separatistas pueden no buscar nada más que una mayor autonomía o ser reconocidos como una minoría nacional . [4]

Criterios

Lo que se considera o no un movimiento autonomista o secesionista es a veces motivo de controversia. Las propuestas de esta lista deben cumplir tres criterios:

  1. Son movimientos activos con miembros activos.
  2. Buscan una mayor autonomía o autodeterminación para una región geográfica (en contraposición a la autonomía personal ).
  3. Son ciudadanos/personas de la zona de conflicto y no provienen de otro país.

Debajo de cada región enumerada se encuentra uno o más de los siguientes:

Diversos grupos étnicos de Europa buscan una mayor autonomía o independencia. En la Unión Europea (UE), varios de estos grupos son miembros de la Alianza Libre Europea (ALE). En algunos casos, el grupo busca unificarse en un estado diferente; en los casos en que esto no implique la creación de una nueva entidad estatal, esto se considera irredentismo . Los movimientos irredentistas análogos se incluyen en la lista de movimientos irredentistas activos .

Albania

En 2024, Edi Rama , el primer ministro de Albania , anunció planes para crear un microestado europeo independiente enclavado dentro de Tirana para servir como sede de la Orden Bektashi con Baba Mondi como jefe de estado. El estado, llamado Estado Soberano de la Orden Bektashi , requeriría la aprobación del Parlamento de Albania y una enmienda a la Constitución de Albania para declarar la independencia. [5]

Azerbaiyán

Territorio de lo efímero República Autónoma de Talysh-Mughan

Lezgistán

Bélgica

Movimientos autonomistas

 Flandes

 Valonia

Movimientos secesionistas

 Flandes o Comunidad Flamenca (esta última incluye la Región de Bruselas-Capital )  

 Valonia o Comunidad Francesa de Bélgica (esta última incluye la Región de Bruselas-Capital )  

Bosnia y Herzegovina

Movimientos secesionistas

 República Srpska

Movimientos autonomistas

Comunidad Croata de Herzeg-Bosnia

Croacia

El condado de Istria en Croacia.
Movimientos autonomistas

Condado de Istria [24]

Chipre

Las zonas del norte de la isla de Chipre administradas por turcochipriotas

El tercio nororiental del territorio de la isla de Chipre

Chequia

 Moravia

Dinamarca

Islas Feroe

 Islas Feroe

Movimientos menores

Bornholm

Finlandia

Islas Åland

 Islas Åland

Francia

Movimientos secesionistas
Localización del País Vasco

País Vasco francés / Pirineos Atlánticos

Ubicación de Bretaña

Bretaña histórica , que comprende Bretaña (región administrativa) y Loira Atlántico 

Ubicación de Córcega

 Córcega

El Taalgebied ( Sprachraum ) de lengua holandesa , que incluye el norte de Flandes francés.

Flandes francés

Ubicación de Provenza

 Provenza

Cataluña Cataluña Norte / Pirineos Orientales

Saboya

Estado Pie-Noir

  • Grupo étnico: Pies negros
  • Partido político: Etat Pied-Noir [56] [57] [58] [59]
  • Estado: Activo (Establecido en 2016)
  • Estado propuesto: La federación de las dos orillas ^
Ubicación de Limousin

 Limusina [60] [61]

  • Grupo étnico: gente de Limousin
    • Estado propuesto: Limousin 
      • Partido político: Communauté révolutionnaire indépendante limousine
Movimientos autonomistas
Ubicación de Normandía

 Alsacia

  • Gente: Alsacianos (alemanos)
    • Zona de autonomía propuesta: Alsacia [62] [63] [64] 
      • Partidos políticos: Elsass Zuerst , Alternativa Alsaciana, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen  [fr] , Unser Land (miembro de la EFA)

Normandía

Saboya

 Occitania

Localización del Franché-Comte

Franco Condado

  • Área autónoma propuesta: Franco Condado [74] [75]
    • Partido político: Mouvement Franche-Comté  [fr] , Sí Franche-Comté
      • organización militante: Franche-Comtât Abada!

 Alpes Marítimos [76]

  • Propuesta: restablecimiento del condado de Niza 
    • Partido político: Ligue pour la restauration des libertés niçoises, [77] Parti niçois

 Picardía

Zona de autonomía propuesta: Picardía

Georgia

Las divisiones administrativas de Georgia están delineadas en negro. Los territorios ocupados de Georgia se muestran en rosa.

República Autónoma de Abjasia

Territorio de la antigua provincia autónoma de Osetia del Sur

Javakheti

Alemania

Baviera

 Sajonia

Lusacia

 Lusacia

 Frisia Oriental

 Franconia


Hungría

romaní

Italia

Friuli-Venecia Julia

Lombardía

Lombardía


Italia del Norte

Italia del Sur



Italia del Sur

Sicilia



 Sicilia

Tirol del Sur

 Tirol del Sur


 Saboya

Toscana

 Toscana



Véneto

 Véneto

Territorio Libre de Trieste , que dejó de existir legalmente en 1977 tras el Tratado de Osimo

 Trieste






Valle de Aosta

 Valle de Aosta





Cerdeña

 Cerdeña





Romaña

Lituania

Samogitia

Malta

Gozo

Moldavia

Transnistria
Estado separatista

 Transnistria

 Gagauzia

Montenegro

Sandzak

  • Grupo étnico: bosnio
    • Propuesta: Mayor autonomía
      • Partido político: Free Sandzak [150] [151] [152] [153]

