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Anas

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Anas is a genus of dabbling ducks. It includes the pintails, most teals, and the mallard and its close relatives. It formerly included additional species but following the publication of a molecular phylogenetic study in 2009 the genus was split into four separate genera.[2] The genus now contains 31 living species. The name Anas is the Latin for "duck".

Systematics

The genusAnas was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[3][4]Anas is the Latin word for a duck.[5] The genus formerly included additional species. In 2009 a large molecular phylogenetic study was published that compared mitochondrial DNA sequences from ducks, geese and swans in the family Anatidae. The results confirmed some of the conclusions of earlier smaller studies and indicated that the genus as then defined was non-monophyletic.[2] Based on the results of this study, Anas was split into four proposed monophyletic genera with five species including the wigeons transferred to the resurrected genus Mareca, ten species including the shovelers and some teals transferred to the resurrected genus Spatula and the Baikal teal placed in the monotypic genus Sibirionetta.[6]

Species

There are 31 extant species recognised in the genus:[6]

Extinct Species

Formerly placed in Anas:

Phylogeny

Cladogram based on the analysis of Gonzalez and colleagues published in 2009.[2]

Fossil record

Anas blanchardi fossil

A number of fossil species of Anas have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:

  • †Anas sp. (Late Miocene of China)[7]
  • †Anas sp. (mid-sized species from the Late Miocene of Rudabánya, Hungary)[8]
  • †Anas amotape(Campbell 1979) (Talara Tar Seeps, Late Pleistocene of Peru)[9]
  • †Anas bunkeri(Wetmore 1944) (Early -? Middle Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of WC USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade?[10]
  • †Anas cheuenAgnolín 2006 (Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) – Dafila?[11]
  • †Anas ganiiBurchak-Abramovich, Suspanov and David 1996 (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Moldova)
  • †Anas greeni(Brodkorb 1964) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA)[12] – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
  • †Anas itchtuckneeMcCoy 1963[13] (Late Pleistocene of Florida, USA) doubtful validity[14]
  • †Anas kisatibiensisBurchak-Abramovich and Mczedlidze 1995 (nomen nudum) (Early Pliocene of Kisatibi, Georgia)
  • †Anas kurochkiniZelenkov & Panteleyev 2015 (Late Miocene of Sea of Azov, southern Russia)
  • †Anas lambrechtiSpillman 1942 [Archaeoquerquedula lambrechti] (Pleistocene of Ecuador)
  • †Anas ogallalae(Brodkorb 1962) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA)[15] – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
  • Bermuda Islands flightless duck †Anas pachyscelusWetmore 1960 (Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
  • †Anas pullulans(Brodkorb 1961) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Oregon, USA)[16] – Punanetta?
  • †Anas schneideriEmslie 1985 (Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)[17]

Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of the Anas assemblage are nowadays not placed in this genus anymore, at least not with certainty:

  • †"Anas" basaltica (Late Oligocene of Czech Republic) is apparently an indeterminate heron.[18]
  • †"Anas" blanchardi, "A." consobrina, "A." natator are now in Mionetta
  • †"Anas" creccoides (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium), "A." risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and "A." skalicensis (Early Miocene of Czech Republic), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.[18][19]
  • †"Anas" albae (Late Miocene of Hungary), "A." eppelsheimensis (Early Pliocene of Germany) and "A." isarensis (Late Miocene of Germany) are apparently Anatidae of unclear affiliations[18]
  • †"Anas" integra and "A." oligocaena are now in Dendrochen.
  • †"Anas" lignitifila from the Late Miocene of Tuscany has been moved to its own genus, Bambolinetta, being a highly unusual marine waterfowl.
  • †"Anas" luederitzensis (Early Miocene of Namibia) may belong within Oxyurini[20]
  • †"Anas" robusta is now tentatively placed in Anserobranta.[21]
  • †"Anas" sansaniensis is now placed in Chenoanas
  • †"Anas" velox (Middle – Late? Miocene of C Europe) and "A." meyerii (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belong Anas, and they may be ancestral dabbling ducks.[22]

Anas elapsum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) is now synonymised with the extant Hardhead.[23]Anas gracilipes and Anas strenuum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) are both junior synonyms of the extant Chestnut teal.[23]

Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of the moa-nalos. These may be descended from a common ancestor of dabbling ducks such as the Pacific black duck, Laysan duck, and mallard. Phylogenetically, they may even form a clade within the traditional genus Anas.[24] However, when compared to these species – which are representative of dabbling ducks in general – the moa-nalos are a radical departure from the Anseriforme bauplan. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictly phylogenetic taxonomy may be difficult to apply.

