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Anne Locke

Anne Locke (Lock, Lok) (née Vaughan ) (c.1533 – after 1590) was an English poet, translator and Calvinist religious figure. She has been called the first English author to publi...

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Anne Locke (Lock, Lok) (née Vaughan) (c.1533 – after 1590) was an English poet, translator and Calvinist religious figure.

She has been called the first English author to publish a sonnet sequence, A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner (1560), although authorship of that work has arguably been attributed to Thomas Norton.[1][2][3]

Early life

Several of the sonnets from Locke's A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner in a 1560 edition that does not attribute the sequence to her

Anne was a daughter of Stephen Vaughan, a merchant, royal envoy, and prominent early supporter of the Protestant Reformation. Her mother was Margaret (or Margery) Gwynnethe (or Guinet), sister of John Gwynneth, rector of Luton (1537–1558) and of St. Peter, Westcheap in the City of London (1543–1556). Stephen and Margaret's marriage followed the death of her first husband, Edward Awparte, citizen and Girdler, in 1532, by whom she had five children.[4] Anne was the eldest surviving child of her second marriage, and had two siblings, Jane and Stephen (b. 4 October 1537). Vaughan obtained a position for his wife as silkwoman to both Anne Boleyn and Katherine Parr.[5] Following her death in 1544,[6] Anne's father took great efforts to find a tutor for the children, selecting a Mr. Cob, who was proficient in Latin, Greek, and French, as well as a dedicated Protestant. Stephen Vaughan remarried in April 1546, to Margery Brinklow, the widow of Henry Brinklow, mercer and polemicist, a long-time acquaintance of the Vaughan family.[7] Vaughan died on 25 December 1549, leaving most of his property to his widow and son, with the rents of one house in Cheapside going to his daughters. John Gwynneth was his executor.[8]

Adult life

First Marriage

Hacia 1549, Anne se casó con Henry Locke (Lok), hijo menor del mercader Sir William Lok . [ 9 ] En 1550, Sir William falleció, dejando una considerable herencia a Henry, que incluía varias casas, tiendas, una granja y tierras de propiedad absoluta. En 1553, el notable reformador y predicador escocés John Knox vivió durante un tiempo en la casa de los Lok, periodo durante el cual él y Locke parecen haber desarrollado una estrecha relación, como lo atestigua su correspondencia a lo largo de los años siguientes.

Tras la ascensión de María Tudor al trono y la consiguiente presión sobre los disidentes ingleses, que culminó con la ejecución de Hugh Latimer y Nicholas Ridley en 1555, Knox animó a Lock a abandonar Londres y unirse a la comunidad protestante exiliada en Ginebra. Al parecer, Knox estaba preocupada tanto por su seguridad física como por su salud espiritual si permanecía en Londres. Henry Lock parecía reacio a la idea del exilio, ya que Knox argumentaba que Ana debía «pedir primero la gracia de Jesús para seguir aquello que es aceptable a sus ojos, y después comunicarse» con su marido. [ 5 ]

La vida en Ginebra

En 1557, Ana logró salir de Londres. Se registra que llegó a Ginebra el 8 de mayo de 1557, acompañada de su hija, su hijo y su criada Catalina. A los cuatro días de su llegada, su hija pequeña falleció. [ 5 ] No existe ningún registro contemporáneo de este período; sin embargo, se cree que Locke pasó sus 18 meses de exilio traduciendo los sermones de Juan Calvino sobre Ezequías del francés al inglés. Henry Locke permaneció en Londres mientras Ana estaba en Ginebra.

Regreso a Inglaterra

En 1559, tras la ascensión al trono de Isabel I , Ana y su hijo superviviente, el joven Henry Locke , quien más tarde se convertiría en poeta, regresaron a Inglaterra con su esposo. Al año siguiente, se publicó la primera obra de Locke. Esta consistía en una epístola dedicatoria a Catalina Willoughby Brandon Bertie (la duquesa viuda de Suffolk), una traducción de los sermones de Juan Calvino sobre Isaías 38 y una paráfrasis de veintiún sonetos sobre el Salmo 51 , precedida por cinco sonetos introductorios. El volumen fue impreso por John Day y registrado en el Registro de Libreros el 15 de enero de 1560. Parece que el volumen tuvo buena acogida, ya que fue reimpreso en 1569 y 1574 por John Day, aunque no se conservan ejemplares de estas dos ediciones.