Países Bajos

Ubicación de Frisia

Frisia

Polonia

Silesia en el mapa de Polonia, Alemania y Chequia
Mapa de Danzig en 1939

Silesia

Ciudad libre de Danzig

  • Personas: Antiguos habitantes de Danzig y sus descendientes
    • Propuesta: Restablecer la Ciudad Libre y Soberana de Gdansk [157]
      • Gobierno en el exilio: varios ejemplos de Rat Der Danziger

Casubia y Pomerania

Masuria

  • Gente: polacos , masurianos
    • Zona autónoma propuesta: Masuria [161] [162]
      • Partido político: Ruch Autonomii Mazur [163] [164] [165]

Portugal

 Azores [166]

Rumania

Transilvania y Banat [168]

Ubicación de Transilvania (izquierda) y Banat (derecha)

Tierra de Székely

Los históricos asentamientos de Székely en el mapa de la actual Rumanía

Partio

Rusia

Movimientos secesionistas: Adiguesia [186]

Óblast de Arkhangelsk [187]

  • Gente: Pomors
    • Estado propuesto: Pomorie, Bjarmia
      • Grupo de apoyo: Pomoṙska Slobóda [188]

Bashkortostán

 Chechenia

Daguestán

Ingushetia

Óblast de Kaliningrado [194]

República de Kalmykia

 República de Karelia [197]

Territorio de Krasnodar [187]

Óblast de Leningrado [200]

Mari El [203] [204]

Mordovia [204]

Distrito Federal del Cáucaso Norte

Tartaristán [200]

Óblast de Rostov

Udmurtia [204]

Distrito Federal del Volga

Ucrania ocupada por Rusia

 República de Crimea y Sebastopol 

 República Popular de Donetsk , República Popular de Luhansk ( anexada a Rusia en 2022 )  

Óblast de Zaporizhia ocupado por Rusia , Óblast de Jersón ocupado por Rusia Óblast de Járkov ocupado por Rusia , [213] [214] [215]

Serbia

Kosovo (marcado en rojo)
Provincia de Vojvodina (marcada en rojo)
Movimientos secesionistas

 Kosovo

Movimientos autonomistas

Voivodina Voivodina

Voivodina Voivodina

Arena

Valle de Preševo

Eslovaquia

Composición lingüística de Eslovaquia según el censo de 2011
Movimientos autonomistas

Eslovaquia del Sur:

  • Gente: Húngaros
    • Área autónoma propuesta: Autonomía territorial para el bloque étnico húngaro compacto y autonomía cultural para las regiones de presencia húngara, [225] o unificación con Hungría 

España

Regiones en España con movimientos autonomistas o separatistas
Propuesta de extensión del país catalán
Movimientos secesionistas

País Vasco (comunidad autónoma) País Vasco (comunidad autónoma) y Navarra 

 Cataluña [228]

Galicia (España) Galicia [229]

Comunidad Valenciana Valencia

 Aragón [232]

 Islas Baleares [233]

 Andalucía [234]

 Asturias [235]

Movimientos autonomistas

Cartagena

León

Provincia de Granada [237]

Suecia

Escania

Escania

Suiza

  • Los siete distritos del Jura en Suiza
    Los siete distritos del Jura en Suiza
  • La parte francófona de Suiza se muestra en verde en este mapa.
    La parte francófona de Suiza se muestra en verde en este mapa.
Movimientos autonomistas

Región del Jura

Ucrania

Territorios de Ucrania ocupados por Rusia
Porcentaje de personas de etnia rusa en Ucrania

 República Autónoma de Crimea y Sebastopol 

 Óblast de Donetsk , Óblast de Luhansk 

Óblast de Zaporizhia ocupado por Rusia , Óblast de Jersón ocupado por Rusia Óblast de Járkov ocupado por Rusia [241]

Rutenia de los Cárpatos [243] [244] [245] [246]

Reino Unido

Países del Reino Unido
Mapa de las unidades administrativas locales actuales en el Reino Unido
Cornualles
Inglaterra del Norte
Noreste de Inglaterra
Yorkshire
El Reino de las Islas hacia el año 1100
Isla de Man
Movimientos mayores

 Inglaterra

Irlanda del Norte

 Escocia

 Gales

Movimientos menores

 Cornualles [273]

Inglaterra del Norte

la región central de Inglaterra

Londres

  • Gente: londinenses
    • Estado propuesto: Londres
      • Partido político: Partido de la Independencia de Londres [282] [283] [284] [285]

Pífano

  • Grupo étnico: Fifer
    • Estado propuesto: Fife
      • Partido político: Partido Nacional de Fife [286]


Movimientos autonomistas

Isla Canvey

Valle de Cynon [ dudoso – discutir ]

Gwynedd

 Isla de Wight

 Islas Shetland

 Yorkshire

  • Gente: Gente de Yorkshire
    • Área autónoma propuesta: Yorkshire [291] [292] [293] [294] 
      • Partidos políticos: Partido de Yorkshire
      • Grupo de apoyo: Movimiento de Devolución de Yorkshire [295] [296]

Noreste de Inglaterra

  • Gente: Gente del noreste de Inglaterra

 Wessex

 Orkney Islands

Separatist movements of dependent territories

 Gibraltar

 Isle of Man[309]

See also

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  • "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2018, retrieved 21 June 2014.
  • From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
  • Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible
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