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Cronología de las extinciones en el Holoceno

Mapa de las primeras migraciones humanas alrededor del mundo, a menudo seguidas de grandes extinciones de animales. Las cifras están expresadas en miles de años (ka). Este artíc...

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Mapa de las primeras migraciones humanas alrededor del mundo, a menudo seguidas de grandes extinciones de animales. Las cifras están expresadas en miles de años (ka).

Este artículo es una lista de especies biológicas , subespecies y unidades evolutivamente significativas que se sabe que se extinguieron durante el Holoceno , la época geológica actual , ordenadas según su fecha de desaparición conocida o aproximada, desde la más antigua hasta la más reciente.

Se considera que el Holoceno comenzó con el retroceso glacial del Holoceno hace aproximadamente 11 650 años ( aprox . 9700 a. C. ). Se caracteriza por una tendencia general hacia el calentamiento global , la expansión de los humanos anatómicamente modernos ( Homo sapiens ) a todas las masas terrestres emergidas , la aparición de la agricultura y la ganadería , y una reducción de la biodiversidad global . Esta última, denominada la sexta extinción masiva en la historia de la Tierra , se atribuye en gran medida al aumento de la población y la actividad humanas, y puede haber comenzado ya durante la época del Pleistoceno precedente con la desaparición de la megafauna del Pleistoceno .

La siguiente lista es necesariamente incompleta, ya que se cree que la mayoría de las extinciones no están documentadas, y para muchas otras no existe un registro definitivo, ampliamente aceptado o el más reciente. Según la teoría de especies-área , la tasa actual de extinción podría ser de hasta 140 000 especies por año. [ 1 ]

Décimo milenio a. C.

IX milenio a. C.

Octavo milenio a. C.

Séptimo milenio a. C.

VI milenio a. C.

V milenio a. C.

IV milenio a. C.

Tercer milenio a. C.

Segundo milenio a. C.

Primer milenio a. C.

Siglos X-VI a. C.

Siglos V-I a. C.

Primer milenio d. C.

siglos I-V

siglos VI-X

Segundo milenio d. C.

siglos XI-XII

siglos XIII-XIV

siglos XV-XVI

siglo XVII

18th century

19th century

20th century

3rd millennium CE

21st century

See also

Notes

  1. ↑Remains and historical references to an unidentified squirrel in Ukraine may extend survival up to the 20th century.[20]
  2. ↑Ancient DNA studies indicate that the giant Cape zebra is not a separate species, but a distinct lineage of the plains zebra (E. quagga).[24]
  3. ↑Attributed to Struthio asiaticus in this source, but this name should be limited to remains from Pleistocene India.[30]
  4. ↑Date obtained from carbonaceous clay near Palaeoloxodon remains rather than bone.[35]
  5. ↑A datation to 4170-4050 BC is uncalibrated and the remains could be older.[42]
  6. ↑A datation to 3023-2809 BCE is considered dubious.[58]
  7. ↑Possible synonym of Equus africanus atlanticus.[61]
  8. ↑In Yukon.[63] Remains of either B. priscus or B. bonasus were dated in the Angara River basin to 2550-2440 BC,[64] and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th to 10th century AD (considered B. priscus by Boeskorov[65] and B. bonasus by Sipko[66]). A date of 1130-1060 BC near the Oyat river is not calibrated and the remains could be older.[67]
  9. ↑This dating is regarded as "tentative". Claims of even later survival to 1470-1445 BCE are based on interpretations of a painting from the Egyptian Tomb of Rekhmire apparently depicting an adult dwarf elephant.[76]
  10. ↑Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.[81]
  11. ↑Survival to 1350 CE reported by Turvey is not confirmed.
  12. ↑Traditionally considered the same as B. p. primigenius on morphological grounds, but revealed to be genetically distinct. Domestic hybrid descendants survive in China, particularly in Tibet, Chamdo, and Yushu.[90] It is likely that many remains from northern China that have been identified as bison[91] or domestic cattle actually belong to aurochs and that it survived for longer than assumed. The anonymous author of the Classic of Poetry (11th-7th century BCE) seems aware of the aurochs's existence.[92]
  13. ↑It was suggested that the Syrian elephant was introduced by humans in Mesopotamia, which would not make it a valid subspecies.[105]
  14. ↑Survival to c. 1350 CE mentioned by Turvey not confirmed.
  15. ↑A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).
  16. ↑Claimed survival until 1774 CE in Tavolara Island is based on the mention of 'giant burrow-making rats' by Francesco Cetti.
  17. ↑It is unconfirmed if remains of Equus sp. found in Bolshoy Baranov Cape and dated to 701-900 CE belong to this taxon (Boeskorov, 2006).
  18. ↑Historical records mention gibbons being caught near Chang'an until the 10th century, and living in Shaanxi province until the 18th century.[119]
  19. ↑Indirectly dated (Mead et al., 2002).
  20. ↑Some experts don't recognize the existence of separate subspecies in Loxodonta africana.[141]
  21. ↑Survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 not confirmed (Turvey, 2009).
  22. ↑A commonly cited 1658 account by Étienne de Flacourt could as well be of Mullerornis, or based on second-hand reports of fossil eggs.[155]
  23. ↑"307±85 yr BP (95.4% AD 1451-1952)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
  24. ↑In Tierra del Fuego. Last dated in the continent in 1232-1397 (Prevosti et al., 2015).
  25. ↑"370±38yr BP (95.4% AD 1464-1637)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
  26. ↑In Poland. Unconfirmed remains and sightings might extend survival in Bulgaria and Russia until the 18th century.[196][197]
  27. ↑A 1976 sighting is unconfirmed (Burney et al., 2004).
  28. ↑In Réunion. Last recorded on Mauritius in 1700.[170]
  29. ↑Extinct in the main island by 1735, but living tortoises of unknown species were found in Île Ronde, Mauritius in 1844 (Cheke & Hume, 2009).
  30. ↑A 1779 painting by Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton could depict this species in captivity (Hume, 2017).
  31. ↑Dubious subspecies, based on a single neurocranium that was destroyed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.[236]
  32. ↑Unconfirmed reports in 1816 (IUCN).
  33. ↑A clone of the last individual was successfully produced in 2003, but died several minutes after birth due to a lung defect.[252]
  34. ↑Unconfirmed sighting in 2005 (Hume).
  35. ↑In captivity. Unconfirmed wild sighting in 2018. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/02/the-search-for-the-river-goddess/
  36. ↑In captivity. Last wild individual died in 1994 (IUCN).
  37. ↑An unconfirmed sighting and recorded call took place in 2021.[276]
  38. ↑Possible sightings. Otherwise known from subfossil remains (IUCN).
  39. ↑In captivity. Last individual captured from the wild in 1972 (IUCN).
  40. ↑In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 2010 (IUCN).
  41. ↑In captivity. Last recorded in the wild before 1994 (González et al.).
  42. ↑In captivity.[296] Call last heard in the wild in 2008 (IUCN).
  43. ↑In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1997 (Bowler, 2019).