Knox and Anne continued to correspond. On 7 February 1559 Lock wrote to Knox asking for his advice on the sacraments administered by the second Book of Common Prayer, and the seemliness of attending baptisms. He strongly encouraged her to avoid services where ceremonies might outweigh worship, but recognised her personal spiritual wisdom, saying 'God grant yow his Holie Spirit rightlie to judge'.[5] Knox sent Anne reports from Scotland of his reforming endeavours, and asked her repeatedly to help him find support among London merchants. During this period, Anne gave birth to at least two children, Anne (baptised 23 October 1561）and Michael (baptised 11 October 1562).

Widowhood and Remarriages

Henry Locke died in 1571, leaving all his worldly goods to his wife. In 1572 Anne married the young preacher and gifted Greek scholar, Edward Dering, who died in 1576. Her third husband was Richard Prouze of Exeter, whom she married on 7 December 1579.[10] In 1590 she published a translation of Of the Markes of the Children of God, a work of Jean Taffin.[11][12][13][14]

Works

Scholars disagree whether or not Anne Locke wrote the first sonnet sequence in English, A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner; it comprises 26 sonnets based on Psalm 51. Locke's other works include a short, four-line Latin poem that appears in a 1572 manuscript of Doctor Bartholo Sylva's Giardino cosmographico coltivato alongside many other dedicatory poems. The manuscript was compiled for presentation to Robert Dudley by Locke, her second husband Edward Dering, and the five Cooke sisters, all staunch supporters of the Protestant cause.[15] Locke's piece puns on Sylva's name to testify to his prose, the experience of which is as delightful as a walk through a forest.[16]

The last known work by Locke is a 1590 translation of Of the Markes of the Children of God, a treatise written by the Belgian minister Jean Taffin about the history of Protestantism in Belgium and the other Low Countries. Like her 1560 translation of John Calvin's sermons, this volume ends with an original poem, though only a single short one titled The necessitie and benfite of affliction. It also contains a dedicatory epistle to the Duchess of Warwick, who shared Locke's reformist religious sensibilities.[17]

Two printed contemporary references to Locke's poetry and translations evince diverse reactions to religious material produced by a woman. In 1583, John Field printed an edition of Locke's manuscript of a sermon by John Knox, entitled A Notable and Comfortable Exposition upon the Fourth of Matthew. Field's dedication to the volume praises Locke for her willingness to endure exile for religious reform, as well as for her access to the works, in manuscript, of prominent preachers like Knox. The printer urges her to grant him access to more such manuscripts. In contrast, Richard Carew, in the 1602 Survey of Cornwall, specifically praises Locke's intellectual prowess in tandem with her modesty, asserting that her virtuous behaviour evinced her religious learning, in addition to her writing.[18]

A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner

This sonnet sequence was published in 1560 alongside Locke's translations of four of John Calvin's sermons on Isaiah 38, in a volume titled Sermons of John Calvin upon the Songe that Ezechias made after he had bene sicke...Translated out of Frenche into Englishe.[19] Locke probably had access to Calvin's manuscripts, which enabled her to make a close translation of the sermons.[20] In the 1560 edition, the translations and sonnets were prefaced by a letter of dedication to Katherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk.[21] The Duchess, a longtime patron of Protestant writers, also lived in exile during the reign of Mary I; Locke may have known her through their sons, who were both educated at the home of William Cecil.[22] The volume was entered into the Stationers' Register on 15 January 1560 by John Day, a printer known for his publication of Protestant and reformist texts.