See also

References

  1. ↑"Anatidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  2. 123Gonzalez, J.; Düttmann, H.; Wink, M. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae". Journal of Zoology. 279 (3): 310–318. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x.
  3. ↑Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 122. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2018-02-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  4. ↑Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 460. Archived from the original on 2022-03-16. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  5. ↑Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. 12Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  7. ↑Stidham, T.A. (2015). "Re-description and phylogenetic assessment of the Late Miocene ducks Aythya shihuibas and Anas sp. (Aves: Anseriformes) from Lufeng, Yunnan, China"(PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 10: 335–349.
  8. ↑Bernor, R.L.; Kordos, L.; Rook, L. (2004). "Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: A compendium"(PDF). Paleontographica Italiana. 89: 3–36. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-06-28.
  9. ↑Campbell, Kenneth E. (1979). The non-passerine Pleistocene avifauna of the Talara Tar Seeps, northwestern Peru. Royal Ontario Museum. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.52133. ISBN 0888542305.
  10. ↑Brodkorb, Pierce (1958). "Birds From the Middle Pliocene of Mckay, Oregon". Condor. 60 (4): 252–255. doi:10.2307/1365194. JSTOR 1365194.
  11. ↑Agnolín, F.L. (2006). "Dos nuevos Anatidae (Aves, Anseriformes) del Pleistoceno Inferior-Medio de Argentina". Studia Geológica Salmanticensia. 42: 81–95.
  12. ↑Brodkorb, Pierce (1964). "A Pliocene Teal from South Dakota". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 27 (1): 55–58.
  13. ↑McCoy, J.J. (1963). "The Fossil Avifauna of Itchtucknee River, Florida". The Auk. 80 (3): 335–351. doi:10.2307/4082892. JSTOR 4082892.
  14. ↑Campbell, Kenneth E. (1980). "A review of the Rancholabrean avifauna of the Itchtucknee River, Florida". Contributions in Science. 330: 119–129. doi:10.5962/p.226843.
  15. ↑Brodkorb, P. (1962). "A teal from the Lower Pliocene of Kansas". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 25 (2): 157–160.
  16. ↑Brodkorb, P. (1961). "Birds from the Pliocene of Juntura, Oregon". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 24 (3): 169–184.
  17. ↑Emslie, Steven D. (1985). "A New Species of Teal From the Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Wyoming". Auk. 102 (1): 201–205. doi:10.2307/4086849. JSTOR 4086849. Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
  18. 123Mlíkovský, Jiří (2002). Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe(PDF). Prague: Ninox Press. p. 123. ISBN 80-901105-3-8{{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link). Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 April 2016.
  19. ↑Brodkorb, Pierce (1962). "The Systematic Position of Two Oligocene Birds From Belgium". Auk. 79 (4): 706–707. doi:10.2307/4082652. JSTOR 4082652. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
  20. ↑Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2008). "Birds (Aves) from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia". Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 20: 147–167.
  21. ↑Mayr, G.; Lechner, T.; Böhme, M. (2022). "Nearly complete leg of an unusual, shelduck-sized anseriform bird from the earliest late Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede (Germany)". Historical Biology. 35 (4): 465–474. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2045285.
  22. ↑Worthy, T. H.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J. A.; Douglas, B. J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand"(PDF). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 5 (1): 1–39. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5....1W. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957. hdl:2440/43360. S2CID 85230857. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  23. 12Olson, S.L. (1977). "The identity of the fossil ducks described from Australia by C. W. De Vis". Emu. 77 (3): 127–131. doi:10.1071/MU9770127.
  24. ↑Sorenson, M. D.; Cooper, A.; Paxinos, E. E.; Quinn, T. W.; James, H. F.; Olson, S. L.; Fleischer, R. C. (1999). "Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 266 (1434): 2187–93. Bibcode:1999PBioS.266.2187S. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0907. PMC 1690346. PMID 10649633.
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