References

  1. ↑S.L. Pimm, G.J. Russell, J.L. Gittleman and T.M. Brooks, The Future of Biodiversity, Science 269: 347–350 (1995)
  2. ↑Feranec, R.S., & Kozlowski, A.L. (2010) "AMS radiocarbon dates from Pleistocene and Holocene mammals housed in the New York state museum, Albany, New York, USA". Radiocarbon, 52 (1), 205-208.
  3. 123Stinnesbeck, S.R. (2020) Mexican fossil ground sloths. A case study for Late Pleistocene megafaunal turnover in the Mexican Corridor. Doctoral dissertation.
  4. 12345678910111213141516de Alvarenga Araujo, B. B. (2013) Pleistocene-Holocene Extinctions: Distinguishing Between Anthropic and Climatic Causes.
  5. ↑Munson, C. M. (2022). Dire wolves (Canis dirus dirus) from the Cutler Hammock site, Florida: dietary preferences, timing of disappearance, and relationship to changing climatic conditions during the Quaternary (Master's thesis, The Ohio State University).
  6. ↑https://recentlyextinctspecies.com/artiodactyla-even-toed-ungulates/mylohyus-fossilis-fossil-peccary-long-nosed-peccary
  7. 123456Puzachenko, A. Y., & Markova, A. K. (2019). Evolution of mammal species composition and species richness during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Europe: A general view at the regional scale. Quaternary International, 530, 88-106.
  8. 12Valenzuela, A., Torres-Roig, E., Zoboli, D., Pillola, G. L., & Alcover, J. A. (2022). Asynchronous ecological upheavals on the Western Mediterranean islands: New insights on the extinction of their autochthonous small mammals. The Holocene, 32(3), 137-146.
  9. 123456Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015
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  12. ↑Kessler, C., Haddrath, O., Lim, B., & Shafer, A. (2025). Ancient DNA from the Toronto subway deer adds to the extinction list of North America's Ice Age megafauna. bioRxiv, 2025-09.
  13. ↑Mothé, D. et al. (2017). Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae). Quaternary International, 443, 52-64.
  14. ↑Miño-Boilini, Á. R., & Quiñones, S. I. (2020). "Los perezosos Scelidotheriinae (Xenarthra, Folivora): taxonomía, biocronología y biogeografía". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 22 (2), 201-218.
  15. 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
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  17. 1234567Martin, Paul S.; Klein, Richard G. (1989). Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4.
  18. ↑Haynes, Gary (2009). American megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  19. 1234567891011Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
  20. ↑Popova, L. V. (30 January 2015). "Small mammal fauna as an evidence of environmental dynamics in the Holocene of Ukrainian area". Quaternary International. Correlations of Quaternary Fluvial, Eolian, Deltaic and Marine Sequences: SEQS 2013. 357: 82–92. Bibcode:2015QuInt.357...82P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.044. ISSN 1040-6182.
  21. ↑Mead, J.I. et al. (1986) Extinction of Harrington's mountain goat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83(4), 836-839.
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  23. ↑Kurtén, Björn; Anderson, Elaine (1980). Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  24. ↑Ludovic Orlando; Jessica L. Metcalf; Maria T. Alberdi; Miguel Telles Antunes-Dominique Bonjean; Marcel Otte; Fabiana Martin; et al. (2009). "Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 106 (51): 21754–21759. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10621754O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903672106. PMC 2799835. PMID 20007379.
  25. ↑Wang, Y., Pedersen, M.W., Alsos, I.G. et al. (2021). "Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x
  26. 12Wang, Y., Pedersen, M.W., Alsos, I.G. et al. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics. Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x
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  28. ↑Labarca, R., & Alcaraz, M. A. (2011). Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (= Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela)(Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35° S). Andean geology, 38(1), 156-170.
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  295. ↑"Captain Cook's bean snail Partula faba".
  296. ↑https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/rabbs-tree-frog-extinct/
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  298. ↑ "Lonely George, un caracol arborícola hawaiano, ha muerto, llevándose consigo a su especie" . 9 de enero de 2019.