The sequence begins with five prefatory sonnets, printed under the heading "The preface, expressing the passioned mind of the penitent sinner." Another heading, "A Meditation of a penitent sinner, upon the 51. Psalme," introduces the remaining twenty-one poems in the sequence. The "Meditation" poems gloss the nineteen-line psalm line by line, with a few expansions: the author gives two sonnets each to the first and fourth lines of the psalm; these comprise the first, second, fifth, and sixth poems in the sequence. In the 1560 edition, each line of the psalm appears beside its corresponding poem. This version of the psalm may have been translated by Locke.[21][23]

Poetics

A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner is one work in a long tradition of poetic meditation on the Psalms. The sequence develops the penitential poetic mode that was also used by late medieval poets.[24] While both Catholics and Protestants composed poetry in the penitential tradition, Protestant reformers were particularly drawn to Psalm 51 because its emphasis on faith over works favoured their reformist theology.[25][26]

The author of the sequence was probably influenced by Sir Thomas Wyatt's translations of the penitential psalms, published in 1549 and accessible to Locke before her Genevan exile. Wyatt's influence is evident in the pattern of psalm lines glossed. Both the author of the sequence and Wyatt composed one sonnet per line of the psalm, except for verses 1 and 4, which are each glossed with two poems. The author's enjambment is also similar to Wyatt's.[27]

Though the sonnet was not an established form of English poetry while the author composed the sequence, the author both uses and disregards features of the sonnet circulating the island during the sixteenth century. It is likely that, in addition to Wyatt's work, the author also had access to the sonnets of the Earl of Surrey, as the author uses Surrey's rhyme scheme, ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, now best known as the Shakespearean rhyme scheme. Wyatt's Psalm translations may also have introduced the author to Surrey's work, as his volume contains a prefatory sonnet by Surrey. The author seems to have drawn upon the arrangement of this particular poem, which does not contain the Petrarchan break between octave and sestet. In using this form consistently, the author sets him/herself apart from other early English sonnet writers, who generally ascribed to the traditional Petrarchan octave/sestet pair.[28]

Authorship

Authorship of the sonnet sequence and the translations of Calvin's sermons was first ascribed to Locke by critic Thomas Roche in 1989, in Petrarch and the English Sonnet Sequences. Roche is thus also the first scholar to name her as the author of the first sonnet sequence in English.[29] Recent work by Stephen W. May, an authority on Tudor manuscripts, attributes the sequence to Locke's close contemporary, neighbor, and co-religionist Thomas Norton, however.[30]

Though the volume's dedication to the Duchess of Suffolk is only signed "A.L.", it is likely that Locke's identity remained identifiable to London's community of English Church reformers,[31] many of whom, like Locke, lived in exile in Geneva during the reign of Mary I.[32] The inclusion of her initials, rather than her full name, allowed her to avoid both perils that plagued female writers during the period – anonymity and full exposure – who were branded as unchaste if their material was accessible to the broader public.[33] The choice of psalm to translate and gloss arguably favours the case for her authorship of the sequence, and helps her negotiate sixteenth-century England's condemnation of a woman writer as unchaste. Psalm 51 specifies that the experience of God's forgiveness includes speaking God's praise, framing speech as a duty.[33][34]

Some of those who dispute Locke's authorship of the sequence ascribe its authorship to John Knox. When Knox communicated with Locke, however, he wrote in Scots English and would have composed poems in the same dialect; the Meditation sonnets show no grammatical or idiomatic sign of Scots English.[35] According to Stephen May, a much more likely candidate for authorship of the sequence is Thomas Norton.[30] Recent scholarship by Jake Arthur contests that re-attribution.[36]

Editions

  • Kel Morin-Parsons (editor) (1997), Anne Locke. A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner: Anne Locke's Sonnet Sequence with Locke's Epistle
  • Susan Felch (editor) (1999), The Collected Works of Anne Vaughan Lock

Family connections

Los antecedentes familiares de Ana eran una densa red de relaciones que involucraban a la Compañía de Mercaderes , la corte, exiliados marianos y figuras religiosas notables. Su padre, Stephen Vaughan , era comerciante y agente diplomático de Enrique VIII . Su madre, Margaret o Margery, fue en primer lugar la esposa de Edward Awpart, ciudadano y fabricante de cinturones de Londres en la parroquia de St Mary le Bow , originario de Penkridge en Staffordshire . Los Awpart tuvieron cinco hijos: Elizabeth, Anne, Joan, Edward y Susan, quienes permanecieron solteros al momento de la muerte de su padre en 1532. [ 37 ] Gracias a su conexión con Thomas Cromwell , Stephen Vaughan consiguió un puesto para la madre de Ana como proveedora de seda de Ana Bolena . [ 38 ] Su segunda esposa, la madrastra de Ana, Margery, era la viuda de Henry Brinklow , mercader y polemista, [ 7 ] y contrajo dos matrimonios más. [ 39 ]

