Hispanopedia Wiki
Articulo de referencia

Paenungulata

{{Cite journal|last1=Avilla|first1=Leonardo S.|last2=Mothé|first2=Dimila|date=2021|title=Out of Africa: A New Afrotheria Lineage Rises From Extinct South American Mammals|journa...

Hispanopedia WikiContenido en espanolLectura gratuita

Paenungulata, also known as Uranotheria, is a clade of sub-ungulates, which groups three extantmammalorders: Proboscidea (including elephants), Sirenia (sea cows, including dugongs and manatees), and Hyracoidea (hyraxes). At least two more possible orders are known only as fossils, namely Embrithopoda and Desmostylia.[a]

Molecular evidence indicates that Paenungulata (or at least its extant members) is part of the cohort Afrotheria, an ancient assemblage of mainly African mammals of great diversity. The other members of this cohort are the orders Afrosoricida (tenrecs and golden moles), Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) and Tubulidentata (aardvarks).[2]

Of the three extant Paenungulate orders, hyraxes (Procaviidae) are sister to a clade containing the sirenians and elephants. The latter two, together with the extinct order Embrithopoda, are grouped as the Tethytheria, because it is believed that their common ancestors lived on the shores of the prehistoric Tethys Sea; however, recent myoglobin studies indicate that even Hyracoidea had an aquatic ancestor.[3]

History

In 1945, George Gaylord Simpson used traditional taxonomic techniques to group these spectacularly diverse mammals in the superorder he named Paenungulata ("almost ungulates"), but there were many loose threads in unravelling their genealogy.[4] For example, hyraxes in his Paenungulata had some characteristics suggesting they might be connected to the Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and rhinos). Indeed, early taxonomists placed the Hyracoidea closest to the rhinoceroses because of their dentition.

When genetic techniques were developed for inspecting amino acid differences among haemoglobin sequences the most parsimoniouscladograms depicted Simpson's Paenungulata as an authentic clade and as one of the first groups to diversify among the placental mammals (Eutheria). The amino acid sequences reject a connection between extant paenungulates and perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates).[4]

However, a 2014 cladistic analysis placed anthracobunids and desmostylians, two major extinct groups that have been considered to be non-African afrotheres, close to each other within Perissodactyla.[5]

Phylogeny

Extinct orders

Each of the extinct orders, the Embrithopoda and Desmostylia,[a] was as unique in its members' ways of making a living as the three orders that survive. Embrithopods were rhinoceros-like herbivorous mammals with plantigrade feet, and desmostylians were hippopotamus-like amphibious animals. Their walking posture and diet have been the subject of speculation, but tooth wear indicates that desmostylians browsed on terrestrial plants and had a posture similar to other large hoofed mammals.[2]

See also

Notes

  1. 12Desmostylians, however, have been placed in Perissodactyla by a 2014 cladistic analysis,[5] and the taxonomic placement of embrithopods has also been questioned[7] though recently supported.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Avilla, Leonardo S.; Mothé, Dimila (2021). "Fuera de África: Un nuevo linaje de Afrotheria surge de mamíferos sudamericanos extintos" . Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution . 9 654302. Bibcode : 2021FrEEv...954302A . doi : 10.3389/fevo.2021.654302 . ISSN 2296-701X . 
  2. 1 2 Kleinschmidt, Traute; Czelusniak, John; Goodman, Morris; Braunitzer, Gerhard (1986). "Paenungulata: Una comparación de las secuencias de hemoglobina de Elefante, Damasco y Manatí" (PDF) . Mol. Biol. Evol . 3 (5): 427– 435. doi : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040411 . PMID 3444412. Archivado del original (PDF) el 30 de junio de 2010. Recuperado el 24 de julio de 2010 . 
  3. ↑ «Una proteína demuestra que los elefantes y los topos tuvieron ancestros acuáticos» . National Geographic Society . 13 de junio de 2013. Archivado del original el 17 de junio de 2013.
  4. 1 2 Seiffert, Erik; Guillon, JM (2007). "Una nueva estimación de la filogenia de los afroterios basada en el análisis simultáneo de evidencia genómica, morfológica y fósil" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 7 (1): 13. Bibcode : 2007BMCEE...7..224S . doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-7-224 . PMC 2248600. PMID 17999766 .  
  5. 1 2 Cooper, LN; Seiffert, ER; Clementz, M.; Madar, SI; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, ST; Thewissen, JGM (2014). " Antracobúnidos del Eoceno Medio de India y Pakistán son perisodáctilos basales" . PLOS ONE . 9 (10) e109232. Bibcode : 2014PLoSO...9j9232C . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 . PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875 .  
  6. ↑ Tabuce, R.; Asher, RJ; Lehmann, T. (2008). "Mamíferos afroterios: una revisión de los datos actuales" (PDF) . Mammalia . 72 : 2–14 . doi : 10.1515/MAMM.2008.004 . S2CID 46133294. Archivado del original el 17 de mayo de 2014. 
  7. ↑Erdal, O.; Antoine, P.-O.; Sen, S.; Smith, A. (2016). "New material of Palaeoamasia kansui (Embrithopoda, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Turkey and a phylogenetic analysis of Embrithopoda at the species level"(PDF). Palaeontology. 59 (5): 631–655. Bibcode:2016Palgy..59..631E. doi:10.1111/pala.12247. S2CID 89418652.
  8. ↑E. Gheerbrant; A. Schmitt; L. Kocsis (2018). "Early African fossils elucidate the origin of embrithopod mammals"(PDF). Current Biology. 28 (13): 2167–2173.e2. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E2167G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.032. PMID 30008332.

Sources

  • Kleinschmidt, Traute; Czelusniak, John; Goodman, Morris; Braunitzer, Gerhard (1986). "Paenungulata: A comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee"(PDF). Mol. Biol. Evol. 3 (5): 427–435. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040411. PMID 3444412. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  • McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K., eds. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.
  • Seiffert, Erik; Guillon, J.M. (2007). "A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 13. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7..224S. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-224. PMC 2248600. PMID 17999766.

Further reading

  • Gheerbrant, E. (2005). "Paenungulata (Sirenia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea y parientes)" . En Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (eds.). El surgimiento de los mamíferos placentarios: orígenes y relaciones de los principales clados existentes . Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 84–105 . ISBN  0-8018-8022-X– vía Google Libros.
  • "Vertebrados: Paenungulata" . Paleos.com . Archivado del original el 13 de marzo de 2008.