Henry Lok era un mercader y uno de los muchos hijos del mercader William Lok, quien se casó cuatro veces; [ 40 ] William Lok también estaba relacionado con Cromwell. La cuñada de Anne, y una de las hermanas de Henry Lok, era Rose Lok (1526–1613), conocida como escritora autobiográfica protestante, casada con Anthony Hickman. [ 41 ] Otra de las hermanas de Henry Lok, Elizabeth Lok, se casó con Richard Hill; tanto Rose como Elizabeth fueron exiliadas marianas. Elizabeth se casó más tarde con el obispo Nicholas Bullingham después de la muerte de su primera esposa (1566). [ 42 ] Michael Lok fue un partidario de Martin Frobisher y se casó con Jane, hija de Joan Wilkinson , una asociada evangélica de Ana Bolena y su capellán William Latimer . [ 43 ] [ 44 ]

Referencias

  1. ↑ P. Collinson, 'Locke [née Vaughan; otros nombres de casada Dering, Prouze], Anne (c. 1530–1590x1607)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).
  2. ↑ Steven W. May, "Anne Lock y la meditación de un pecador penitente de Thomas Norton", Filología moderna 114.4 (2017), 793-819.
  3. ↑ Jake Arthur, "¿Anne Lock o Thomas Norton? Una respuesta a la reatribución de la primera secuencia de sonetos en inglés", Early Modern Women 16.2 (2022), 213-236.
  4. ↑ Testamento de Edward Awparte, fabricante de cinturones de Londres (PCC 1532).
  5. 1 2 3 4 Felch, ed. Susan M. (1999). Obras completas de Anne Vaughan Lock . Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies en colaboración con Renaissance English Text Society. págs. xxv– xxvi. ISBN  0866982272.{{cite book}}: |first=tiene nombre genérico ( ayuda )
  6. ↑ MK Dale, 'Vaughan, Stephen (hacia 1502-49), de St. Mary-le-Bow, Londres', en ST Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558 (de Boydell y Brewer, 1982), History of Parliament online .
  7. 1 2 "Anne Vaughan Lock" . Litencyc.com . Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2018 .
  8. ↑ Fry, ed. George S. (1968) [1896–1908]. Resúmenes de investigaciones post mortem relativas a la ciudad de Londres, devueltas al Tribunal de la Cancillería, 3 vols. (edición reimpresa ). Liechtenstein: Nendeln. págs. 1:80–3.  {{cite book}}: |first=tiene nombre genérico ( ayuda )
  9. ↑ R. O'Day, 'Lock Anne, née Vaughan', The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age , Routledge Companions to History (Routledge, Londres/Nueva York 2010), pág. 197 (Google).
  10. ↑ White, Micheline (2005). "Mujeres escritoras y círculos literario-religiosos en el oeste de Inglaterra isabelino: Anne Dowriche, Anne Lock Prouze, Anne Lock Moyle, Ursula Fulford y Elizabeth Rous" . Modern Philology . 103 (2): 187– 214. doi : 10.1086/506535 . ISSN 0026-8232 . JSTOR 10.1086/506535 .  
  11. ↑ Diana Maury Robin, Anne R. Larsen, Carole Levin, Enciclopedia de las mujeres en el Renacimiento: Italia, Francia e Inglaterra (2007), pág. 219.
  12. ↑ Patrick Collinson , Ensayos isabelinos (1994), pág. 123.
  13. ↑ Francis J. Bremer, Tom Webster, Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia (2006), pág. 74 y pág. 161.
  14. ↑ "Copia archivada" . Archivado del original el 5 de noviembre de 2009. Recuperado el 19 de mayo de 2009 .{{cite web}}: CS1 mantenimiento: copia archivada como título ( enlace )
  15. ↑ Susan M. Felch, "The Exemplary Anne Vaughan Lock," en Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women, 1558–1680 , ed. Johanna Harris y Elizabeth Scott-Baumann (Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 23.
  16. ↑ Susan M. Felch, introducción a Las obras completas de Anne Vaughan Locke , de Anne Vaughan Locke (Tempe: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1999), lvii–lix.
  17. ↑ Micheline White, "Mujeres escritoras y círculos literario-religiosos en el oeste del país isabelino: Anne Dowriche, Anne Lock Prouze, Anne Locke Moyle, Ursula Fulford y Elizabeth Rous," Modern Philology 103 (2005):198.
  18. ↑ White, "Mujeres escritoras", 201–202.
  19. ↑ Michael RG Spiller, "Un 'primer' literario: la secuencia de sonetos de Anne Locke (1560)", Renaissance Studies: Journal of the Society for Renaissance Studies 11 (1997):42.
  20. ↑ Teresa Lanpher Nugent, "La poética de la abyección espiritual de Anne Locke", English Literary Renaissance 39 (2009):3–5.
  21. ^ Spiller, "Una ' primicia' literaria", 41.
  22. ↑ Felch, introducción a "Las obras completas de Anne Vaughan Locke", xxxvi.
  23. ↑ Nugent, "La poética de la abyección espiritual de Anne Locke", 10.
  24. ↑ Ruen-chuan Ma, "Contrapuntos de penitencia: lectura de "Una meditación de un pecador penitente" de Anne Locke a través de una paráfrasis de un salmo en inglés medio de finales de la Edad Media", ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews 24 (2011): 33–41.
  25. ↑ Nugent, "La poética de la abyección espiritual de Anne Locke", 7.
  26. ^ Spiller, "Una 'primera' literaria", 46.
  27. ^ Spiller, "Una 'primera' literaria", 46–48.
  28. ^ Spiller, "Una 'primera' literaria", 49.
  29. ^ Spiller, "Una 'primera' literaria", 42.
  30. 1 2 de mayo, "Anne Lock"
  31. ↑ Serjeantson, 'Anne Lock's Anonymous Friend: A Meditation of a Penitent Sinner and the Problem of Ascription', en Enigma and Revelation in Renaissance Literature, editado por Helen Cooney y Mark S. Sweetnam (Dublín, 2012), 51–68.
  32. ↑ Nugent, "La poética de la abyección espiritual de Anne Locke", 3–4.
  33. 1 2 Nugent, "La poética de la abyección espiritual de Anne Locke", 8.
  34. ↑ Margaret P. Hannay, ""La sabiduría de las palabras": Traducción de los salmos y espiritualidad de las mujeres isabelinas," Religión y literatura 23 (1991):65–66.
  35. ^ Spiller, "Una 'primera' literaria", 51.
  36. ↑ Arthur, "Anne Lock"
  37. ↑ Testamento de Edward Awpart, "Girdler" (escrito erróneamente "Gardener" en el Catálogo de Descubrimiento de TNA (Reino Unido)) de Londres (PCC 1532, cuaderno de Thower, imágenes de película 237-38): PROB 11/24/211 y PROB 11/24/220.
  38. ↑ Retha M. Warnicke, El ascenso y la caída de Ana Bolena: Política familiar en la corte de Enrique VIII (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pág. 136 (Google).
  39. ↑ ADK Hawkyard, 'Rolle, George (hacia 1486-1552), de Stevenstone, Devon y Londres', en ST Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558 (de Boydell y Brewer 1982), History of Parliament Online .
  40. ↑ "Lok, William" . Diccionario de Biografía Nacional . Londres: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 
  41. ↑ Cathy Hartley, Susan Leckey, Diccionario histórico de mujeres británicas (2003), pág. 217.
  42. ↑ Diccionario de Biografías Nacionales , artículo sobre Bullingham.
  43. ↑ Mary Prior, Mujeres en la sociedad inglesa, 1500–1800 (1985), pág. 98.
  44. ↑ Maria Dowling , Humanismo en la época de Enrique VIII (1986), pág. 241.
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